Jerry Rawlings

President Jerry John Rawlings File:President Rawlings on Ghana Airways Presidential Plane copy 3.jpg
1st President of Ghana (4th Republic)
In office 7 January 1993 – 7 January 2001
Vice President	Kow Nkensen Arkaah (1993-1997) John Atta Mills (1997-2001)
Succeeded by	John Agyekum Kufuor
10th Head of state of Ghana
In office 31 December 1981 – 7 January 1993
Vice President	None
Preceded by	Dr. Hilla Limann
Succeeded by	John Agyekum Kufuor
8th Head of state of Ghana
In office 4 June 1979 – 24 September 1979
Preceded by	General Fred Akuffo
Succeeded by	Dr. Hilla Limann
Personal details
Born	(1947-06-22) 22 June 1947 Accra, Gold Coast)
Political party	military - AFRC (1979) military - PNDC(1981-1993) National Democratic Congress 1992-present
Spouse	Nana Konadu Agyeman-Rawlings
Profession	Fighter Pilot

Jerry John Rawlings (born Jeremiah Rawlings John 22 June 1947 in Accra, Gold Coast) is a Revolutionary who ruled Ghana for 19 years, from 31 December 1981 to January 7 2001. . He was twice the head of state of Ghana and was the 1st President of the Fourth Republic. He first appeared on the Ghanaian political scene on 15 May 1979 when he led a group of junior officers in the Ghana Air Force in a mutiny that resulted in his arrest and imprisonment. He was court-martialled in public and sentenced to death. Due to his display of patriotism in his defense speeches, he was widely seen across the country as a true son of Ghana, and was nicknamed Junior Jesus for his initials "JJ". Before he could be executed, another group of junior officers from 5th Battalion within the Ghana Army sprung Rawlings out and demanded that he lead the 4 June uprising that had engulfed the nation. Major Boakye-Djan did not lead the young officers and ranks who broke JJ out of jail. The Armed Forces Revolutionary Council (AFRC) was formed after an armed clash between government forces and those armed forces on the side of the uprising. lives were lost sadly on both sides. Before before 15 May, Ghana was already far into the process of returning to civilian rule and general elections were already scheduled, however the relationship between the corrupt military government and the civilian politicians was too close. after the AFRC took over and conducted what they termed 'a housecleaning exersice', retrieved large sums of stolen government money into government coffers, the AFRC went ahead to conduct an election and handed over power to Dr. Hilla Limann who won the popular vote in the second round of the general election in the election to establish the Third Republic. Less than two years later, Dr. Limann's civilian and constitutional government was overthrown again by Jerry Rawlings on 31 December, 1981 because the institutionalised corruption that the 4 June uprising stood up against had began again. He then installed the Provisional National Defence Council (PNDC) government which was a government of participatory democracy. In effect, Rawlings demystified governance in Ghana, preaching to people that they have a right to demand accountability from their leaders who are there to serve the people.

In the early 1990s internal pressures led by a group identified with the Danquah-Busia tradition coupled with external pressures from Ghana's development partners forced the PNDC government to adopt constitutional rule. Rawlings on many platforms professed his hatred for multiparty democracy nevertheless, a National Commission on Democracy was established. He retired from the Armed Forces, set up the National Democratic Congress. this party, with Rawlings as its candidate, won 58.3 % votes in the 1992 elections which the opposition New Patriotic Party (NPP) claimed was a stolen verdict although international observers judged the elections "largely free and fair". Rawlings won the 1996 election as well.

After two terms in office, barred by the constitution from standing in any election, he endorse his vice-president John Atta Mills as presidential candidate in 2000. the NDC with Mills as candidate however lost the elections to the NPP Kufour.

Rawlings is married to Nana Konadu Agyeman-Rawlings and has four children: three girls and a boy. He is the joint recipient of the 1993 World Hunger Award.

Background

Rawlings was born on June 22 1947 in Adabraka to pharmacist James Ramsay John and Victoria Agbotui who worked as the head of catering in the State House. He completed his O level education in 1966 in the prestigious Achimota School.

He consequently enlisted as a Flight Cadet in the Ghana Air Force in August 1967, and was subsequently selected for officer cadet training at the Ghana Military Academy and Training School, Teshie, in Accra. the Ghana Flying school at the time had instructors from the RAF, as well as very qualified Ghanaian instructors.

Military career

In March, 1968, he was posted to Takoradi in the Western Region to continue his studies. He graduated in January 1969, and was commissioned a Pilot Officer, winning the coveted "Speed Bird Trophy" as the best cadet in flying and airmanship. He earned the rank of Flight Lieutenant in April 1978.

During his service with the Ghanaian Air Force, Rawlings perceived a deterioration of discipline and morale, reflecting the corruption of the Supreme Military Council (SMC) at that time. He read widely and discussed social and political ideas with a growing circle of like-minded friends and colleagues.

On 28 May 1979, Rawlings, together with six others who were arrested earlier, appeared before a General Court Martial in Accra, charged with leading a mutiny of junior officers and enlisted men of the Ghanaian Armed Forces on 15 May 1979. There was strong public reaction, especially after his statement had been read in court, explaining the social injustices that had prompted him to act. The ranks of the Armed Forces, in particular, expressed deep sympathy with his stated aims.

==June 4 1979- the Revolt, 31st December 1981 Revolution== When he was scheduled for another court appearance on 4 June 1979, Rawlings was sprung from custody. With the support of both the military and civilians, he led the uprising that ousted the Supreme Military Council from office and brought the Armed Forces Revolutionary Council (AFRC) to power. On the night of 4 June, lives were lost on both the forces fighting against the military government and those fighting on the side of the uprising. However, the uprising, with respect to those who gave their lives defending the country, was not as bloody as critics claim it was because the majority of ranks decided not to fight each other on the orders of the top brass.

On 24 September 1979, the AFRC handed over power to a civilian government led by the People's National Party (PNP), under President Hilla Limann. 

Limann's administration was cut short on 31 December 1981, when Rawlings deposed him in another coup. The PNDC was a non-partisan government of participatory democracy comprising both the civilian population and the Ghana Armed Forces, however, the majority of Council members were civilians. PNDC policies reflect that of a revolutionary government yet, pragmatic in its approach. The economic objectives of the PNDC were to halt the economic decay, stabilise the economy and consequently stimulate positive economic growth. Its social objective was to remove the culture of apathy that had overtime crept into Ghanaian society, by promoting patriotism, self-reliance, voluntarism, probity and accountability. Politically, its goal was to establish structures that would facilitate the permeation of ‘People Power.’ In effect, creating structures that enhance political participation by putting the decision making process directly in the hands of the People of Ghana (decentralisation of government), and not just in the hands of a minority. ‘Power to the People,’ is the slogan that has become synonymous with the 31st December Revolution.

A Dark Moment for the PNDC In June 1982, three high Court judges and a retired army major were abducted and killed. Chairman Rawlings appeared on radio (as television was not widespread in the country). He called this 'A Hideous Act of Terrorism,' in his words: "I wish to express my horror and that of the Government, at these hideous acts of terrorism. We condemn these acts from the depths of our hearts. For they are against all the principles which the revolutionary process is designed to advance.....such terrorism whether originating from counter-revolutionaries or elements ostensibly sympathetic to the revolutionary process cannot be allowed to go unpunished.." "I want to assure the nation that every effort is being made by a special high-powered investigation team to trace the criminals who have perpetrated this horrible act, and to deal with them whoever they are, and whatever their motives, in accordance with the democratic laws of this country." Radio Broadcast to the Nation by Chairman Rawlings, 1982. To ensure objectivity, the panel appointed consisted of qualified and anti-PNDC personnel. The investigations pointed to Amartey Kwei. Amartey Kwei was the secretary of the GIHOC Workers Union during the Limann Administration. in 1980, The GIHOC workers, dissillusioned with Government went on strike. In response to this, the Limann Government dismissed all the workforce of GIHOC. The GIHOC Workers Union of which Amartey Kwei was secretary petitioned the High Court for the dismissals to be reversed, but this was ignored. In 1982, Amartey Kwei took it upon himself to exact his revenge. This marked a dark point in the PNDC government which was in Office barely a year. Amartey Kwei was found guilty of this crime and was sentenced to death.

Despite this, enemies of Rawlings spear-headed the claim that he was involved, however, the testimony of Justice Aikens at the National Truth and Reconciliation Commission set up by the NPP/Kufour regime, chaired by Supreme Court Justice [[Amuah-Sekyi, proved that Rawlings had nothing to do with it.

Democratic President

Citizens began demanding a more democratic form of government as the 1990s progressed, there was however not a clear consensus on whether to adopt a multiparty form of democracy or other forms. Ahead of schedule, the National Commission for Democracy]] (NCD)was formed and regional debates and suggestions for a transition to multi-party democracy began. Although opposition groups complained that the NCD was too closely associated with the PNDC, the commission continued its work through 1991. In March of that year the NCD released a report recommending the election of an executive president, the establishment of a national assembly, and the creation of a prime minister post. The PNDC accepted the report, and the following year it was approved in a national referendum. Political parties were legalised—with the provision that none could use names that had been used before—and a timetable was set for presidential and parliamentary elections.

Rawlings retired from the Ghanaian Armed Forces on 14 September 1992.

When presidential elections were held in 1992, Rawlings stood as the candidate for the National Democratic Congress (NDC), the successor party to the PNDC. Although his opponents were given access to television and newspaper coverage—and limits to the freedom of the press had been lifted—no single candidate could match the popularity of the sitting head of state. Election returns on 3 November 1992 revealed that Rawlings had won 58.3 percent of the vote, for a landslide victory. Foreign observers declared the voting to be "free and fair."

Almost immediately, the leaders of the country's opposition parties claimed that the presidential election was not fair, and that widespread abuses had occurred. The leaders encouraged their followers to boycott subsequent parliamentary elections, with the result being that NDC candidates won 189 of 200 seats in the new parliament. Rawlings was therefore accorded a four-year term backed by an elected assembly of supporters for his platform. Answering questions of polling place irregularities, he promised to initiate a new voter registration program to be completed in time for elections in four years.

In 1993, President Rawlings headed the Ghana delegation which participated in the first Tokyo International Conference on African Development.

Rawlings and the NDC were elected in 1992 and 1996. Per constitutional mandate, Rawlings's term of office ended in 2001; he retired in 2001 and was succeeded by John Kufuor, his main opponent in the 1996 elections. Kufuor succeeded in defeating Rawlings's vice-president John Atta-Mills in the 2000 vote. In 2004, Mills conceded to Kufuor in spite of the alleged vote-rigging by Rawlings and other NDC officials. Foreign observers however declared the elections as free and fair. Kufuor ran for another four years with the mandate of the people of Ghana.

Flt.Lt Rawlings always had the passion to fly and while in the Air Force, he exhibited extraordinary talents. in that, he could fly the helicopter, the jet fighters, propeller planes and all other types of planes that the Ghana Air Force had at the time.

Achievements as President

Achieved political and economic stability in a region rife with conflicts (for example Liberia, Côte d'Ivoire, Togo, Guinea Bissau and Sierra Leone).

Created 110 districts through non-partisan district level elections. Education, infrastructure developments and healthcare all devolved to the district level. Annual government subvention by law goes to the district — unthinkable in many other African countries. Absorbed over one million Ghanaians living in Nigeria who were expelled. Housed them at El -Wak stadium in 1983 and then moved them to their family homes. Most other economies, including even advanced ones such as Germany saw their economies suffer when they reunified with integrated citizens (for example German reunification) . Turned this crisis into a symbol of national unity.

Built first ever memorials to Kwame Nkrumah and W.E.B. DuBois.

Followed an independent foreign policy

Returned Ghana to democratic rule in 1992, after a public referendum by a wide majority approved a new constitution. Neither Nigeria, Iraq, Togo, nor Côte d'Ivoire were able to achieve this feat (in Nigeria two governments were overthrown during this period).

Passed the value added tax (VATR of 10%) to secure government revenue base, which today funds most government public expenditures.

Passed the Ghana Educational Trust Fund (GET Fund) that is today educating millions of Ghanaians.

First Ghanaian President in 20 years to be received on a state visit of the US.

Exapanded electricity to Northern parts of Ghana - hitherto ignored by ruling elites since 1957.

Both Bill Clinton and Queen Elizabeth II visited Ghana during Rawlings tenure to highlight the successes of the country.

The NDC’s agricultural policy and programme 1994-2000 resulted in the recognition of Ghana’s Food Production Index of 148% for 1995-1997 as “the third highest achievement in the record after Jordan (157%) and China (156%) in the World Bank’s “1999-2000 Development Report.”

Contributed immensely towards dispute resolution and peace keeping in several of the unstable countries in the West African sub-region and beyond.

Started the Expansion Project and the Renovation of the 37 Military Hospital.

In the urban road sector, reconstructed the entire Kumasi city roads, Sekondi-Takoradi city roads and Accra city roads. In Accra, these included the six-lane dual carriage road leading to the four-lane dual carriage road from the Tetteh Quarshie Interchange to the Independence Avenue.

Constructed the Kumasi-Sunyani asphalt road; the Kintampo-Tamale-Bolgatanga-Paga Faso asphalt road; and the double surfacing bitumen Bibiani-Awaso-Sefwi Wiawso road.

Established the University for Development Studies, and used his Hunger Award Prize Money to buy books for the University's Library.

He upgraded the Winneba Advanced Teacher Training College into a full-fledged public University of Education, Winneba, thus adding two new public Universities to the three that had existed since independence.

Introduced the policy of allowing the establishment of private tertiary institutions, including Universities, to supplement the public sector Universities. Implemented the policy of one region, one Polytechnic.

Made sure that every district had at least two senior secondary schools.

Constructed the modern regional hospitals at Cape Coast, Ho and Sunyani. Numerous modern district hospitals were constructed in the district capitals all over the country.

Potable water was provided for so many communities that at the time he was leaving office, guinea worm infestation had virtually been eradicated from Ghana.

The housing sector, the sprawling housing estates at Adenta, Sakumono, Lashibi, and on the Spintex Road all in Accra and the SSNIT Estates all over the country were constructed during His Era.

There was the smooth, historic transfer of power from the NDC to the NPP in 2001.

The creation of District Assemblies’ Common Fund, the GetFund, the Road Fund, the EDIF and the Energy Fund Ghana’s huge reputation in international peace keeping, coupled with the ability of H. E JJ Rawlings to get the illustrious son of Ghana, Kofi Annan, elected as the Secretary-General of the United Nations.

Post-Presidency Activities

Rawlings later played a key role as a check on the NPP government during his time as the then erstwhile president. He has given numerous lectures in universities around the world, including a recent lecture in Oxford University titled 'Security and Democracy in Africa.'

See also

• List of Ghana Heads of state by age

External links

• Ghana-pedia webpage - Flight Lieutenant Jeremiah John Rawlings
• Official Website
• JJ Rawlings Website
• BBC report on Rawlings legacy
• countrydata.com report from 1994

ak:Jerry John Rawlings