Hot dog
 | The examples and perspective in this article may not represent a worldwide view of the subject. |
 A cooked hot dog sandwich garnished with mustard. | |
| Alternative names | Frankfurters Franks Wieners Weenies Wiener Würstchen Frankfurter Würstel |
|---|---|
| Place of origin | Multiple claims |
| Created by | Multiple claims |
| Serving temperature | Hot |
| Main ingredients | Pork, beef, chicken or combinations thereof and bread |
| Variations | Multiple |
A hot dog (frankfurter, frank, wiener, weenie) is a moist sausage of soft, even texture and flavor, often made from mechanically recovered meat or meat slurry. Most types are fully cooked, cured or smoked. It is often placed hot in a special purpose soft, sliced hot dog bun. It may be garnished with mustard, ketchup, onion, mayonnaise, relish, cheese or chili. The flavor can be similar to a range of meat products from bland bologna to spicy German bockwurst varieties. Kosher hot dogs may be made from beef, chicken or turkey. Vegetarian hot dogs made from meat analogue are available.
Unlike other sausages which may be sold uncooked, hot dogs are always cooked. Unless spoiled, hot dogs can be eaten without cooking, although they are usually warmed before serving. Pregnant women should eat hot dogs (or other pre-cooked foods) heated to 160-170°F (70-77°C) for two minutes to avoid Listeriosis, caused by a bacterium which thrives at refrigerator temperatures, which can affect unborn children, or cause miscarriage or still birth.[1]
History
Claims about the invention of the hot dog are difficult to assess because various stories assert the creation of the sausage, the placing of the sausage (or another kind of sausage) on bread or a bun as finger food, the popularization of the existing dish, or the application of the name "hot dog" to a sausage and bun combination.
The word frankfurter comes from Frankfurt, Germany where sausages in a bun originated, similar to hot dogs, but made of pork. Wieners, refers to Vienna, Austria, whose German name is "Wien", home to a sausage made of a mixture of pork and beef. In German speaking countries, except Austria, hot dog sausages are called Wiener or Wiener Würstchen (Würstchen means "little sausage"). In Swiss German, it is called Wienerli, while in Austria the terms Frankfurter or Frankfurter Würstel are used.
The city of Vienna traces the lineage of the hot dog to the Wienerwurst or Viennese sausage, the city of Frankfurt to the Frankfurter Wurst, which it claims was invented in the 1480s and given to the people on the event of imperial coronations, starting with the coronation of Maximilian II, Holy Roman Emperor as King; the hot dog has also been attributed to Johann Georg Lahner, a 18th/19th century butcher from the Bavarian city of Coburg who is said to have invented the "dachshund" or "little-dog" sausage and brought it from Frankfurt to Vienna.[2]
Around 1870, on Coney Island, a German immigrant named Charles Feltman began selling sausages in rolls.[3][4][5]
Others also have been acknowledged for supposedly having invented the hot dog. The idea of putting a hot dog on a bun has been ascribed to the wife of a German named Antonoine Feuchtwanger, who sold hot dogs on the streets of St. Louis, Missouri in 1880, because his customers kept walking off with the white gloves handed to them for eating the hot sausages without burning their hands.[6] Anton Ludwig Feuchtwanger, a Bavarian sausage seller, is said to have started serving sausages in rolls at the World's Fair–either the 1893 World's Columbian Exposition in Chicago or the 1904 Louisiana Purchase Exposition in St Louis[7]–again allegedly because the white gloves he gave to customers so that they could eat his hot sausages in comfort began to disappear as souvenirs.[8]
The association between hot dogs and baseball begun as early as 1893 with Chris von der Ahe, a German immigrant who owned not only the St. Louis Browns, but also an amusement park, beer garden and brewery near Sportsman's Park, where he sold his beer.[9]
Harry M Stevens Inc. which was founded by Stevens in 1889 continued successfully servicing major sports venues with hot dogs and other refreshments, making him known as the "King of Sports Concessions" in the US.[10]
In 1916, an employee of Feltman's named Nathan Handwerker was encouraged by celebrity clients Eddie Cantor and Jimmy Durante to go into business in competition with his former employer.[11] Handwerker undercut Feltman's by charging five cents for a hot dog when his former employer was charging ten.[11] At a time when food regulation was in its infancy, and the pedigree of the hot dog particularly suspect, Handwerker made sure that men wearing surgeon's smocks were seen eating at Nathan's Famous to reassure potential customers.[8]
Etymology
The term "dog" has been used as a synonym for sausage since at least 1884 and accusations that sausage makers used dog meat date to at least 1845.[12]
According to a popular myth, the use of the complete phrase "hot dog" in reference to sausage was coined by the newspaper cartoonist Thomas Aloysius "TAD" Dorgan around 1900 in a cartoon recording the sale of hot dogs during a New York Giants baseball game at the Polo Grounds.[12] However, TAD's earliest usage of "hot dog" was not in reference to a baseball game at the Polo Grounds, but to a bicycle race at Madison Square Garden, in the The New York Evening Journal [December 12, 1906], by which time the term "hot dog" in reference to sausage was already in use.[12][13] In addition, no copy of the apocryphal cartoon has ever been found.[14]
The earliest usage of "hot dog" in clear reference to sausage found by Barry Popik appeared in the 28 September 1893 edition of The Knoxville Journal.[13]
It was so cool last night that the appearance of overcoats was common, and stoves and grates were again brought into comfortable use. Even the weinerwurst men began preparing to get the "hot dogs" ready for sale Saturday night.
— 28 September 1893, Knoxville (TN) Journal, "The [sic] Wore Overcoats," pg. 5
Another early use of the complete phrase "hot dog" in reference to sausage appeared on page 4 of the October 19, 1895 issue of The Yale Record: "they contentedly munched hot dogs during the whole service."[13]
General description
A hot dog is typically distinguishable from other sausages by its smaller size and relative lack of spicing. The hot dog at sporting events, and readily available in supermarkets, is commonly 6 in (15 cm) long. [citation needed]
Ingredients
Common hot dog ingredients are:
- Meat and fat
- Flavorings, such as salt, garlic, and paprika
- Preservatives (cure) - typically sodium erythorbate and sodium nitrite
In the US, if variety meats, cereal or soy fillers are used, the product name must be changed to "links" or the presence must be declared as a qualifier.
Pork and beef are traditional meats. Less expensive hot dogs are primarily chicken or turkey, due to the low cost of mechanically separated poultry. Hot dogs have high sodium, fat and nitrite content, which have been linked to health problems in some consumers. In recent years, due to changing dietary preferences, manufacturers have turned to turkey, chicken, or vegetarian meat substitutes, and have begun lowering salt content.
In general, if a manufacturer produces two types of hot dog sausages, "wieners" tend to contain pork and are the blander of the two, while "franks" tend to be all beef and more-strongly seasoned.[citation needed]
Condiments
Throughout the world, there are numerous variations in hot dog condiments. Some of these are mustard, ketchup, pickle relish,cole slaw, saurkraut, onion, mayonnaise, lettuce, tomato, cheese, and chili peppers. They are usually served in a bun.[citation needed]
In the US, the National Sausage and Hot Dog Council conducted a poll in 2005, which found mustard to be the most popular condiment (32 percent). "Twenty-three percent of Americans said they preferred ketchup....Chili (chili con carne) came in third at 17 percent, followed by relish (9 percent) and onions (7 percent). Southerners showed the strongest preference for chili, while Midwesterners showed the greatest affinity for ketchup. Nationwide, however, mustard prevailed."[15]
Commercial Preparation
Hot dogs are typically prepared commercially by mixing all of the ingredients (meats, spices, binders and fillers, if any) in large vats where rapidly moving blades grind and mix the ingredients in the same operation, ensuring a homogeneous product. This mixture is then forced through tubes into casings for cooking. Most hot dogs sold in the US are called "skinless" as opposed to more expensive "natural casing" hot dogs.
Natural casing hot dogs
As with virtually all sausages, hot dogs must be in a casing to be cooked. Traditionally, this casing is made from the thoroughly cleaned small intestines of sheep, and the products are known as "natural casing" hot dogs or frankfurters.[16] These kinds of hot dogs are preferred by some for their firmer texture and the "snap" that releases juices and flavor when the product is bitten.[16]
Kosher natural casings are difficult to obtain in commercial quantities in the US, and therefore kosher hot dogs are usually either skinless or made with reconstituted collagen casings.[16]
Skinless hot dogs
"Skinless" hot dogs also must use a casing in the cooking process when the product is manufactured, but here the casing is usually a long tube of thin cellulose that is completely removed between cooking and packaging. Skinless hot dogs vary in the texture of the product surface but have a softer "bite" than natural casing hot dogs. Skinless hot dogs are more uniform in shape and size than natural casing hot dogs and less expensive to produce.
Final preparation
For a full list of regional differences in hot dog preparation and condiments, see Hot dog variations.
Hot dogs may be grilled, steamed, boiled, barbecued, pan fried, deep fried, broiled, or microwaved. Some cooks prefer to boil their hot dogs in beer.[17] While hot dogs are always cooked before packaging, they should not be eaten cold from the package. Hot dogs and their packaging fluid are sometimes contaminated with the bacterium Listeria monocytogenes, which causes listeriosis, a serious foodborne illness.[18]
Hot dogs in the United States
Notable national hot dog restaurants
7-Eleven is North America's number-one retailer of fresh-grilled hot dogs, selling approximately 100 million each year.[19][20] Other chains in the U.S. that offer hot dogs include Sonic Drive-In and Dog n Suds, who call it a coney; Hardee's (but not their counterpart Carl's Jr. on the west coast of the United States, which is ironic due to founder Carl Karcher having started the Carl's Jr. empire with a hot dog stand); Dairy Queen; Wienerschnitzel (originally Der Wienerschnitzel), whose menu focuses on hot dogs; Woody's Chicago Style, based in Denver and colocated in Lowe's stores across the Western US; and A&W, famous for their root beer and chili dogs. Nathan's Famous is a well known hot dog chain, which sponsors the annual Nathan's Hot Dog Eating Contest. The original Nathan's stand is located in Coney Island, New York. Hot dogs are also commonly served at Sam's Club and Costco stores.
Hot dogs in the Philippines
Hot dogs were brought to the Philippines by the Americans during the war and have became popular.[citation needed] Casual dining restaurants often have hot dogs on their children's menu, but not on the regular menu. Hot dog stands and trucks sell hot dogs and accompaniments, as well as similar products, at street and highway locations. At convenience stores such as 7-Eleven, hot dogs are usually kept heated on rotating grills; a selection of flavors and sizes is sometimes offered.
Hot dogs sold by vendors who wander through the stands are a tradition at baseball parks. Several ballparks have signature hot dogs, such as Fenway Franks at Fenway Park in Boston, Massachusetts and Dodger Dogs at Dodger Stadium in Los Angeles, California. The Fenway signature is that the hot dog is boiled and grilled Fenway-style, and then served on a New England-style bun, covered with mustard and relish. Often during Red Sox games, vendors traverse the stadium selling the hot dogs plain, giving customers the choice of adding the condiments. [citation needed]
Hot dog kinds and variations
Competitions
Hot dogs are used in many competitions, including eating competitions and attempts to create world record sized hot dogs. On July 4, 2007, Joey Chestnut set a new record when he ate 66 hotdogs in 12 minutes at Nathan's Hot Dog Eating Contest 2007 event at Coney Island, breaking the previous record that he set on June 2, 2007 when he ate 59½ hotdogs in 12 minutes at a Nathan's qualifier event in Tempe, AZ. In Arizona, Chestnut had broken the record at the time of 53¾ by Takeru Kobayashi. [21]
The World's Longest Hot Dog created was 60m (196.85 ft), and rested within a 60.3 m bun. The hot dog was prepared by Shizuoka Meat Producers for the All-Japan Bread Association, which baked the bun and coordinated the event, including official measurement for the world record. The hot dog and bun were the center of a media event in celebration of the Association's 50th anniversary on August 4, 2006, at the Akasaka Prince Hotel, Tokyo, Japan.
See also
- Advanced meat recovery
- Cheese dog
- Chicago-style hot dog
- Corn dog
- Coney Island hot dog
- Dodger Dog
- Hot dog variations
- Mechanically separated meat
- Sausage bun
- Sausage sandwich
Notes
- ^ Food Safety During Pregnancy
- ^ Schmidt 2003:241
- ^ Immerso 2002:23
- ^ Sterngass 2001:239
- ^ "History of the Hot Dog" page of ePopcorn.com.
- ^ Hot Dog History
- ^ McCullough 2000:240
- ^ a b Jakle & Sculle 1999:163–164
- ^ McCollough 2006:Frankfurter, she wrote: Hot dog shrouded in mystery
- ^ www.harrystevens.co.uk
- ^ a b Immerso 2002:131
- ^ a b c Wilton 2004:58–59
- ^ a b c Popik 2004:"Hot Dog (Polo Grounds myth & original monograph)"
- ^ "Hot Dog". Snopes. July 13 2007. Retrieved 2007-12-13.
{{cite web}}: Check date values in:|date=(help) - ^ http://www.hot-dog.org/pr/052505.htm
- ^ a b c Levine 2005:It's All in How the Dog Is Served
- ^ Hot Dogs, Get Your Hot Dogs: all about hot dogs, wieners, franks and sausages
- ^ Health Canada: Listeria and food safety
- ^ 7-Eleven News Room: Fun Facts and Trivia.
- ^ Hot Dog Heaven at 7-Eleven
- ^ http://sportsillustrated.cnn.com/2007/more/06/02/hot.dog.record.ap/index.html
References
- Immerso, Michael (2002), Coney Island: The People's Playground, New Brunswick, New Jersey: Rutgers University Press, ISBN 0813531381
- Jakle, John A.; Sculle, Keith A. (1999), Fast Food, Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press, ISBN 0-8018-6109-8
- Levine, Ed (2005-05-25), "It's All in How the Dog Is Served", The New York Times
- McCollough, J. Brady (2006-04-02), "Frankfurter, she wrote: Hot dog shrouded in mystery", The Kansas City Star
- McCullough, Edo (2000) [1957]. Good Old Coney Island: A Sentimental Journey into the Past. New York: Fordham University Press. ISBN 0823219976.
- Popik, Barry (2004-07-15). "Hot Dog (Polo Grounds myth & original monograph)". The Big Apple. Retrieved 2007-05-27.
- Schmidt, Gretchen (2003), German Pride: 101 Reasons to Be Proud You're German, New York: Citadel Press, ISBN 0806524812
- Sterngass, Jon (2001), First Resorts: Pursuing Pleasure at Saratoga Springs, Newport & Coney Island, Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press, ISBN 0801865867
- Wilton, David (2004), Word Myths: Debunking Linguistic Urban Legends, Oxford: Oxford University Press, ISBN 0195172841
External links
