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Breast fetishism

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Breast fetishism (also known as: mastofact, breast partialism, or mazophilia)[1] is a type of sexual fetish which involves a sexual interest and psychological investment among males and females for female breasts. The phrase is used mostly within ethnographic and feminist contexts to describe a society with a culture devoted to breasts; usually as sexual objects.[2][3] The clothing rituals of western culture such as tight clothing, and the display of cleavage has been attributed with causing breast fetishism in males.[3]

Debate exists on whether the modern widespread sexual attraction to breasts among heterosexual males of western society constitutes a sexual fetish.[4] In clinical literature of the 19th century, the focus on breasts was considered a form of paraphillia, but in modern times; this interest is considered normal except when the preference overshadows or dominates the relationship with the partner.[5]

History

The reverence and theorizing shown to breasts also appears in the science of modern civilization. Breast fetishism is claimed to be an example of a contagious thought (or meme) spreading throughout society,[6] and that breasts are primarily biosemiotic features that have evolved to influence human sexuality rather than serve an exclusive maternal function.

Specific interests

In western culture, breasts are commonly viewed as symbols of sexuality and sexual attraction, and the size of breasts can be particularly important in relation to the view some people have of females. Some people are more attracted to larger breasts, while others are attracted to smaller ones; or to a particular shape or state, such as those of pubescent girls. This idealisation of breasts has created a market for surgery for females to alter the shape and size of their breasts by either enlargement or reduction, or by devices worn to enhance cleavage.

Woman during a wet t-shirt contest.

Some people may be more attracted to long or thick nipples or puffy areolas. Wet T-shirt contests are a major attraction for these fetishists.

Breast cleavage or breasts covered by a bras or tight T-shirt may be appealing for some people, while other breast fetishists may be more focused on observing bouncing breasts, during events such as jogging. These departures from the attraction to the naked breast may also be accompanied by voyeuristic behaviour.

American culture

Some authors from the USA say that the female breast is the American fetish-object of choice,[7] and that breast fetishism is predominantly found in the USA.[8][9][10] The critic Molly Haskell, a feminist from the USA, goes as far as to say that: "The mammary fixation is the most infantile, and the most American, of the sex fetishes".[11][verification needed]

Nacirema Case

In 1957, the American Anthropological Association published a parody essay Body Ritual among the Nacirema by the anthropologist Horace Miner which satirized - by alluding to "the magical beliefs and practices" of the Nacirema tribe - the attitudes to the human body within American culture. The Nacirema ("American", with the letters reversed) society is described as practicing rites of increasing or decreasing breast size in comic opposition to natural circumstances; a process which is motivated by a dissatisfaction with the idealized form of breast(s) existing "virtually outside the range of human variation". Miner goes on to describe the fetishistic situation with which the few women with "hypermammary development" find themselves; "...(they) are so idolized that they make a handsome living by simply going from village to village and permitting the natives to stare at them for a fee".[12]

Breast Expansion

Erotic fiction by the author Wilson Barber concerning breast expansion has been published in men's magazines in the USA since 1986, with titles such as; "Mind Over Mammaries" in 1990, and "Videodrain" published in Bust Out! in 1993. The more recent style within the fantasy fiction genre of comics and anime include stories of women's busts being enlarged by air, water, food, magic, medicine, alien technology or some other unseen force.

The "Experiment 45-EEE" produced in 1997 by graphic artists Kris Overstreet and John Barrett created "The Magnificent Milkmaid" character in response to breast expansion artwork published in Japanese hentai manga comics. The story of the "Magnificent Milkmaid" is of a female character designed by a "bored mad scientist" to experience "both breast expansion and lactation on a regular basis".[13]

See also

References

  1. ^ Hickey, Eric W. (2003). Encyclopaedia of Murder and Violent Crime. Sage Publications Inc. ISBN 076192437X
  2. ^ Evans, Phil. (1989). Motivation and Emotion. Routledge. ISBN 0415014751, p. 34.
  3. ^ a b Goldscheider, Glazier, Flowerday, 2003. (p. 58).
  4. ^ Carolyn Latteier, 1998. (p. 117).
  5. ^ Carolyn Latteier, 1998. (p. 118).
  6. ^ Marsden, Paul. (1999). Journal of Artificial Societies and Social Simulation. Review of "Thought Contagion: How Belief Spreads through Society". . Retrieved 2007-10-05.
  7. ^ Slade, Joseph W. (2000). Pornography and Sexual Representation: A Reference Guide. Greenwood Publishing Group. ISBN 0313315205, p. 402.
  8. ^ Miller, Laura. (2006). Beauty Up: Exploring Contemporary Japanese Body Aesthetics. University of California Press. ISBN 0520245091, p. 74.
  9. ^ Carolyn Latteier, 1998.
  10. ^ Morrison, D. E., and C. P. Holden. (1971). The Burning Bra: The American Breast Fetish and Women's Liberation. In "Deviance and Change", ed. P.K. Manning. Englewood Cliffs, N. J.: Prentice Hall.
  11. ^ Molly Haskell, see source.
  12. ^ Miner, Horace Mitchell. (June 1956). , from "American Anthropologist, vol 58.
  13. ^ White Lightning Productions. Artwork. "Experiment 45-EEE by John Barrett". retrieved 2007-10-12.

Further reading

  • Bass, Alan. (2000). Difference and Disavowal: The Trauma of Eros, The Part Object. Stanford University Press. ISBN 0804738289.
  • Block, Susan (2004). "Covering Justice: Ashcroft's Breast Fetish". In Serpents in the Garden: Liaisons with Culture and Sex, ed. Alexander Cockburn, Jeffrey St. Clair.
  • Carey, Kimberly (1997-05-25). "Breast Enlargement Fantasy a Big Burden to Bear". Chicago Tribune. p. 6. Retrieved 2007-03-21.
  • Davis, Elizabeth Gould. (1971). The First Sex: The Breast Fetish. Penguin Books.
  • Draitser, Emil. (1999). Making war, not love: gender and sexuality in Russian humour. The Breast Fetish (pg. 29). Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 0312221290.
  • Evans, Phil. (1989). Motivation and Emotion. Routledge. ISBN 0415014751.
  • Goldscheider, Calvin D.; Stephen D. Glazier; and Charles Flowerday. (2003). Selected Readings in the Anthropology of Religion: Theoretical and Methodological Essays. Greenwood Publishing Group. ISBN 0313300909.
  • Hickey, Eric W. (2003). Encyclopaedia of Murder and Violent Crime. Sage Publications Inc. ISBN 076192437X.
  • Latteier, Carolyn. (1998). Breasts: the women's perspective on an American obsession. Haworth Press. ISBN 0789004224.
  • Marsden, Paul. (1999). Journal of Artificial Societies and Social Simulation. Review of "Thought Contagion: How Belief Spreads through Society".. Retrieved 2007-10-05.
  • McConaghy, Nathaniel. (1993). Sexual Behavior: Problems and Management. Springer (Publisher). ISBN 0306441772.
  • Miller, Laura. (2006). Beauty Up: Exploring Contemporary Japanese Body Aesthetics. University of California Press. ISBN 0520245091.
  • Miner, Horace Mitchell. (June 1956). wikisource:Body Ritual among the Nacirema, from American Anthropologist, vol 58.
  • Moreck, Curt. (1965). Breast fetishism. International Press of Sexology. ASIN B0007HAEES
  • Morris, Desmond. (1967). The Naked Ape. Jonathan Cape.
  • Morrison, D. E., and C. P. Holden. (1971). The Burning Bra: The American Breast Fetish and Women's Liberation. In Deviance and Change, ed. P.K. Manning. Englewood Cliffs, N. J.: Prentice Hall.
  • Slade, Joseph W. (2000). Pornography and Sexual Representation: A Reference Guide. Greenwood Publishing Group. ISBN 0313315205
  • Tovar, Virgie. 2007. Destination DD: Adventures of a Breast Fetishist with 40DDs. Sexy Advisors Press. ISBN 0978869946.
  • Wijsbek, Henri (2000). "The pursuit of beauty: The enforcement of aesthetics or a freely adopted lifestyle?". Journal of Medical Ethics. 26 (6): 454–459. doi:10.1136/jme.26.6.454. PMID 11129847.
  • WikiWLP. White Lightning Productions. "The Magnificent Milkmaid". accessed 2007-10-12.
  • Yalom, Marilyn. 1997. A History of the Breast. pub. Knopf. ISBN 0679434593.
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