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This page is for the Android operating system, for other uses, see Android (disambiguation)

Android
DeveloperOpen Handset Alliance
Working stateCurrent
Source modelFree and open source software
Initial release21 October 2008; 16 years ago (2008-10-21)
Latest release1.5 Release 1 / 27 April 2009; 15 years ago (2009-04-27)
Repository
PlatformsARM, MIPS
Kernel typeMonolithic (Linux)
LicenseApache 2.0 and GPLv2[1]
Official websiteandroid.com

Android is a mobile operating system running on the Linux kernel.[2] It was initially developed by Google and later the Open Handset Alliance.[3] It allows developers to write managed code in the Java language, controlling the device via Google-developed Java libraries.[4]

The unveiling of the Android platform on 5 November 2007 was announced with the founding of the Open Handset Alliance, a consortium of 48 hardware, software, and telecom companies devoted to advancing open standards for mobile devices.[5][6] Google released most of the Android code under the Apache License, a free-software and open source license.[7]

History

File:Android-logo.svg
Alternative logo.

In July 2005, Google acquired Android, Inc., a small startup company based in Palo Alto, California, USA.[8] Android's co-founders who went to work at Google included Andy Rubin (co-founder of Danger[9]), Rich Miner (co-founder of Wildfire Communications, Inc.[10]), Nick Sears (once VP at T-Mobile[11]), and Chris White (headed design and interface development at WebTV[12]). At the time, little was known about the functions of Android, Inc. other than that they made software for mobile phones.[8] This began rumors that Google was planning to enter the mobile phone market, although it was unclear what function it might perform in that market.[citation needed]

At Google, the team, led by Rubin, developed a mobile device platform powered by the Linux kernel which they marketed to handset makers and carriers on the premise of providing a flexible, upgradeable system.[citation needed] It was reported that Google had already lined up a series of hardware component and software partners and signaled to carriers that it was open to various degrees of cooperation on their part.[13][14][15]

File:Android at google.jpg
Android at Googleplex.

More speculation that Google would be entering the mobile-phone market came in December 2006.[16] Reports from the BBC and The Wall Street Journal noted that Google wanted its search and applications on mobile phones and it was working hard to deliver that. Print and online media outlets soon reported rumors that Google was developing a Google-branded handset.[17] More speculation followed reporting that as Google was defining technical specifications, it was showing prototypes to cell phone manufacturers and network operators. As many as 30 prototype phones were reported to be operating "in the wild."[18]

In September 2007, InformationWeek covered an Evalueserve study reporting that Google had filed several patent applications in the area of mobile telephony.[19][20]

Open Handset Alliance

Main article: Open Handset Alliance

"Today's announcement is more ambitious than any single 'Google Phone' that the press has been speculating about over the past few weeks. Our vision is that the powerful platform we're unveiling will power thousands of different phone models."

-Eric Schmidt, Google Chairman/CEO[3]

On 5 November 2007, the Open Handset Alliance, a consortium of several companies which include Texas Instruments, Broadcom Corporation, Google, HTC, Intel, LG, Marvell Technology Group, Motorola, Nvidia, Qualcomm, Samsung Electronics, Sprint Nextel and T-Mobile was unveiled with the goal to develop open standards for mobile devices.[3] Along with the formation of the Open Handset Alliance, the OHA also unveiled their first product, Android, a mobile device platform built on the Linux kernel version 2.6.[3]

On 9 December 2008, it was announced that 14 new members would be joining the Android project including: ARM Holdings Plc, Atheros Communications, Asustek Computer Inc, Garmin Ltd, Softbank, Sony Ericsson, Toshiba Corp, and Vodafone Group Plc.[21][22]

Google Chairman and CEO Eric Schmidt took some time in the official press release to dispel all previous rumors and speculation about the existence of a stand-alone Google phone.[3]

Licensing

Since 21 October 2008, Android has been available as open source. Google opened the entire source code (including network and telephony stacks[23]) under an Apache license.[24]

With the Apache License, vendors are free to add proprietary extensions without submitting those back to the open source community.

Android had been criticized for not being all open-source software despite what was announced by Google. Parts of the SDK are proprietary and closed source.[25][26] The Android Software Development Kit License Agreement[27] states that:

3.2 You agree that Google (or Google's licensors) own all legal right, title and interest in and to the SDK, including any intellectual property rights which subsist in the SDK. Use, reproduction and distribution of components of the SDK licensed under an open source software license are governed solely by the terms of that open source software license and not by this License Agreement. Until the SDK is released under an open source license, you may not extract the source code or create a derivative work of the SDK.

Updates

File:Android and cupcake.jpg
A cupcake was placed beside Android at the Googleplex to commemorate the 1.5 release of Android.

Although Android is an open-source product, some development has been continuing in a private development branch. In order to bring this software into public view, a read-only mirror branch has been created, known as cupcake. Cupcake is commonly misunderstood as the title of an actual update, but as stated on Google's development website: "cupcake is still very much a work in progress. It is a development branch, not a release."[28] Notable changes to the Android software that will be introduced in cupcake include changes to the download manager, the framework, Bluetooth, the system software, radio and telephony, developer tools, the build system and several applications, as well as a number of bug fixes.[28]

On 30 April 2009, the official 1.5 update for Android was released.[29][30] There are several new features and UI updates included in the 1.5 update:

  • Ability to record and watch videos with the camcorder mode
  • Uploading videos to YouTube and pictures to Picasa directly from the phone
  • A new soft keyboard with an "Autocomplete" feature
  • Ability to automatically connect to a Bluetooth headset within a certain distance
  • New widgets and folders that can populate the desktop
  • Animations between screens
  • Expanded ability of Copy and paste to include web pages[31]

Features

The Android Emulator default home screen.

Current features and specifications:[32][33][34]

Handset layouts The platform is adaptable to larger, VGA, 2D graphics library, 3D graphics library based on OpenGL ES 1.0 specifications, and traditional smartphone layouts.
Storage The Database Software SQLite is used for data storage purposes
Connectivity Android supports connectivity technologies including GSM/EDGE, CDMA, EV-DO, UMTS, Bluetooth, and Wi-Fi.
Messaging SMS and MMS are available forms of messaging including threaded text messaging.
Web browser The web browser available in Android is based on the open-source WebKit application framework.
Dalvik virtual machine Software written in Java can be compiled to be executed in the Dalvik virtual machine, which is a specialized VM implementation designed for mobile device use, although not technically a standard Java Virtual Machine.
Media support Android supports the following audio/video/still media formats: H.263, H.264 (in 3GP or MP4 container), MPEG-4 SP, AMR, AMR-WB (in 3GP container), AAC, HE-AAC (in MP4 or 3GP container or as an AAC file), MP3, MIDI, OGG Vorbis, WAV, JPEG, PNG, GIF, BMP.[34]
Additional hardware support Android can utilize video/still cameras, touchscreens, GPS, accelerometers, magnetometers, accelerated 2D bitblits (with hardware orientation,scaling,pixel format conversion) and accelerated 3D graphics.
Development environment Includes a device emulator, tools for debugging, memory and performance profiling, a plugin for the Eclipse IDE.
Market Similar to the App Store on the iPhone OS, The Android Market is a catalog of applications that can be downloaded and installed to target hardware over-the-air, without the use of a PC. Originally only freeware applications were supported. Paid-for apps have been available on the Android Market in the United States since 19 February 2009.[35]
Multi-touch Android has native support for multi-touch but the feature is disabled at the kernel level (possibly to avoid infringing Apple patents on touch-screen technology[36]). An unofficial mod has been developed that enables multi-touch, but requires superuser access to the device to flash an unsigned kernel.[37]

Hardware products running Android

By the end of 2009 there will be at least 18 phone models using Android worldwide, according to Google.[38]

Released (preinstalled)

HTC Dream (T-Mobile G1)

Released (aftermarket installations)

Some users have been able (with some amount of hacking, and with limited functionality) to install Android on mobile devices shipped with other OSes:

Forthcoming

  • Geeks'Phone Announces Geeks'Phone One in June 2009 for sale in November 2009 [59]*Geeks'Phone ONE first spanish Android phone. Launched in and.roid.es meetup in Barcelona (Estimated sales on November 2009 - Tech specs)
  • Dell is rumoured to be working on Android phones and multimedia devices[60]
  • Samsung I7500 was announced in April 2009 for release in June.[61]
  • HTC Hero - announced 24 June 2009 for release in July. [62]
  • HKC Pearl, which claims to dual-boot Windows Mobile 6.1 and Android. It is an HTC clone device.[63]
  • HKC Imobile v413, an Android phone which is a clone of the HTC Touch.[64]
  • In September 2008, Motorola confirmed that it was working on hardware products that would run Android.[65]
  • Huawei plans to release a phone that would run Android on T-Mobile. This date however is not set until after June 2009.[66]
  • Archos is planning to launch a new device, which would combine significant media capabilities with an Android operating system.[67]
  • Lenovo is working on an Android-based mobile phone that supports the Chinese 3G TD-SCDMA standard.[68]
  • HTC is planning a "portfolio" of Android based phones to be released in the middle of 2009,[69].
  • Sony Ericsson is waiting for better multi media support in Android 2.0.[70]
  • GiiNii Movit Mini is a Internet device based on Google's Android operating system.[71]
  • Acer is rumored to be releasing phones called the L1, C1, E1, F1, and A1 (unconfirmed) late in 2009.[72]
  • Acer is releasing Android for the Acer One netbook in Q3 2009.[73]
  • Chinese ODM Yuhua's first Android phone, the dual-SIM DSTL1 will be released under the General Mobile brand in June.[74] The company is planning more Android devices. [75]
  • Skytone, distributor and software developer of the Skytone Alpha-400 announced the release of an Android netbook, the Alpha-680.[76]

Software development

Early Android device.

The early feedback on developing applications for the Android platform was mixed.[77] Issues cited include bugs, lack of documentation, inadequate QA infrastructure, and no public issue-tracking system. (Google announced an issue tracker on 18 January 2008.)[78] In December 2007, MergeLab mobile startup founder Adam MacBeth stated, "Functionality is not there, is poorly documented or just doesn't work... It's clearly not ready for prime time."[79] Despite this, Android-targeted applications began to appear already the week after the platform was announced. The first publicly available application was the Snake game.[80][81] The Android Dev Phone is a SIM-unlocked and hardware-unlocked device that is designed for advanced developers. While developers can use regular consumer devices purchased at retail to test and use their apps, some developers may choose not to use a retail device, preferring an unlocked or no-contract device.[82]

Software development kit

The Android SDK includes a comprehensive set of development tools.[83] These include a debugger, libraries, a handset emulator (based on QEMU), documentation, sample code, and tutorials. Currently supported development platforms include x86-architecture computers running Linux (any modern desktop Linux distribution), Mac OS X 10.4.8 or later, Windows XP or Vista. Requirements also include Java Development Kit, Apache Ant, and Python 2.2 or later. The officially supported integrated development environment (IDE) is Eclipse (3.2 or later) using the Android Development Tools (ADT) Plugin, though developers may use any text editor to edit Java and XML files then use command line tools to create, build and debug Android applications.

A preview release of the Android software development kit (SDK) was released on 12 November 2007. On 15 July 2008, the Android Developer Challenge Team accidentally sent an email to all entrants in the Android Developer Challenge announcing that a new release of the SDK was available in a "private" download area. The email was intended for winners of the first round of the Android Developer Challenge. The revelation that Google was supplying new SDK releases to some developers and not others (and keeping this arrangement private) has led to widely reported frustration within the Android developer community.[84]

On 18 August 2008 the Android 0.9 SDK beta was released. This release provides an updated and extended API, improved development tools and an updated design for the home screen. Detailed instructions[85] for upgrading are available to those already working with an earlier release. On 23 September 2008 the Android 1.0 SDK (Release 1) was released.[86] According to the release notes, it included "mainly bug fixes, although some smaller features were added". It also included several API changes from the 0.9 version.

On March 9, 2009, Google released version 1.1 for the android dev phone. While there are a few aesthetic updates, a few crucial updates include support for "search by voice, priced apps, alarm clock fixes, sending gmail freeze fix, fixes mail notifications and refreshing intervals, and now the maps show business reviews". Another important update is that Dev phones can now access paid apps and developers can now see them on the Android Market.[87]

Android Developer Challenge

The Android Developer Challenge was a competition for the most innovative application for Android. Google offered prizes totaling 10 million US dollars, distributed between ADC I and ADC II.[88][89] ADC I accepted submissions from 2 January to 14 April 2008. The 50 most promising entries, announced on 12 May 2008, each received a $25,000 award to fund further development.[90][91] It ended in early September with the announcement of ten teams that received $275,000 each, and ten teams that received $100,000 each.[92] ADC II was announced on May 27, 2009.[88]

Native code

Libraries written in C and other languages can be compiled to ARM native code and installed, but the Native Development Kit is not yet officially supported by Google. Native classes can be called from Java code running under the Dalvik VM using the System.loadLibrary call, which is part of the standard Android Java classes.[93][94]

Complete applications can be compiled and installed using traditional development tools.[95] The ADB debugger gives a root shell under the Android Emulator which allows native ARM code to be uploaded and executed. ARM code can be compiled using GCC on a standard PC.[95] Running native code is complicated by the fact that Android uses a non-standard C library (known as Bionic). The underlying graphics device is available as a framebuffer at /dev/graphics/fb0.[96] The graphics library that Android uses to arbitrate and control access to this device is called the Skia Graphics Library (SGL), and it has been released under an open source license.[97] Skia has backends for both win32 and Cairo, allowing the development of cross-platform applications, and it is the graphics engine underlying the Google Chrome web browser.[98]

Elements Interactive Mobile B.V. have ported their EdgeLib C++ library to Android, and native code executables of their S-Tris2 game (a Tetris clone) and Animate3D technology demo are available for download.[99]

Criticisms

  • The unrestrictive terms of Android's license have allowed corporations using Android to place restrictions on their own customers. As an example, tethering (PC or laptop internet connectivity via the cell phone) is forbidden by T-Mobile USA, and the Android Market has de-listed such applications for T-Mobile customers.[100] This also means that the apps can be carrier-specific as chosen by Google.[101]
  • Android uses a Linux kernel as its operating system[102], but according to Google, it is not a conventional Linux distribution. It does not have a native X Window System, nor does it support the full set of standard GNU libraries like its system libraries like GNU C Library). This specific modification makes it difficult to reuse existing Linux applications or libraries on Android.[103]
  • Android does not use established Java standards, i.e. Java SE and ME. This prevents compatibility among Java applications written for those platforms and those for the Android platform. Android only reuses the Java language syntax, but does not provide the full-class libraries and APIs bundled with Java SE or ME.[104]
  • Android does not officially allow apps to be installed on, nor run from, an SD card. Current Android products such as the HTC Dream and Magic have limited onboard memory and many users feel restricted by this lack of functionality.[105] Several unsupported modifications exist, however, to give the user this capability.[106]
  • Android is criticized for its (lack of) multitasking abilities and the lack of a significant driver base. For these reasons some do not expect it to gain a major market share in netbook market.[107]

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  103. ^ Paul, Ryan (2009-02-23). "Dream(sheep++): A developer's introduction to Google Android". Retrieved 2009-03-07. In fact, during a presentation at the Google IO conference, Google engineer Patrick Brady stated unambiguously that Android is not Linux.(...)The problem with Google's approach is that it makes Android an island. The highly insular nature of the platform prevents Android users and developers from taking advantage of the rich ecosystem of existing third-party Linux applications. Android doesn't officially support native C programs at all, so it won't be possible to port your favorite GTK+ or Qt applications to Android {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  104. ^ van Gurp, Jilles (2007-11-13). "Google Android: Initial Impressions and Criticism". Retrieved 2009-03-07. Frankly, I don't understand why Google intends to ignore the vast amount of existing implementation out there. It seems like a bad case of "not invented here" to me. Ultimately, this will slow adoption. There are already too many Java platforms for the mobile world and this is yet another one {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
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  106. ^ New and improved Apps to SD(more stable, more powerful, etc) Tutorial - xda-developers
  107. ^ ARM Doubts Android is Good Enough for Netbooks, Smartbooks.

See also

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