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Microchip implant (human)

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This article deals with human microchip implants. For use in animals, see Microchip implant (animal).
Just after an operation to insert a RFID tag. Note that the yellow coloration comes from iodine used to clean areas before surgery, and is not related to the implant.

A human microchip implant is an integrated circuit device or RFID tag encased in silicate glass and implanted into a human's body. Such subdermal implants can be used for information storage, including personal identification, medical history, medications, allergies, and contact information.

Initial Trials

The first reported experiment with an RFID implant was carried out in 1998 by the British scientist Kevin Warwick [1]. As a test, his implant was used to open doors, switch on lights, and cause verbal output within a building. The implant has since been held in the Science Museum (London).

Current uses

In 2002, the VeriChip Corporation received preliminary approval from the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) to market its device in the U.S. within specific guidelines. Since its effective approval in 2004 [2], about 80 hospitals and 232 doctors have elected to use the system.[3]

By implanting such a chip with a patient's medical record, hospitals and emergency workers can immediately gain access to an ill or injured person's medical history regardless of location or condition. Implanted chips are impossible to lose, which could reduce (extremely difficult to steal the implant itself) or increase (may be able to be hacked and read without touching the person) the chances of information theft. Homes and automobiles could be equipped with scanners for microchips, making house and car keys obsolete (although an RFID lock requires a working power source to function). Locks and ignition switches would only work for persons with an appropriately programmed chip.

Possible problems

If the microchips are completely unencrypted, they would be extremely vulnerable to interception by third-party scanners. By scanning secretly, someone could steal all of the information on a chip and could clone the signal, possibly leading to criminal misuse of medical files and insurance information. For example, a patient's list of known allergies could be altered maliciously, causing injury or death, or his/her insurance could be copied for another unrelated person to use.[3]

According to the FDA, implantation of the chip itself poses some health concerns. A patient could react adversely to the chip itself by infection or allergy, or it could be implanted improperly. It could dislodge itself and move to a different part of the body than where it was first implanted. The implant could also fail on its own at any time, and the information contained in it could be lost.

More serious trauma could occur if the chip reacts to outside source, such as a strong electrical field or a magnetic resonance imager (MRI) machine. The strong magnets used in an MRI scanner could destroy the implant and cause serious burns, internally and externally.[4]

However, according to the Mythbusters TV show [citation needed], the dangers of such an event occurring are extremely rare, with the test subject showing no signs of pain or trauma. Of course, the model and make of the chip could affect possible outcomes as well.

Veterinary and toxicology studies carried out from 1996 to 2006 found that lab mice and rats injected with microchips sometimes developed subcutaneous sarcomas. Data suggest that up to 10% of the implanted lab animals developed malignant cancers originating in the tissue surrounding the microchips. Dr. Cheryl London, a veterinarian oncologist at Ohio State University, noted: "It's much easier to cause cancer in mice than it is in people. So it may be that what you're seeing in mice represents an exaggerated phenomenon of what may occur in people." London suggested a 20-year study of chipped canines was needed "to see if you have a biological effect." Specialists from several pre-eminent cancer institutions have supported such testing before microchips are implanted on a large scale in humans.[citation needed]

Future applications

Theoretically, in the future a GPS-enabled chip could make it possible for individuals to be physically located by latitude, longitude, altitude, speed, and direction of movement. This could aid authorities in locating missing persons and/or fugitives and those who fled from a crime scene. VeriChip is one of the companies working on a GPS-capable chip.[5] Another potential application, discussed (2008) by the government of Indonesia's Irian Jaya is to monitor activities of persons infected with HIV, aiming at reducing the chances of them infecting other people.[6]

A medical devices company, Calypso Medical,[7] has developed a technology that it calls "GPS for the body" (but that is unrelated to "real" GPS, and that does not make use of signals from the GPS satellites), which is implanted into prostate cancer patients to help monitor the position of the prostate during radiation therapy.

It has also been published lately by several US government organizations that implanting chips in humans may assist in studying cancer.[8]

Ethical Questions

Microchip implant in humans have raised new ethical discussions by scientific professional forums[clarification needed],[9] academic groups,[10] human rights organizations, government departments and religious groups. The Council on Ethical and Judicial Affairs (CEJA) of the American Medical Association published a report in 2007 alleging that RFID implanted chips may compromise privacy because there is no assurance that the information contained in the chip can be properly protected, notwithstanding health risks (chips may travel under the skin) [11].

Legislation

Following Wisconsin and North Dakota [2], California issued Senate Bill 362 in 2007, which prohibits employers and others from forcing anyone to have a RFID device implanted under their skin [2].

See also

References

  1. ^ CNN - Is human chip implant wave of the future? - January 14, 1999
  2. ^ a b c California Bans Forced RFID Tagging of Humans, Government Technology website, October 17, 2007
  3. ^ a b Byles, Ileiren (2006). Health-care chips could get under your skin. Retrieved on 2006-10-28.
  4. ^ DrugResearcher.com 2004-10-20. Implantable RFID chip decision draws criticism. Retrieved on 2006-10-28.
  5. ^ DrugResearcher.com 2004-10-18. FDA clears RFID chip for humans. Retrieved on 2006-10-28.
  6. ^ "Indonesia's Papua plans to tag AIDS sufferers", Mon Nov 24, 2008.
  7. ^ Calypso Medical
  8. ^ Nanotechnology in Cancer, at www.cancer.gov
  9. ^ RFID inside, by Kenneth R. Foster and Jan Jaeger, IEEE Spectrum online
  10. ^ Ethical Assessment of Implantable Brain Chips, by Ellen M. McGee and G. Q. Maguire, Jr., Boston University
  11. ^ CEJA of the American Medical Association, CEJA Report 5-A-07, Radio Frequency ID Devices in Humans, presented by Robert M. Sade, MD, Chair. 2007

Further reading

  • Haag, Stephen (2004). Management Information Systems for the Information Age (4th ed.). New York City, NY: McGraw-Hill. ISBN 0-07-281947-2. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  • Graafstra, Amal (2004). [1]RFID Toys: 11 Cool Projects for Home, Office and Entertainment (4th ed.). New York City, NY: (ExtremeTech) Ziff Davis Publishing Holdings Inc. ISBN 0-47-177196-1. {{cite book}}: External link in |title= (help)
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