Jump to content

Barack Obama

Edit links
Page semi-protected
Listen to this article
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

This is an old revision of this page, as edited by GPS94 (talk | contribs) at 11:52, 15 October 2009 (→External links). The present address (URL) is a permanent link to this revision, which may differ significantly from the current revision.

Template:Redirect4 Template:Active editnotice

Barack Obama
Portrait of Barack Obama
44th President of the United States
Incumbent
Assumed office
January 20, 2009
Vice PresidentJoe Biden
Preceded byGeorge W. Bush
United States Senator
from Illinois
In office
January 3, 2005 – November 16, 2008
Preceded byPeter Fitzgerald
Succeeded byRoland Burris
Member of the Illinois Senate
from the 13th district
In office
January 8, 1997 – November 4, 2004
Preceded byAlice Palmer
Succeeded byKwame Raoul
Personal details
Born
Barack Hussein Obama II[1]

(1961-08-04) August 4, 1961 (age 63)[2]
Honolulu, Hawaii[1]
NationalityAmerican
Political partyDemocratic
SpouseMichelle Obama (m. 1992)
ChildrenMalia Ann (b. 1998)
Natasha (Sasha) (b. 2001)
ResidenceThe White House (official) Chicago, Illinois (private)
Alma materOccidental College
Columbia University (B.A.)
Harvard Law School (J.D.)
OccupationCommunity organizer
Lawyer
Constitutional law Professor
Author
SignatureBarack Obama
WebsiteThe White House
This article is part of a series about
Barack Obama
Background  · Illinois Senate  · U.S. Senate · Political positions · Public image · Family · 2008 primaries · Obama–Biden campaign · Transition · Inauguration · Electoral history · Presidency (Timeline, First 100 days)  · 2009 Nobel Peace Prize

Barack Hussein Obama II (/bəˈrɑːk huːˈseɪn oʊˈbɑːmə/ ⓘ; born August 4, 1961) is the 44th and current president of the United States. He is the first African American to hold the office, as well as the first president born in Hawaii. Obama previously served as the junior United States Senator from Illinois from January 2005 until he resigned after his election to the presidency in November 2008.

Obama is a graduate of Columbia University and Harvard Law School, where he was the president of the Harvard Law Review. He was a community organizer in Chicago before earning his law degree. He worked as a civil rights attorney in Chicago and taught constitutional law at the University of Chicago Law School from 1992 to 2004.

Obama served three terms in the Illinois Senate from 1997 to 2004. Following an unsuccessful bid for a seat in the U.S. House of Representatives in 2000, Obama ran for United States Senate in 2004. His victory in the March 2004 Democratic primary election for the United States Senator from Illinois brought him to national attention. His prime-time televised keynote address at the Democratic National Convention in July 2004 made him a rising star nationally in the Democratic Party. He comfortably won election to the U.S. Senate in November 2004.

He began his run for the presidency in February 2007. After a close campaign in the 2008 Democratic Party presidential primaries against Hillary Clinton, he won his party's nomination. In the 2008 general election, he defeated Republican nominee John McCain and was inaugurated as president on January 20, 2009. On October 9, 2009, Obama was awarded the 2009 Nobel Peace Prize.[4]

Early life and career

Main article: Early life and career of Barack Obama

Barack Obama was born at Kapi'olani Maternity & Gynecological Hospital in Honolulu, Hawaii, United States,[5] to Stanley Ann Dunham,[6] an American of predominantly English descent from Wichita, Kansas,[7] and Barack Obama, Sr., a Luo from Nyang’oma Kogelo, Nyanza Province, Kenya Colony. Obama's parents met in 1960 in a Russian language class at the University of Hawaii at Mānoa, where his father was a foreign student on scholarship.[8][9] The couple married on February 2, 1961,[10] and Barack was born later that year. His parents separated when he was two years old and they divorced in 1964.[9] Obama's father returned to Kenya and saw his son only once more before dying in an automobile accident in 1982.[11]

After her divorce, Dunham married Indonesian student Lolo Soetoro, who was attending college in Hawaii. When Suharto, a military leader in Soetoro's home country, came to power in 1967, all Indonesian students studying abroad were recalled and the family moved to the island nation.[12] From ages six to ten, Obama attended local schools in Jakarta, including Besuki Public School and St. Francis of Assisi School.

In 1971, he returned to Honolulu to live with his maternal grandparents, Madelyn and Stanley Armour Dunham, and attended Punahou School, a private college preparatory school, from the fifth grade until his graduation from high school in 1979.[13]

Obama's mother returned to Hawaii in 1972 and remained there until 1977, when she relocated to Indonesia to work as an anthropological field worker. She finally returned to Hawaii in 1994 and lived there for one year before dying of ovarian cancer.[14]

Right to left:A young boy possibly in his early teens, a younger girl (about age 5), a grown woman and an elderly man, sit on a lawn wearing contemporary circa-1970 attire. The adults wear sunglasses and the boy wears sandals.
Right-to-left: Barack Obama and half-sister Maya Soetoro, with their mother Ann Dunham and grandfather Stanley Dunham, in Hawaii (early 1970s)

Of his early childhood, Obama recalled, "That my father looked nothing like the people around me—that he was black as pitch, my mother white as milk—barely registered in my mind."[15] He described his struggles as a young adult to reconcile social perceptions of his multiracial heritage.[16] Reflecting later on his formative years in Honolulu, Obama wrote: "The opportunity that Hawaii offered—to experience a variety of cultures in a climate of mutual respect—became an integral part of my world view, and a basis for the values that I hold most dear."[17] Obama has also written and talked about using alcohol, marijuana and cocaine during his teenage years to "push questions of who I was out of my mind."[18] At the 2008 Civil Forum on the Presidency in 2008, Obama identified his high-school drug use as his "greatest moral failure."[19]

Following high school, he moved to Los Angeles in 1979 to attend Occidental College.[20] After two years he transferred in 1981 to Columbia University in New York City, where he majored in political science with a specialization in international relations[21] and graduated with a B.A. in 1983. He worked for a year at the Business International Corporation[22][23] and then at the New York Public Interest Research Group.[24][25]

After four years in New York City, Obama moved to Chicago, where he was hired as director of the Developing Communities Project (DCP), a church-based community organization originally comprising eight Catholic parishes in Greater Roseland (Roseland, West Pullman and Riverdale) on Chicago's far South Side. He worked there as a community organizer from June 1985 to May 1988.[24][26] During his three years as the DCP's director, its staff grew from one to thirteen and its annual budget grew from $70,000 to $400,000. He helped set up a job training program, a college preparatory tutoring program, and a tenants' rights organization in Altgeld Gardens.[27] Obama also worked as a consultant and instructor for the Gamaliel Foundation, a community organizing institute.[28] In mid-1988, he traveled for the first time in Europe for three weeks and then for five weeks in Kenya, where he met many of his paternal relatives for the first time.[29] He returned in August 2006 in a visit to his father's birthplace, a village near Kisumu in rural western Kenya.[30]

Obama entered Harvard Law School in late 1988. He was selected as an editor of the Harvard Law Review at the end of his first year,[31] and president of the journal in his second year.[32] During his summers, he returned to Chicago, where he worked as a summer associate at the law firms of Sidley Austin in 1989 and Hopkins & Sutter in 1990.[33] After graduating with a Juris Doctor (J.D.) magna cum laude[34] from Harvard in 1991, he returned to Chicago.[31] Obama's election as the first black president of the Harvard Law Review gained national media attention[32] and led to a publishing contract and advance for a book about race relations,[35] though it evolved into a personal memoir. The manuscript was published in mid-1995 as Dreams from My Father.[35]

From April to October 1992, Obama directed Illinois's Project Vote, a voter registration drive with a staff of ten and 700 volunteers; it achieved its goal of registering 150,000 of 400,000 unregistered African Americans in the state, and led to Crain's Chicago Business naming Obama to its 1993 list of "40 under Forty" powers to be.[36]

For 12 years, Obama served as a professor of constitutional law at the University of Chicago Law School; as a Lecturer from 1992 to 1996, and as a Senior Lecturer from 1996 to 2004.[37] In 1993 he joined Davis, Miner, Barnhill & Galland, a law firm of 12 attorneys that specialized in civil rights litigation and neighborhood economic development, where he was an associate for three years from 1993 to 1996, then of counsel from 1996 to 2004, with his law license becoming inactive in 2002.[38]

Obama was a founding member of the board of directors of Public Allies in 1992, resigning before his wife, Michelle, became the founding executive director of Public Allies Chicago in early 1993.[24][39] He served from 1994 to 2002 on the board of directors of the Woods Fund of Chicago, which in 1985 had been the first foundation to fund the Developing Communities Project, and also from 1994 to 2002 on the board of directors of the Joyce Foundation.[24] Obama served on the board of directors of the Chicago Annenberg Challenge from 1995 to 2002, as founding president and chairman of the board of directors from 1995 to 1999.[24] He also served on the board of directors of the Chicago Lawyers' Committee for Civil Rights Under Law, the Center for Neighborhood Technology, and the Lugenia Burns Hope Center.[24]

Political career: 1996–2008

State legislator: 1997–2004

Main article: Illinois Senate career of Barack Obama

Obama was elected to the Illinois Senate in 1996, succeeding State Senator Alice Palmer as Senator from Illinois's 13th District, which at that time spanned Chicago South Side neighborhoods from Hyde Park-Kenwood south to South Shore and west to Chicago Lawn.[40] Once elected, Obama gained bipartisan support for legislation reforming ethics and health care laws.[41] He sponsored a law increasing tax credits for low-income workers, negotiated welfare reform, and promoted increased subsidies for childcare.[42] In 2001, as co-chairman of the bipartisan Joint Committee on Administrative Rules, Obama supported Republican Governor Ryan's payday loan regulations and predatory mortgage lending regulations aimed at averting home foreclosures.[43]

Obama was reelected to the Illinois Senate in 1998, defeating Republican Yesse Yehudah in the general election, and was reelected again in 2002.[44] In 2000, he lost a Democratic primary run for the U.S. House of Representatives to four-term incumbent Bobby Rush by a margin of two to one.[45]

In January 2003, Obama became chairman of the Illinois Senate's Health and Human Services Committee when Democrats, after a decade in the minority, regained a majority.[46] He sponsored and led unanimous, bipartisan passage of legislation to monitor racial profiling by requiring police to record the race of drivers they detained, and legislation making Illinois the first state to mandate videotaping of homicide interrogations.[42][47] During his 2004 general election campaign for U.S. Senate, police representatives credited Obama for his active engagement with police organizations in enacting death penalty reforms.[48] Obama resigned from the Illinois Senate in November 2004 following his election to the U.S. Senate.[49]

2004 U.S. Senate campaign

See also: United States Senate election in Illinois, 2004

In May 2002, Obama commissioned a poll to assess his prospects in a 2004 U.S. Senate race; he created a campaign committee, began raising funds and lined up political media consultant David Axelrod by August 2002, and formally announced his candidacy in January 2003.[50] Decisions by Republican incumbent Peter Fitzgerald and his Democratic predecessor Carol Moseley Braun not to contest the race launched wide-open Democratic and Republican primary contests involving fifteen candidates.[51] Obama's candidacy was boosted by Axelrod's advertising campaign featuring images of the late Chicago Mayor Harold Washington and an endorsement by the daughter of the late Paul Simon, former U.S. Senator for Illinois.[52] In the March 2004 primary election, Obama won an unexpected landslide victory with 53% of the vote in a seven-candidate field, 29% ahead of his nearest Democratic rival, which overnight made him a rising star in the national Democratic Party and started speculation about a presidential future.[53]

In July 2004, Obama wrote and delivered the keynote address at the 2004 Democratic National Convention in Boston, Massachusetts.[54] Though it was not televised by the three major broadcast news networks, a combined 9.1 million viewers saw Obama's speech, which was a highlight of the convention and elevated his status as a star in the Democratic Party.[55]

Obama's expected opponent in the general election, Republican primary winner Jack Ryan, withdrew from the race in June 2004.[56] Two months later, Alan Keyes accepted the Illinois Republican Party's nomination to replace Ryan.[57] A long-time resident of Maryland, Keyes established legal residency in Illinois with the nomination.[58] In the November 2004 general election, Obama received 70% of the vote to Keyes' 27%, the largest victory margin for a statewide race in Illinois history.[59]

U.S. Senator: 2005–2008

Main article: United States Senate career of Barack Obama

Obama was sworn in as a senator on January 4, 2005.[60] Obama was the fifth African American Senator in U.S. history and the third to have been popularly elected.[61] He was the only Senate member of the Congressional Black Caucus.[62] CQ Weekly, a nonpartisan publication, characterized him as a "loyal Democrat" based on analysis of all Senate votes in 2005–2007. The National Journal ranked him as the "most liberal" senator based on an assessment of selected votes during 2007; in 2005 he was ranked sixteenth most liberal, and in 2006 he was ranked tenth.[63] In 2008, Congress.org ranked him as the eleventh most powerful Senator,[64] and the politician who was the most popular in the Senate, enjoying 72% approval in Illinois.[65] Obama announced on November 13, 2008 that he would resign his senate seat on November 16, 2008, before the start of the lame-duck session, to focus on his transition period for the presidency.[66] This enabled him to avoid the conflict of dual roles as President-elect and Senator in the lame duck session of Congress, which no sitting member of Congress had faced since Warren Harding.[67]

Legislation

See also: List of bills sponsored by Barack Obama in the United States Senate
A man with glasses and Obama sit and hold a sheet of paper. Obama points at the paper and talks. Both men wear dark suits and ties.
Senate bill sponsors Tom Coburn (R-OK) and Obama discussing the Coburn–Obama Transparency Act[68]

Obama voted in favor of the Energy Policy Act of 2005 and cosponsored the Secure America and Orderly Immigration Act.[69] In September 2006, Obama supported a related bill, the Secure Fence Act.[70] Obama introduced two initiatives bearing his name: Lugar–Obama, which expanded the Nunn–Lugar cooperative threat reduction concept to conventional weapons,[71] and the Coburn–Obama Transparency Act, which authorized the establishment of USAspending.gov, a web search engine on federal spending.[72] On June 3, 2008, Senator Obama, along with Senators Thomas R. Carper, Tom Coburn, and John McCain, introduced follow-up legislation: Strengthening Transparency and Accountability in Federal Spending Act of 2008.[73]

Gray-haired man and Obama stand, wearing casual polo shirts. Obama wears sunglasses and holds something slung over his right sholder.
Obama and U.S. Sen. Richard Lugar (R-IN) visit a Russian mobile launch missile dismantling facility in August 2005.[74]

Obama sponsored legislation that would have required nuclear plant owners to notify state and local authorities of radioactive leaks, but the bill failed to pass in the full Senate after being heavily modified in committee.[75] Obama is not hostile to tort reform and voted for the Class Action Fairness Act of 2005 and the FISA Amendments Act of 2008 which grants immunity from civil liability to telecommunications companies complicit with NSA warrantless wiretapping operations.[76]

In December 2006, President Bush signed into law the Democratic Republic of the Congo Relief, Security, and Democracy Promotion Act, marking the first federal legislation to be enacted with Obama as its primary sponsor.[77] In January 2007, Obama and Senator Feingold introduced a corporate jet provision to the Honest Leadership and Open Government Act, which was signed into law in September 2007.[78] Obama also introduced Deceptive Practices and Voter Intimidation Prevention Act, a bill to criminalize deceptive practices in federal elections[79] and the Iraq War De-Escalation Act of 2007,[80] neither of which has been signed into law.

Later in 2007, Obama sponsored an amendment to the Defense Authorization Act adding safeguards for personality disorder military discharges.[81] This amendment passed the full Senate in the spring of 2008.[82] He sponsored the Iran Sanctions Enabling Act supporting divestment of state pension funds from Iran's oil and gas industry, which has not passed committee, and co-sponsored legislation to reduce risks of nuclear terrorism.[83] Obama also sponsored a Senate amendment to the State Children's Health Insurance Program providing one year of job protection for family members caring for soldiers with combat-related injuries.[84]

Committees

Obama held assignments on the Senate Committees for Foreign Relations, Environment and Public Works and Veterans' Affairs through December 2006.[85] In January 2007, he left the Environment and Public Works committee and took additional assignments with Health, Education, Labor and Pensions and Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs.[86] He also became Chairman of the Senate's subcommittee on European Affairs.[87] As a member of the Senate Foreign Relations Committee, Obama made official trips to Eastern Europe, the Middle East, Central Asia and Africa. He met with Mahmoud Abbas before he became President of the Palestinian Authority, and gave a speech at the University of Nairobi condemning corruption in the Kenyan government.[88]

2008 presidential campaign

Main articles: United States presidential election, 2008; Barack Obama presidential primary campaign, 2008; and Barack Obama presidential campaign, 2008
Obama stands on stage with his family. They wave.
Obama stands on stage with his wife and two daughters just before announcing his presidential candidacy in Springfield, Illinois, Feb. 10, 2007.

On February 10, 2007, Obama announced his candidacy for president of the United States in front of the Old State Capitol building in Springfield, Illinois.[89][90][91] The choice of the announcement site was viewed as symbolic[89][92] because it was also where Abraham Lincoln delivered his historic "House Divided" speech in 1858.[91] Throughout the campaign, Obama emphasized the issues of rapidly ending the Iraq War, increasing energy independence and providing universal health care.[93]

Obama delivers a speech at a podium while several flashbulbs light the background.
Obama delivers his presidential election victory speech in Grant Park.

A large number of candidates entered the Democratic Party presidential primaries. The field narrowed to a duel between Obama and Senator Hillary Rodham Clinton after early contests, with the race remaining close throughout the primary process but with Obama gaining a steady lead in pledged delegates due to better long-range planning, superior fundraising, dominant organizing in caucus states, and better exploitation of delegate allocation rules.[94] On June 3, with all states counted, Obama was named the presumptive nominee[95] and delivered a victory speech in St. Paul, Minnesota. Clinton ended her campaign and endorsed him on June 7.[96]

Obama meets with Bush in the Oval Office. Both sit at a distance in front of the presidential desk with their legs crossed and their backs on an angle toward the camera. They sit at right angles to each other.
Obama meets with 43rd President George W. Bush in the Oval Office on November 10, 2008.

Obama proceeded to focus on the general election campaign against Senator John McCain, the presumptive Republican nominee, in the lead up to the Democratic National Convention. He announced on August 23, 2008, that he had selected Delaware Senator Joe Biden as his vice presidential running mate.[97] At the convention, held August 25 to August 28 in Denver, Colorado, Hillary Clinton called for her delegates and supporters to endorse Obama, and she and Bill Clinton gave convention speeches in support of Obama.[98] Obama delivered his acceptance speech to over 75,000 supporters and presented his policy goals; the speech was viewed by over 38 million people worldwide.[99]

During both the primary process and the general election, Obama's campaign set numerous fundraising records, particularly in the quantity of small donations.[100] On June 19, 2008, Obama became the first major-party presidential candidate to turn down public financing in the general election since the system was created in 1976.[101]

After McCain was nominated as the Republican candidate, three presidential debates were held between the contenders spanning September and October 2008.[102] In November, Obama won the presidency with 52.9% of the popular vote to McCain's 45.7%,[103] and 365 electoral votes to 173,[104] to become the first African American[105] to be elected president. Obama delivered his victory speech before hundreds of thousands of supporters in Chicago's Grant Park.[106]

Presidency

Main article: Presidency of Barack Obama
See also: Confirmations of Barack Obama's Cabinet and List of presidential trips made by Barack Obama
Barack Obama takes the oath of office of the president of the United States.

First days

The inauguration of Barack Obama as the 44th President, and Joe Biden as Vice President, took place on January 20, 2009. In his first few days in office Obama issued executive orders and presidential memoranda directing the U.S. military to develop plans to withdraw troops from Iraq,[107] and ordered the closing of the Guantanamo Bay detention camp "as soon as practicable and no later than" January 2010.[108] Obama also reduced the secrecy given to presidential records[109] and changed procedures to promote disclosure under the Freedom of Information Act.[110] The president also reversed George W. Bush's ban on federal funding to foreign establishments that allow abortions (known as the Mexico City Policy and referred to by critics as the "Global Gag Rule").[111]

Domestic policy

On January 29, 2009, President Obama signed his first bill into law, the Lilly Ledbetter Fair Pay Act of 2009, which overruled the Supreme Court's decision in Ledbetter v. Goodyear Tire & Rubber Co. and so eased the requirements for filing employment discrimination lawsuits.[112] Five days later, he signed the reauthorization of the State Children's Health Insurance Program (SCHIP) to cover an additional 4 million children currently uninsured.[113]

In March 2009, Obama repealed a Bush-era policy that prevented federal tax dollars from being used to fund research on new lines of embryonic stem cells. Although such research had been a matter of debate, Obama stated that he believed "sound science and moral values...are not inconsistent," and that we have "the humanity and conscience" to pursue this research responsibly, pledging to develop "strict guidelines" to ensure that.[114]

On May 26, 2009, Obama nominated Sonia Sotomayor to replace retiring Associate Justice David Souter. Sotomayor was confirmed on August 6, 2009 by a vote of 68-31,[115] becoming the first Hispanic to be a Supreme Court Justice. She joins Ruth Bader Ginsburg as one of two women on the Court and is the third woman ever to be a Justice.[116]

On September 30, 2009, the Obama administration announced new regulations on power plants, factories and oil refineries in an attempt to limit greenhouse gas emissions and to curb global warming.[117][118][119]

Economic management

On February 17, 2009, Barack Obama signed into law the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009, a $787 billion economic stimulus package aimed at helping the economy recover from the deepening worldwide recession. Obama made a high-profile visit to Capitol Hill to engage with Congressional Republicans, but the bill ultimately passed with the support of only three Republican senators.[120] The act includes increased federal spending for health care, infrastructure, education, various tax breaks and incentives, and direct assistance to individuals,[121] which is being distributed over the course of several years, with about 25% due by the end of 2009. In June, Obama, unsatisfied with the pace of the investment, called on his cabinet to accelerate the spending over the next weeks.[122] In September, Obama argued that the stimulus package helped stop the economic downturn.[123]

President Barack Obama signs the ARRA into law on February 17, 2009 in Denver, Colorado. Vice President Joe Biden stands behind him.

In March, Obama's Treasury Secretary, Timothy Geithner, took further steps to manage the financial crisis, including introducing the Public-Private Investment Program which contains provisions for buying up to $2 trillion in depreciated real estate assets that were deemed to be weighing down stock valuations, freezing the credit market and delaying economic recovery. On March 23, The New York Times noted that "(i)nvestors reacted ecstatically, with all of the major stock indexes soaring as soon as the markets opened."[124] Along with spending and loan guarantees from the Federal Reserve and the Treasury Department, about $11.5 trillion had been authorized by the Bush and Obama administrations, with $2.7 trillion actually spent by the end of June 2009.[125]

Obama intervened in the troubled automotive industry[126] in March, renewing loans for General Motors and Chrysler Corporation to continue operations while reorganizing. Over the following months the White House set terms for both firms' bankruptcies, including the sale of Chrysler to Italian automaker Fiat[127] and a reorganization of GM giving the U.S. government a temporary 60% equity stake in the company, with the Canadian government shouldering a 12% stake.[128]

Foreign policy

Main article: Foreign policy of the Barack Obama administration

In February and March, Vice President Joe Biden and Secretary of State Hillary Rodham Clinton made separate overseas trips to announce a "new era" in U.S. foreign relations with Russia and Europe, using the terms "break" and "reset" to signal major changes from the policies of the preceding administration.[129] Obama's granting of his first television interview as president to an Arabic cable network, Al Arabiya, was seen as an attempt to reach out to Arab leaders.[130]

On March 19, Obama continued his outreach to the Muslim world, releasing a New Year's video message to the people and government of Iran.[131] This attempt at outreach was rebuffed by the Iranian leadership.[132] In April, Obama gave a speech in Ankara, Turkey which was well received by many Arab governments.[133] On June 4, 2009, Obama delivered a speech at Cairo University in Egypt calling for "a new beginning" in relations between the Islamic world and the United States and promoting Middle East peace.[134]

On June 26, 2009, in response to the Iranian government's actions towards protesters following Iran's 2009 presidential election, Obama said: "The violence perpetrated against them is outrageous. We see it and we condemn it."[135] On July 7, while in Moscow, he responded to a Vice President Biden comment on a possible Israeli military strike on Iran by saying: "We have said directly to the Israelis that it is important to try and resolve this in an international setting in a way that does not create major conflict in the Middle East."[136]

On September 24, 2009, Obama became the first sitting U.S. President to preside over a meeting of the United Nations Security Council.[137]

Iraq war

Main article: Iraq War

During his presidential transition, President-elect Obama announced that he would retain the incumbent Defense Secretary, Robert Gates, in his Cabinet.[138]

Early in his presidency, Obama moved to change the perception of U.S. war strategy by planning to decrease troop levels in Iraq as was planned in the closing days of the Bush administration.[139] On February 27, Obama declared that combat operations would end in Iraq within 18 months. His remarks were made to a group of Marines preparing for deployment to Afghanistan. Obama said, "Let me say this as plainly as I can: By August 31, 2010, our combat mission in Iraq will end."[140]

War in Afghanistan

Main article: War in Afghanistan (2001–present)

Early in his presidency, Obama moved to change U.S. war strategy by increasing troop strength in Afghanistan.[139] On February 18, 2009, Obama announced that the U.S. troop strength in Afghanistan would be boosted by 17,000, asserting that the increase was necessary to "stabilize a deteriorating situation in Afghanistan", an area he said had not received the "strategic attention, direction and resources it urgently requires".[141]

On May 11, Obama replaced his military commander in Afghanistan, General David D. McKiernan, with former Special Forces commander Lt. Gen. Stanley A. McChrystal, believing that Gen. McChrystal's Special Forces experience would facilitate the use of counterinsurgency tactics in the war.[142]

Health care reform

Main article: Health care reform in the United States

Obama has called for Congress to pass health care reform, a key campaign promise and a top legislative goal. On July 14, 2009, House Democratic leaders introduced a 1,017 page plan for overhauling the US health care system, which Obama wants Congress to approve by the end of the year.[143] Obama has also stated that a public health insurance option is a main component to lowering costs and improving quality in the health care sector.[144]

After much public debate during the Congressional summer recess of 2009, Obama delivered a speech to a joint session of Congress on September 9 where he addressed concerns over his administration's proposals.[145]

Political positions

Main article: Political positions of Barack Obama

A method that some political scientists use for gauging ideology is to compare the annual ratings by the Americans for Democratic Action (ADA) with the ratings by the American Conservative Union (ACU).[146] Based on his years in Congress, Obama has a lifetime average conservative rating of 7.67% from the ACU[147] and a lifetime average liberal rating of 90% from the ADA.[148]

Obama gestures from the podium while campaigning. The front of the podium has a sign that reads "Change We Need" with WWW.BARACKOBAMA.COM below and his campaign logo above.
Obama campaigning in Abington, Pennsylvania, October 2008

In economic affairs, in April 2005, he defended the New Deal social welfare policies of Franklin D. Roosevelt and opposed Republican proposals to establish private accounts for Social Security.[149] In the aftermath of Hurricane Katrina, Obama spoke out against government indifference to growing economic class divisions, calling on both political parties to take action to restore the social safety net for the poor.[150] Shortly before announcing his presidential campaign, Obama said he supports universal health care in the United States.[151] He has proposed rewarding teachers for performance from traditional merit pay systems, assuring unions that changes would be pursued through the collective bargaining process.[152]

On taxation, his plan would eliminate taxes for senior citizens with incomes of less than $50,000 a year, raise income taxes for those making over $250,000, raise the capital gains and dividends taxes,[153] close corporate tax loopholes, lift the income cap on Social Security taxes, restrict offshore tax havens, and simplify filing of income tax returns by pre-filling wage and bank information already collected by the IRS.[154] In September 2007, he blamed special interests for distorting the U.S. tax code.[155]

Obama facing forward with his body facing left while wearing a white open-collared dress shirt
Barack Obama giving a speech at the University of Southern California in support of a proposition to fund alternative energy research

As an environmental initiative, Obama proposed a cap and trade auction system to restrict carbon emissions and a ten year program of investments in new energy sources to reduce U.S. dependence on imported oil.[156] Obama proposed that all pollution credits must be auctioned, with no grandfathering of credits for oil and gas companies, and the spending of the revenue obtained on energy development and economic transition costs.[157]

In foreign affairs, Obama was an early opponent of the George W. Bush administration's policies on Iraq.[158] On October 2, 2002, the day President Bush and Congress agreed on the joint resolution authorizing the Iraq War,[159] Obama addressed the first high-profile Chicago anti-Iraq War rally,[160] and spoke out against the war.[161] He addressed another anti-war rally in March 2003 and told the crowd that "it's not too late" to stop the war.[162]

Although Obama had previously said he wanted all U.S. troops out of Iraq within 16 months of becoming president, after he won the primary, he said he might change or refine plans as further developments unfold.[163] In November 2006, he called for a "phased redeployment of U.S. troops from Iraq" and an opening of diplomatic dialogue with Syria and Iran.[164] In a March 2007 speech to AIPAC, a pro-Israel lobby, he said that the primary way to prevent Iran from developing nuclear weapons is through talks and diplomacy, although he did not rule out military action.[165] Obama has indicated that he would engage in "direct presidential diplomacy" with Iran without preconditions.[166] In August 2007, Obama remarked that "it was a terrible mistake to fail to act" against a 2005 meeting of al-Qaeda leaders that U.S. intelligence had confirmed to be taking place in Pakistan's Federally Administered Tribal Areas. He said that as president, he would not miss a similar opportunity, even without the support of the Pakistani government.[167]

Obama stated that if elected he would enact budget cuts in the range of tens of billions of dollars, stop investing in "unproven" missile defense systems, not weaponize space, "slow development of Future Combat Systems", and work towards eliminating all nuclear weapons. Obama favors ending development of new nuclear weapons, reducing the current U.S. nuclear stockpile, enacting a global ban on production of fissile material, and seeking negotiations with Russia to reduce the pressure on both sides for intercontinental ballistic missiles to be on high-alert status.[168]

Obama has called for more assertive action to oppose genocide in the Darfur region of Sudan.[169] He has divested $180,000 in personal holdings of Sudan-related stock, and has urged divestment from companies doing business in Iran.[170] In the July–August 2007 issue of Foreign Affairs, Obama called for an outward looking post-Iraq War foreign policy and, in his view, the renewal of American military, diplomatic, and moral leadership in the world. Saying that "we can neither retreat from the world nor try to bully it into submission", he called on Americans to "lead the world, by deed and by example".[171]

In his write-in response to a 1998 survey, Obama stated his abortion position as conforming with the Democratic platform: "Abortions should be legally available in accordance with Roe v. Wade."[172]

Family and personal life

Barack and Michelle Obama, their children, and her mother, along with the Easter Bunny, on a balcony waving.
Barack Obama together with his family, as they wave from the South Portico of the White House to guests attending the White House Easter Egg Roll.
Main articles: Early life and career of Barack Obama and Family of Barack Obama

In a 2006 interview, Obama highlighted the diversity of his extended family: "It's like a little mini-United Nations", he said. "I've got relatives who look like Bernie Mac, and I've got relatives who look like Margaret Thatcher."[173] Obama has seven half-siblings from his Kenyan father's family, six of them living, and a half-sister with whom he was raised, Maya Soetoro-Ng, the daughter of his mother and her Indonesian second husband.[174] Obama's mother was survived by her Kansas-born mother, Madelyn Dunham[175] until her death on November 2, 2008[176] just two days before his election to the Presidency. In Dreams from My Father, Obama ties his mother's family history to possible Native American ancestors and distant relatives of Jefferson Davis, President of the Confederate States of America during the American Civil War.[177] Obama's great-uncle served in the 89th Division that overran Ohrdruf,[178] the first Nazi camp liberated by U.S. troops during World War II.[179]

Obama was known as "Barry" in his youth, but asked to be addressed with his given name during his college years.[180] Besides his native English, Obama speaks Indonesian at the conversational level, which he learned during his four childhood years in Jakarta.[181] He plays basketball, a sport he participated in as a member of his high school's varsity team.[182]

Obama holding a basketball above his head in midair while four other players look at him. He looks toward the camera over his right shoulder.
Obama playing basketball with U.S. military at Camp Lemonier, Djibouti in 2006[183]

In June 1989, Obama met Michelle Robinson when he was employed as a summer associate at the Chicago law firm of Sidley Austin.[184] Assigned for three months as Obama's adviser at the firm, Robinson joined him at group social functions, but declined his initial requests to date.[185] They began dating later that summer, became engaged in 1991, and were married on October 3, 1992.[186] The couple's first daughter, Malia Ann, was born on July 4, 1998,[187] followed by a second daughter, Natasha ("Sasha"), on June 10, 2001.[188] The Obama daughters attended the private University of Chicago Laboratory Schools. When they moved to Washington, D.C., in January 2009, the girls started at the private Sidwell Friends School.[189]

Applying the proceeds of a book deal, the family moved in 2005 from a Hyde Park, Chicago condominium to a $1.6 million house in neighboring Kenwood, Chicago.[190] The purchase of an adjacent lot and sale of part of it to Obama by the wife of developer, campaign donor and friend Tony Rezko attracted media attention because of Rezko's subsequent indictment and conviction on political corruption charges that were unrelated to Obama.[191]

In December 2007, Money magazine estimated the Obama family's net worth at $1.3 million.[192] Their 2007 tax return showed a household income of $4.2 million—up from about $1 million in 2006 and $1.6 million in 2005—mostly from sales of his books.[193]

Obama is a Christian whose religious views developed in his adult life. In The Audacity of Hope, Obama writes that he "was not raised in a religious household". He describes his mother, raised by non-religious parents (whom Obama has specified elsewhere as "non-practicing Methodists and Baptists") to be detached from religion, yet "in many ways the most spiritually awakened person that I have ever known". He describes his father as "raised a Muslim", but a "confirmed atheist" by the time his parents met, and his stepfather as "a man who saw religion as not particularly useful". Obama explained how, through working with black churches as a community organizer while in his twenties, he came to understand "the power of the African-American religious tradition to spur social change".[194] He was baptized at the Trinity United Church of Christ in 1988 and was an active member there for two decades.[195] Obama resigned from Trinity during the Presidential campaign after controversial statements made by Rev. Jeremiah Wright became public.[196]

Obama has tried to quit smoking several times,[197] and said he will not smoke in the White House.[197]

Cultural and political image

Group portrait of five presidential men in dark suits and ties
President George W. Bush invited then-President-elect Barack Obama and former Presidents George H. W. Bush, Bill Clinton, and Jimmy Carter to a meeting in the Oval Office on January 7, 2009.
Main article: Public image of Barack Obama

Obama's family history, early life and upbringing, and Ivy League education differ markedly from those of African-American politicians who launched their careers in the 1960s through participation in the civil rights movement.[198] Expressing puzzlement over questions about whether he is "black enough", Obama told an August 2007 meeting of the National Association of Black Journalists that "we're still locked in this notion that if you appeal to white folks then there must be something wrong."[199] Obama acknowledged his youthful image in an October 2007 campaign speech, saying: "I wouldn't be here if, time and again, the torch had not been passed to a new generation."[200]

Obama presents his first weekly address as President of the United States, discussing the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009.

Obama is frequently referred to as an exceptional orator.[201] During his pre-inauguration transition period and continuing into his presidency, Obama has delivered a series of weekly Internet video addresses[202] similar to Franklin D. Roosevelt's famous fireside chats to explain his policies and actions.[203]

According to the Gallup Daily Poll, during his first 100 days in office as president, Obama received approval ratings in the mid-60s, ranging from 59% to 69%. He concluded his first 100 days with a 65% approval rating.[204] His disapproval rating increased from 12% to 29% during that same time period.[205] By late August 2009, his approval rating had dropped to 50%, with a 42% disapproval rating.[205][206]

Obama's international appeal has been described as a defining factor for his public image.[207] Polls show strong support for Obama in other countries,[208] and he has met with prominent foreign figures including then-British Prime Minister Tony Blair,[209] Italy's Democratic Party leader and then Mayor of Rome Walter Veltroni,[210] and French President Nicolas Sarkozy.[211]

According to a May 2009 poll conducted by Harris Interactive for France 24 and the International Herald Tribune, Obama was rated as the most popular world leader, as well as the one figure most people would pin their hopes on for pulling the world out of this economic downturn.[212]

Obama won Best Spoken Word Album Grammy Awards for abridged audiobook versions of Dreams from My Father in February 2006 and for The Audacity of Hope in February 2008.[213] His "Yes We Can" speech, which artists independently set to music, was viewed by 10 million people on YouTube in the first month,[214] and received a Daytime Emmy Award.[215] In December 2008, Time magazine named Barack Obama as its Person of the Year for his historic candidacy and election, which it described as "the steady march of seemingly impossible accomplishments".[216]

Nobel Peace Prize

Main article: 2009 Nobel Peace Prize

On October 9, 2009 the Norwegian Nobel Committee announced that Obama will win the 2009 Nobel Peace Prize "for his extraordinary efforts to strengthen international diplomacy and cooperation between peoples".[4] As specific examples of the work that led to the award, the Nobel Prize Committee highlighted efforts to promote nuclear nonproliferation (particularly in Iran),[217] and the fostering of a "new climate" in international relations, especially in reaching out to the Muslim world.[218]

Obama is the fourth U.S. president to be awarded the Nobel Peace Prize. He is the third to become a Nobel laureate during his term in office, and the first to be recognized in the first year of his presidency.[219] The award was reported to be "an early vote of confidence intended to build global support for the policies of his young administration."[220] The award was a surprise to many, including Obama himself.[221] The award drew a mixture of praise and criticism from world leaders and media figures.[222][223] Members of the selection committee defended their choice against criticism that the award was premature.[224]

Notes

  1. ^ a b "Certification of Live Birth for Barack Obama". Department of Health, Hawaii. August 8, 1961. Retrieved December 12, 2008. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |worker= ignored (help)
  2. ^ "President Barack Obama". The White House. Retrieved December 12, 2008.
  3. ^ "American President: Barack Obama". Miller Center of Public Affairs at the University of Virginia. Retrieved January 23, 2009.
  4. ^ a b "The Nobel Peace Prize 2009". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved October 9, 2009.
  5. ^ Maraniss, David (August 24, 2008). "Though Obama Had to Leave to Find Himself, It Is Hawaii That Made His Rise Possible". Washington Post. Retrieved October 27, 2008.
  6. ^ For Stanley Ann's first name, see Obama (1995, 2004), p. 19
  7. ^ "Born in the U.S.A." FactCheck. August 21, 2008. Retrieved October 24, 2008. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |dateformat= ignored (help)
  8. ^ Obama (1995, 2004), pp. 9–10. For book excerpts, see "Barack Obama: Creation of Tales". East African. November 1, 2004. Archived from the original on September 27, 2007. Retrieved April 13, 2008.
  9. ^ a b Jones, Tim (March 27, 2007). "Obama's mom: Not just a girl from Kansas: Strong personalities shaped a future senator". Chicago Tribune, reprinted in The Baltimore Sun. Retrieved October 27, 2008.
  10. ^ Ripley, Amanda (April 9, 2008). "The Story of Barack Obama's Mother". Time. Retrieved April 9, 2007.
  11. ^ Merida, Kevin (December 14, 2007). "The Ghost of a Father". Washington Post. Retrieved June 24, 2008. See also: Ochieng, Philip (November 1, 2004). "From Home Squared to the US Senate: How Barack Obama Was Lost and Found". East African. Archived from the original on September 27, 2007. Retrieved June 24, 2008.
  12. ^ Obama (1995, 2004), pp. 44–45.
  13. ^ Serafin, Peter (March 21, 2004). "Punahou Grad Stirs Up Illinois Politics". Honolulu Star-Bulletin. Retrieved April 13, 2008. See also: Obama (1995, 2004), Chapters 3 and 4.
  14. ^ Ripley, Amanda (April 9, 2008). "The Story of Barack Obama's Mother". Time. Retrieved June 24, 2008. See also: Suryakusuma, Julia (November 29, 2006). "Obama for President... of Indonesia". Jakarta Post. Retrieved June 24, 2008.
  15. ^ Obama (1995), pp. 9–10.
  16. ^ Obama (1995), Chapters 4 and 5. See also: Serrano, Richard A (March 11, 2007). "Obama's Peers Didn't See His Angst" (paid archive). Los Angeles Times. Retrieved January 4, 2008.
  17. ^ Reyes, B. J (February 8, 2007). "Punahou Left Lasting Impression on Obama". Honolulu Star-Bulletin. Retrieved January 4, 2008. "As a teenager, Obama went to parties and sometimes sought out gatherings on military bases or at the University of Hawaii that were mostly attended by blacks."
  18. ^ "Obama Gets Blunt with N.H. Students". Boston Globe. Associated Press. November 21, 2007. Retrieved January 4, 2008. In Dreams from My Father, Obama writes: "Pot had helped, and booze; maybe a little blow when you could afford it." Obama (1995), pp. 93–94. For analysis of the political impact of the quote and Obama's more recent admission that he smoked marijuana as a teenager ("When I was a kid, I inhaled."), see: Romano, Lois (January 3, 2007). "Effect of Obama's Candor Remains to Be Seen". Washington Post. Retrieved January 4, 2008. Seelye, Katharine Q (October 24, 2006). "Obama Offers More Variations From the Norm". New York Times. Retrieved January 4, 2008.
  19. ^ Hornick, Ed (August 17, 2008). "Obama, McCain talk issues at pastor's forum". CNN.com. LAKE FOREST, California. Retrieved January 4, 2009.
  20. ^ "Oxy Remembers "Barry" Obama '83". Occidental College. January 29, 2007. Retrieved April 13, 2008.
  21. ^ Boss-Bicak, Shira (January 2005). "Barack Obama '83". Columbia College Today. Retrieved June 9, 2008.
  22. ^ "Curriculum Vitae". The University of Chicago Law School. Archived from the original on May 9, 2001. Retrieved November 3, 2008.
  23. ^ Issenberg, Sasha (August 6, 2008). "Obama shows hints of his year in global finance: Tied markets to social aid". Boston Globe. Retrieved April 13, 2008.
  24. ^ a b c d e f Chassie, Karen (ed.) (2007). Who's Who in America, 2008. New Providence, NJ: Marquis Who's Who. p. 3468. ISBN 9780837970110. Retrieved June 6, 2008. {{cite book}}: |author= has generic name (help); |work= ignored (help)
  25. ^ Scott, Janny (October 30, 2007). "Obama's Account of New York Years Often Differs from What Others Say". The New York Times. Retrieved April 13, 2008. Obama (1995, 2004), pp. 133–140; Mendell (2007), pp. 62–63.
  26. ^ Secter, Bob; McCormick, John (March 30, 2007). "Portrait of a pragmatist". Chicago Tribune. p. 1. Archived from the original on February 9, 2008. Retrieved June 6, 2008.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) Lizza, Ryan (March 19, 2007). "The Agitator: Barack Obama's Unlikely Political Education" (alternate link). New Republic. Retrieved April 13, 2008. Obama (1995, 2004), pp. 140–295; Mendell (2007), pp. 63–83.
  27. ^ Matchan, Linda (February 15, 1990). "A Law Review breakthrough" (paid archive). The Boston Globe. p. 29. Retrieved June 15, 2008. Corr, John (February 27, 1990). "From mean streets to hallowed halls" (paid archive). The Philadelphia Inquirer. p. C01. Retrieved June 6, 2008.
  28. ^ Obama, Barack (1988). "Why organize? Problems and promise in the inner city". Illinois Issues. 14 (8–9): 40–42. {{cite journal}}: |access-date= requires |url= (help); Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help) reprinted in: Knoepfle, Peg (ed.) (1990). After Alinsky: community organizing in Illinois. Springfield, IL: Sangamon State University. pp. 35–40. ISBN 0962087335. {{cite book}}: |access-date= requires |url= (help); |author= has generic name (help) Tayler, Letta; Herbert, Keith (March 2, 2008). "Obama forged path as Chicago community organizer". Newsday. p. A06. Retrieved June 6, 2008.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  29. ^ Obama (1995, 2004), pp. 299–437.
  30. ^ Gnecchi, Nico (February 27, 2006). "Obama Receives Hero's Welcome at His Family's Ancestral Village in Kenya". Voice of America. Retrieved June 24, 2008.
  31. ^ a b Levenson, Michael; Saltzman, Jonathan (January 28, 2007). "At Harvard Law, a unifying voice". The Boston Globe. Retrieved June 15, 2008.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) Kantor, Jodi (January 28, 2007). "In law school, Obama found political voice". The New York Times. p. 1. Retrieved June 15, 2008. Kodama, Marie C (January 19, 2007). "Obama left mark on HLS". The Harvard Crimson. Retrieved June 15, 2008. Mundy, Liza (August 12, 2007). "A series of fortunate events". The Washington Post. p. W10. Retrieved June 15, 2008. Heilemann, John (October 22, 2007). "When they were young". New York. 40 (37): 32–7, 132–3. Retrieved June 15, 2008. Mendell (2007), pp. 80–92.
  32. ^ a b Butterfield, Fox (February 6, 1990). "First black elected to head Harvard's Law Review". The New York Times. p. A20. Retrieved June 15, 2008. Ybarra, Michael J (February 7, 1990). "Activist in Chicago now heads Harvard Law Review" (paid archive). Chicago Tribune. p. 3. Retrieved June 15, 2008. Matchan, Linda (February 15, 1990). "A Law Review breakthrough" (paid archive). The Boston Globe. p. 29. Retrieved June 15, 2008. Corr, John (February 27, 1990). "From mean streets to hallowed halls" (paid archive). The Philadelphia Inquirer. p. C01. Retrieved June 15, 2008. Drummond, Tammerlin (March 12, 1990). "Barack Obama's Law; Harvard Law Review's first black president plans a life of public service" (paid archive). Los Angeles Times. p. E1. Retrieved June 15, 2008. Evans, Gaynelle (March 15, 1990). "Opening another door: The saga of Harvard's Barack H. Obama". Black Issues in Higher Education. p. 5. Retrieved November 15, 2008. Pugh, Allison J. (Associated Press) (April 18, 1990). "Law Review's first black president aims to help poor" (paid archive). The Miami Herald. p. C01. Retrieved June 15, 2008.
  33. ^ Aguilar, Louis (July 11, 1990). "Survey: Law firms slow to add minority partners" (paid archive). Chicago Tribune. p. 1 (Business). Retrieved June 15, 2008. Barack Obama, a summer associate at Hopkins & Sutter in Chicago
  34. ^ Adams, Richard (May 9, 2007). "Barack Obama". The Guardian. Retrieved October 26, 2008.
  35. ^ a b Scott, Janny (May 18, 2008). "The story of Obama, written by Obama". The New York Times. p. 1. Retrieved June 15, 2008. Obama (1995, 2004), pp. xiii–xvii.
  36. ^ White, Jesse (ed.) (2000). Illinois Blue Book, 2000, Millennium ed. Springfield, IL: Illinois Secretary of State. p. 83. OCLC 43923973. Archived from the original on February 14, 2004. Retrieved June 6, 2008. {{cite book}}: |author= has generic name (help)
  37. ^ University of Chicago Law School (March 27, 2008). "Statement regarding Barack Obama". University of Chicago Law School. Retrieved June 10, 2008. Miller, Joe (March 28, 2008). "Was Barack Obama really a constitutional law professor?". FactCheck.org. Retrieved June 10, 2008. Holan, Angie Drobnic (March 7, 2008). "Obama's 20 years of experience". PolitiFact.com. Retrieved June 10, 2008.
  38. ^ Robinson, Mike (Associated Press) (February 20, 2007). "Obama got start in civil rights practice". The Washington Post. Retrieved March 10, 2009. Pallasch, Abdon M (December 17, 2007). "As lawyer, Obama was strong, silent type; He was 'smart, innovative, relentless,' and he mostly let other lawyers do the talking". Chicago Sun-Times. p. 4. Retrieved June 15, 2008. "People" (paid archive). Chicago Tribune. June 27, 1993. p. 9 (Business). Retrieved June 15, 2008. "Business appointments" (paid archive). Chicago-Sun-Times. July 5, 1993. p. 40. Retrieved June 15, 2008. Miner, Barnhill & Galland (2008). "About Us". Miner, Barnhill & Galland – Chicago, Illinois. Retrieved June 15, 2008. Obama (1995, 2004), pp. 438–439, Mendell (2007), pp. 104–106.
  39. ^ Public Allies (2008). "Fact Sheet on Public Allies' History with Senator Barack and Michelle Obama". Public Allies. Retrieved June 6, 2008.
  40. ^ Jackson, David (April 3, 2007). "Obama Knows His Way Around a Ballot". Chicago Tribune. Retrieved January 14, 2008. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help) White, Jesse (2001). "Legislative Districts of Cook County, 1991 Reapportionment". Illinois Blue Book 2001–2002. Springfield: Illinois Secretary of State. p. 65. {{cite book}}: External link in |chapterurl= (help); Unknown parameter |chapterurl= ignored (|chapter-url= suggested) (help) State Sen. District 13 = State Rep. Districts 25 & 26.
  41. ^ Slevin, Peter (February 9, 2007). "Obama Forged Political Mettle in Illinois Capitol". Washington Post. Retrieved April 20, 2008. Helman, Scott (September 23, 2007). "In Illinois, Obama dealt with Lobbyists". Boston Globe. Retrieved April 20, 2008. See also: "Obama Record May Be Gold Mine for Critics". CBS News. Associated Press. January 17, 2007. Retrieved April 20, 2008. "In-Depth Look at Obama's Political Career" (video). CLTV. February 9, 2007. Retrieved April 20, 2008.
  42. ^ a b Scott, Janny (July 30, 2007). "In Illinois, Obama Proved Pragmatic and Shrewd". The New York Times. Retrieved April 20, 2008. See also: Pearson, Rick (May 3, 2007). "Careful Steps, Looking Ahead". Chicago Tribune. Archived from the original on February 16, 2008. Retrieved April 20, 2008. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  43. ^ Allison, Melissa (December 15, 2000). "State takes on predatory lending; Rules would halt single-premium life insurance financing". Chicago Tribune (paid archive). p. 1 (Business). Retrieved June 1, 2008. Long, Ray; Allison, Melissa (April 18, 2001). "Illinois OKs predatory loan curbs; State aims to avert home foreclosures". Chicago Tribune (paid archive). p. 1. Retrieved June 1, 2008.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  44. ^ "13th District: Barack Obama". Illinois State Senate Democrats. August 24, 2000. Archived from the original (archive) on April 12, 2000. Retrieved April 20, 2008. {{cite web}}: |archive-date= / |archive-url= timestamp mismatch; August 24, 2000 suggested (help) "13th District: Barack Obama". Illinois State Senate Democrats. October 9, 2004. Archived from the original (archive) on August 2, 2004. Retrieved April 20, 2008.
  45. ^ "Federal Elections 2000: U.S. House Results - Illinois". Federal Election Commission. Retrieved April 24, 2008.
  46. ^ Calmes, Jackie (February 23, 2007). "Statehouse Yields Clues to Obama". Wall Street Journal. Retrieved April 20, 2008.
  47. ^ Tavella, Anne Marie (April 14, 2003). "Profiling, taping plans pass Senate". Daily Herald (paid archive). p. 17. Retrieved June 1, 2008. Haynes, V. Dion (June 29, 2003). "Fight racial profiling at local level, lawmaker says; U.S. guidelines get mixed review". Chicago Tribune (paid archive). p. 8. Retrieved June 1, 2008. Pearson, Rick (July 17, 2003). "Taped confessions to be law; State will be 1st to pass legislation". Chicago Tribune (paid archive). p. 1 (Metro). Retrieved June 1, 2008.
  48. ^ Youngman, Sam (March 14, 2007). "Obama's Crime Votes Are Fodder for Rivals". The Hill. Retrieved April 20, 2008. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help) See also: "US Presidential Candidate Obama Cites Work on State Death Penalty Reforms". International Herald Tribune. Associated Press. November 12, 2007. Retrieved April 20, 2008.
  49. ^ Coffee, Melanie (November 6, 2004). "Attorney Chosen to Fill Obama's State Senate Seat". HPKCC. Associated Press. Retrieved April 20, 2008.
  50. ^ Helman, Scott (October 12, 2007). "Early Defeat Launched a Rapid Political Climb". Boston Globe. Retrieved April 13, 2008.
  51. ^ Davey, Monica (March 7, 2004). "Closely Watched Illinois Senate Race Attracts 7 Candidates in Millionaire Range". The New York Times. Retrieved April 13, 2008.
  52. ^ Wallace-Wells, Ben (April 1, 2007). "Obama's Narrator". The New York Times Magazine. Retrieved April 13, 2008.
  53. ^ Mendell, David (March 17, 2004). "Obama routs Democratic foes; Ryan tops crowded GOP field; Hynes, Hull fall far short across state". Chicago Tribune. p. 1. Retrieved March 1, 2009.
  54. ^ Bernstein, David (June 2007). "The Speech". Chicago Magazine. Retrieved April 13, 2008.
  55. ^ . (August 2, 2004). "Star Power. Showtime: Some are on the rise; others have long been fixtures in the firmament. A galaxy of bright Democratic lights". Newsweek. pp. 48–51. Retrieved November 15, 2008. {{cite news}}: |author= has numeric name (help)
  56. ^ "Ryan Drops Out of Senate Race in Illinois". CNN. June 25, 2004. Retrieved April 13, 2008. Mendell (2007), pp. 260–271.
  57. ^ Lannan, Maura Kelly (August 9, 2004). "Alan Keyes Enters U.S. Senate Race in Illinois Against Rising Democratic Star". Union-Tribune (San Diego). Associated Press. Retrieved April 13, 2008.
  58. ^ Liam, Ford (August 13, 2004). "Keyes Sets Up House in Cal City". Chicago Tribune. Retrieved April 13, 2008. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  59. ^ "America Votes 2004: U.S. Senate / Illinois". CNN. Retrieved April 13, 2008. Slevin, Peter (November 13, 2007). "For Obama, a Handsome Payoff in Political Gambles". The Washington Post. Retrieved April 13, 2008.
  60. ^ "About Barack Obama". Barack Obama U.S. Senate Office. Retrieved April 27, 2008.
  61. ^ "Breaking New Ground: African American Senators". U.S. Senate Historical Office. Retrieved June 25, 2008.
  62. ^ "Member Info". Congressional Black Caucus. Retrieved June 25, 2008. See also: Zeleny, Jeff (June 26, 2005). "When It Comes to Race, Obama Makes His Point—With Subtlety". Chicago Tribune. Archived from the original on February 16, 2008. Retrieved June 25, 2008.
  63. ^ Nather, David (January 14, 2008). "The Space Between Clinton and Obama". CQ Weekly. Retrieved June 25, 2008.
  64. ^ KnowLegis. "Power Rankings: Senate". Retrieved September 7, 2008.
  65. ^ Melissa Lee. "UPDATE; Obama leads Senate with 72% approval". Star Tribune. Retrieved February 26, 2009.
  66. ^ Mason, Jeff (November 16, 2008). "Obama resigns Senate seat, thanks Illinois". Reuters. Retrieved March 10, 2009.
  67. ^ Baker, Peter (November 14, 2008). "ON THE WHITE HOUSE; If the Senate Reconvenes, Two Seats May Be Empty". The New York Times. Retrieved November 21, 2008.
  68. ^ "President Bush Signs Federal Funding Accountability and Transparency Act". White House. September 26, 2006. {{cite web}}: Text "April 27, 2008" ignored (help)
  69. ^ U.S. Senate, 109th Congress, 1st Session (May 12, 2005). "S. 1033, Secure America and Orderly Immigration Act". Thomas. Retrieved April 27, 2008.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  70. ^ "Latinos Upset Obama Voted for Border Fence". CBS 2 (Chicago). November 20, 2006. Archived from the original on September 27, 2007. Retrieved April 27, 2008.
  71. ^ "Lugar–Obama Nonproliferation Legislation Signed into Law by the President". Richard Lugar U.S. Senate Office. January 11, 2007. Retrieved April 27, 2008. See also: Lugar, Richard G (December 3, 2005). "Junkyard Dogs of War". Washington Post. Retrieved April 27, 2008. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  72. ^ McCormack, John (December 21, 2007). "Google Government Gone Viral". Weekly Standard. Retrieved April 27, 2008. See also: "President Bush Signs Coburn–Obama Transparency Act". Tom Coburn U.S. Senate Office. September 26, 2006. Retrieved April 27, 2008. and USAspending.gov
  73. ^ S. 3077: Strengthening Transparency and Accountability in Federal Spending Act of 2008 Govtrack.us, 2007-2008 (110th Congress)
  74. ^ "Nunn–Lugar Report" (PDF). Richard Lugar U.S. Senate Office. 2005. Retrieved April 30, 2008. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  75. ^ McIntire, Mike (February 3, 2008). "Nuclear Leaks and Response Tested Obama in Senate". The New York Times. Retrieved April 27, 2008.
  76. ^ Daniel Fisher (August 11, 2008). "November Election A Lawyer's Delight". Forbes Magazine. Retrieved January 11, 2009.
  77. ^ "Democratic Republic of the Congo". United States Conference of Catholic Bishops. 2006. Retrieved April 27, 2008. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help) "The IRC Welcomes New U.S. Law on Congo". International Rescue Committee. January 5, 2007. Retrieved April 27, 2008.
  78. ^ Weixel, Nathaniel (November 15, 2007). "Feingold, Obama Go After Corporate Jet Travel". The Hill. Retrieved April 27, 2008. Weixel, Nathaniel (December 5, 2007). "Lawmakers Press FEC on Bundling Regulation". The Hill. Retrieved April 27, 2008. See also: "Federal Election Commission Announces Plans to Issue New Regulations to Implement the Honest Leadership and Open Government Act of 2007". Federal Election Commission. September 24, 2007. Retrieved April 27, 2008.
  79. ^ Stern, Seth (January 31, 2007). "Obama–Schumer Bill Proposal Would Criminalize Voter Intimidation". CQPolitics.com. Retrieved April 27, 2008. U.S. Senate, 110th Congress, 1st Session (January 31, 2007). "S. 453, Deceptive Practices and Voter Intimidation Prevention Act of 2007". Thomas. Retrieved April 27, 2008.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) See also: "Honesty in Elections" (editorial). The New York Times. January 31, 2007. Retrieved April 27, 2008.
  80. ^ Krystin, E. Kasak (February 7, 2007). "Obama Introduces Measure to Bring Troops Home". Medill News Service. Retrieved April 27, 2008. "Latest Major Action: 1/30/2007 Referred to Senate committee". U.S. Senate, 110th Congress, 1st Session (January 30, 2007). "S. 433, Iraq War De-Escalation Act of 2007". Thomas. Retrieved April 27, 2008.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  81. ^ "Obama, Bond Hail New Safeguards on Military Personality Disorder Discharges, Urge Further Action". Kit Bond U.S. Senate Office. October 1, 2007. Retrieved April 27, 2008. See also: Dine, Philip (December 23, 2007). "Bond Calls for Review of Military Discharges". St. Louis Post-Dispatch. Retrieved April 27, 2008.
  82. ^ "Obama, Bond Applaud Senate Passage of Amendment to Expedite the Review of Personality Disorder Discharge Cases".
  83. ^ Graham-Silverman, Adam (September 12, 2007). "Despite Flurry of Action in House, Congress Unlikely to Act Against Iran". CQ Today. Retrieved April 27, 2008.
  84. ^ "Senate Passes Obama, McCaskill Legislation to Provide Safety Net for Families of Wounded Service Members". Barack Obama U.S. Senate Office. August 2, 2007. Retrieved April 27, 2008. Archived (Date missing) at obama.senate.gov (Error: unknown archive URL)
  85. ^ "Committee Assignments" (archive). Barack Obama U.S. Senate Office. December 9, 2006. Retrieved April 27, 2008.
  86. ^ "Obama Gets New Committee Assignments". Barack Obama U.S. Senate Office. Associated Press. November 15, 2006. Retrieved April 27, 2008.
  87. ^ Baldwin, Tom (December 21, 2007). "Stay-At-Home Barack Obama Comes Under Fire for a Lack of Foreign Experience". Sunday Times (UK). Retrieved April 27, 2008.
  88. ^ Larson, Christina (September 2006). "Hoosier Daddy: What Rising Democratic Star Barack Obama Can Learn from an Old Lion of the GOP". Washington Monthly. Retrieved April 27, 2008.
  89. ^ a b Pearson, Rick (February 10, 2007). "Obama: I'm running for president". Chicago Tribune. Retrieved September 20, 2008. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  90. ^ "Obama Launches Presidential Bid". BBC News. February 10, 2007. Retrieved January 14, 2008.
  91. ^ a b "Presidential Campaign Announcement" (video). BarackObamadotcom. YouTube.com. February 10, 2007. Retrieved January 29, 2009.
  92. ^ Parsons, Christi (February 10, 2007). "Obama's launch site: Symbolic Springfield: Announcement venue evokes Lincoln legacy". Chicago Tribune. Retrieved June 12, 2009.
  93. ^ "Barack Obama on the Issues: What Would Be Your Top Three Overall Priorities If Elected?". Washington Post. Retrieved April 14, 2008. See also:
  94. ^ Tumulty, Karen (May 8, 2008). "The Five Mistakes Clinton Made". Time. Retrieved November 11, 2008.
  95. ^ "Obama: I will be the Democratic nominee". CNN.com. June 4, 2008. Retrieved June 6, 2008.
  96. ^ Nagourney, Adam and Jeff Zeleny (June 4, 2008). "Obama Clinches Nomination". New York Times. Retrieved June 4, 2008.
  97. ^ Nagourney, Adam and Jeff Zeleny (August 23, 2008). "Obama picks Biden for veep". San Francisco Chronicle. New York Times. Retrieved September 20, 2008.
  98. ^ Tom Baldwin (August 27, 2008). "Hillary Clinton: 'Barack is my candidate'". TimesOnline. Retrieved August 27, 2008.
  99. ^ "Obama accepts Democrat nomination". BBC News. August 29, 2008. Retrieved August 29, 2008.
  100. ^ Malone, Jim (July 2, 2007). "Obama Fundraising Suggests Close Race for Party Nomination". Voice of America. Retrieved January 14, 2008.
  101. ^ Salant, Jonathan D. (June 19, 2008). "Obama Won't Accept Public Money in Election Campaign". Bloomberg. Retrieved June 19, 2008.
  102. ^ "Commission on Presidential Debates Announces Sites, Dates, Formats and Candidate Selection Criteria for 2008 General Election". Commission on Presidential Debates. November 19, 2007. Retrieved July 6, 2008.
  103. ^ "General Election: McCain vs. Obama". Real Clear Politics. Retrieved February 20, 2009.
  104. ^ Johnson, Alex (November 4, 2008). "Barack Obama elected 44th president". MSNBC. Retrieved February 20, 2009.
  105. ^ "BBC NEWS | World | Americas | US Elections 2008 | Obama wins historic US election". BBC News. November 5, 2008. Retrieved November 5, 2008.Nagourney, Adam (November 4, 2008). "Obama Elected President as Racial Barrier Falls". The New York Times. Retrieved November 5, 2008."Obama: 'This is your victory'". CNN. November 5, 2008. Retrieved November 5, 2008.Wallsten, Peter (November 5, 2008). "White Americans play major role in electing the first black president". Los Angeles Times.
  106. ^ Johnson, Wesley (November 5, 2008). "Change has come, says President-elect Obama". The Independent. UK. Retrieved November 5, 2008.
  107. ^ "Obama asks Pentagon for responsible Iraq drawdown". China Daily. January 23, 2009. Retrieved September 4, 2009. {{cite news}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  108. ^ Glaberson, William (January 21, 2009). "Obama Orders Halt to Prosecutions at Guantánamo". The New York Times. Retrieved February 3, 2009.
  109. ^ "Executive Order—Presidential Records". Retrieved January 22, 2009.
  110. ^ Doyle, Michael (January 23, 2009). "Obama restores some of the 'Freedom' to FOIA". McClatchy Newspapers. Retrieved January 24, 2009. {{cite news}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  111. ^ Gerstein, Josh (January 24, 2009). "Obama: End Abortion 'Politicization'". Politico.com. {{cite news}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  112. ^ "Obama Signs Equal-Pay Legislation". New York Times. Retrieved June 15, 2009.
  113. ^ "Obama signs into law expansion of SCHIP health-care program for children". Chicago Tribune. Retrieved June 15, 2009.
  114. ^ Obama overturns Bush policy on stem cells
  115. ^ "Senate confirms Sotomayor for Supreme Court". CNN.com. August 6, 2009. Retrieved August 6, 2009.
  116. ^ Obama nominates Sotomayor to Supreme Court, CNN, accessed May 26, 2009.
  117. ^ http://www.nytimes.com/2009/10/01/science/earth/01epa.html?hp
  118. ^ http://www.latimes.com/news/nationworld/nation/la-na-epa-climate1-2009oct01,0,5195916.story
  119. ^ http://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5ip53lrBGDBrm5QYg-npRkHn4ggRA
  120. ^ "Stimulus package en route to Obama's desk". CNN. Turner Broadcasting System, Inc. Retrieved March 29, 2009.
  121. ^ "Committee for a Responsible Federal Budget, Stimulus Watch".
  122. ^ "Obama Presses Cabinet to Speed Stimulus Spending". Wall Street Journal. June 9, 2009.
  123. ^ http://voices.washingtonpost.com/44/2009/10/19/obama_carefully_takes_credit_f.html
  124. ^ "U.S. Expands Plan to Buy Banks' Troubled Assets". New York Times. March 23, 2009.
  125. ^ Goldman, David (2009). "CNNMoney.com's bailout tracker". Bailout tracker. p. 20. Retrieved June 20, 2009.
  126. ^ "White House questions viability of GM, Chrysler". The Huffington Post. March 30, 2009.
  127. ^ "Chrysler and Union Agree to Deal Before Federal Deadline".
  128. ^ John Hughes, Caroline Salas, Jeff Green, and Bob Van Voris (June 1, 2009). "GM Begins Bankruptcy Process With Filing for Affiliate". Bloomberg.com.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  129. ^ "Biden vows break with Bush era foreign policy". Retrieved June 15, 2009. {{cite news}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  130. ^ "Obama reaches out to Muslim world on TV". MSNBC. Retrieved June 15, 2009. {{cite news}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  131. ^ "washingtonpost.com> Nation U.S. to Join Talks on Iran's Nuclear Program". The Washington Post. Retrieved June 15, 2009. {{cite news}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  132. ^ "Iranian Leaders Ignore Obama's Outstretched Hand". Fox News Channel. Retrieved June 15, 2009. {{cite news}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  133. ^ "Obama speech draws praise in Mideast". The Guardian. Retrieved June 15, 2009. {{cite news}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  134. ^ Obama in Egypt reaches out to Muslim world, CNN, June 4, 2009
  135. ^ "Obama dismisses Ahmadinejad apology request". The Washington Times. June 26, 2009.
  136. ^ Obama: No green light for Israel to attack Iran, CNN, July 7, 2009
  137. ^ Chidanand Rajghatta, "Barack 'No Bomb' Obama pushes for world without nukes", Times of India, September 24, 2009.
  138. ^ "Will Gates Stay or Go?". MSNBC. November 10,2008. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  139. ^ a b Obama Calls for U.S. Military to Renew Focus on Afghanistan
  140. ^ Feller, Ben (February 27, 2009). "Obama sets firm withdrawal timetable for Iraq". The Detroit News. CAMP LEJEUNE, N.C. Associated Press. Retrieved March 3, 2009.
  141. ^ Hodge, Amanda (February 19, 2009). "Obama launches Afghanistan Surge". The Australian.
  142. ^ "Top U.S. Commander in Afghanistan Is Fired". The Washington Post. May 12, 2009.
  143. ^ Obama urges Congress to pass health care reform - Yahoo! News[dead link‍]
  144. ^ "Obama will hedge on public option" - Politico.com. Retrieved September 9, 2009.
  145. ^ "Obama presents health plan, attacks 'scare tactics'" - CNN.com. Retrieved September 9, 2009.
  146. ^ Mayer, William (March 28, 2004). "Kerry's Record Rings a Bell". Washington Post. Retrieved June 7, 2008. The question of how to measure a senator's or representative's ideology is one that political scientists regularly need to answer. For more than 30 years, the standard method for gauging ideology has been to use the annual ratings of lawmakers' votes by various interest groups, notably the Americans for Democratic Action (ADA) and the American Conservative Union (ACU).
  147. ^ "2005 U.S. Senate Votes". American Conservative Union. Retrieved September 20, 2008.; "2006 U.S. Senate Votes". American Conservative Union. Retrieved September 20, 2008.; "2007 U.S. Senate Votes". American Conservative Union. Retrieved September 20, 2008.
  148. ^ "ADA's 2005 Congressional Voting Record" (PDF). Americans for Democratic Action. Retrieved September 20, 2008.; "ADA's 2006 Congressional Voting Record" (PDF). Americans for Democratic Action. Retrieved September 20, 2008.; "ADA's 2007 Congressional Voting Record" (PDF). Americans for Democratic Action. Retrieved September 20, 2008.
  149. ^ Franklin, Ben A (June 1, 2005). "The Fifth Black Senator in U.S. History Makes F.D.R. His Icon". Washington Spectator. Retrieved January 14, 2008.
  150. ^ Zeleny, Jeff (September 12, 2005). "Judicious Obama Turns Up Volume". Chicago Tribune. Retrieved March 12, 2009.
  151. ^ Pickler, Nedra (January 25, 2007). "Obama Calls for Universal Health Care within Six Years". Union-Tribune (San Diego). Associated Press. Retrieved January 14, 2008.
  152. ^ Davis, Teddy (November 20, 2007). "Obama Bucks Party Line on Education". ABC News. Retrieved January 14, 2008. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  153. ^ "Study:Bush tax cuts favor wealthy". CBS. August 13, 2004. Retrieved April 5, 2008.
  154. ^ "Obama Tax Plan: $80 Billion in Cuts, Five-Minute Filings". CNN. September 18, 2007. Retrieved January 14, 2008.
  155. ^ "A Speech On the Economy, Opportunity and Tax Policy with Senator Barack Obama". Tax Policy Center. September 18, 2007. Retrieved January 14, 2008.
  156. ^ Zeleny, Jeff (October 9, 2007). "Obama Proposes Capping Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Making Polluters Pay". The New York Times. Retrieved January 14, 2008.
  157. ^ Barack Obama. "The Blueprint for Change: Barack Obama's plan for America" (PDF). Obama for America. Retrieved April 20, 2008.
  158. ^ Strausberg, Chinta (September 26, 2002). "Opposition to war mounts" (paid archive). Chicago Defender. p. 1. Retrieved February 3, 2008.
  159. ^ Office of the Press Secretary (October 2, 2002). "President, House Leadership Agree on Iraq Resolution". The White House. Retrieved February 17, 2008. Tackett, Michael (October 3, 2002). "Bush, House OK Iraq deal; Congress marches with Bush" (paid archive). Chicago Tribune. p. 1. Retrieved February 3, 2008.
  160. ^ Glauber, Bill (October 3, 2003). "War protesters gentler, but passion still burns" (paid archive). Chicago Tribune. p. 1. Retrieved February 3, 2008. Strausberg, Chinta (October 3, 2002). "War with Iraq undermines U.N." Chicago Defender. p. 1. Retrieved October 28, 2008. Photo caption: Left Photo: Sen. Barack Obama along with Rev. Jesse Jackson spoke to nearly 3,000 anti-war protestors (below) during a rally at Federal Plaza Wednesday. Bryant, Greg (October 2, 2002). "300 protesters rally to oppose war with Iraq". Medill News Service. Retrieved February 3, 2008. Katz, Marilyn (October 2, 2007). "Five Years Since Our First Action". Chicagoans Against War & Injustice. Retrieved February 17, 2008. Bryant, Greg; Vaughn, Jane B. (October 3, 2002). "300 attend rally against Iraq war" (paid archive). Daily Herald (Arlington Heights). p. 8. Retrieved October 28, 2008.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) Mendell (2007), pp. 172–177.
  161. ^ Obama, Barack (October 2, 2002). "Remarks of Illinois State Sen. Barack Obama Against Going to War with Iraq". BarackObama.com. Retrieved February 3, 2008.
  162. ^ Ritter, Jim (March 17, 2003). "Anti-war rally here draws thousands" (paid archive). Chicago Sun-Times. p. 3. Retrieved February 3, 2008.
  163. ^ US election: Barack Obama wobbles on withdrawing Iraq troops, telegraph.co.uk, July 4, 2008
  164. ^ For audio and text, see: Obama, Barack (November 20, 2006). "A Way Forward in Iraq". Chicago Council on Global Affairs. Retrieved January 14, 2008.
  165. ^ Obama, Barack (March 2, 2007). "AIPAC Policy Forum Remarks". Barack Obama U.S. Senate Office. Retrieved January 30, 2008. (Archived (Date missing) at obama.senate.gov (Error: unknown archive URL)) For Obama's 2004 Senate campaign remarks on possible missile strikes against Iran, see: Mendell, David (September 25, 2004). "Obama Would Consider Missile Strikes on Iran" (paid archive). Chicago Tribune. Retrieved January 14, 2008.
  166. ^ "Barack Obama and Joe Biden's Plan to Secure America and Restore Our Standing". Obama for America. Retrieved September 22, 2008.
  167. ^ "Obama Warns Pakistan on Al-Qaeda". BBC News. August 1, 2007. Retrieved January 14, 2008. For video and text of the speech, see: "Policy Address on Terrorism by The Honorable Barack Obama, United States Senator from Illinois". Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars. August 1, 2007. Retrieved January 30, 2008. For details of the aborted 2005 military operation, see Mark Mazzetti (July 8, 2007). "Rumsfeld Called Off 2005 Plan to Capture Top Qaeda Figures". International Herald Tribune. Retrieved January 14, 2008.
  168. ^ Barack Obama. Obama-Caucus4Priorities (flv). Obama '08. Retrieved May 18, 2008. {{cite AV media}}: Unknown parameter |date2= ignored (help)
  169. ^ Obama, Barack (December 27, 2005). "Policy Adrift on Darfur". The Washington Post. Retrieved January 14, 2008. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help) Doyle, Jim (May 1, 2006). "Tens of Thousands Rally for Darfur". San Francisco Chronicle. Retrieved January 14, 2008.
  170. ^ Kuhnhenn, Jim (Associated Press) (May 17, 2007). "Giuliani, Edwards Have Sudan Holdings". San Francisco Chronicle. Retrieved January 14, 2008.; Obama, Barack (August 30, 2007). 30, 2007_hit_iran_where_it_hurts.html "Hit Iran Where It Hurts". New York Daily News. Retrieved January 14, 2008. {{cite news}}: Check |url= value (help)
  171. ^ Obama, Barack (July–August 2007). "Renewing American Leadership". Foreign Affairs. 86 (4). Retrieved January 14, 2008.
  172. ^ Obama, Barack. "1998 Illinois State Legislative National Political Awareness Test", Project Vote Smart. Retrieved on 2007-01-21.
  173. ^ "Keeping Hope Alive: Barack Obama Puts Family First". The Oprah Winfrey Show. October 18, 2006. Retrieved June 24, 2008.
  174. ^ Fornek, Scott (September 9, 2007). "Half Siblings: 'A Complicated Family'". Chicago Sun-Times. Retrieved June 24, 2008. See also: "Interactive Family Tree". Chicago Sun-Times. September 9, 2007. Retrieved June 24, 2008.
  175. ^ Fornek, Scott (September 9, 2007). "Madelyn Payne Dunham: 'A Trailblazer'". Chicago Sun-Times. Retrieved June 24, 2008.
  176. ^ "Obama's grandmother dies after battle with cancer". CNN. November 3, 2008. Retrieved November 4, 2008.
  177. ^ Obama (1995, 2004), p. 13. For reports on Obama's maternal genealogy, including slave owners, Irish connections, and common ancestors with George W. Bush, Dick Cheney, and Harry Truman, see: Nitkin, David (March 2, 2007). "A New Twist to an Intriguing Family History". Baltimore Sun. Archived from the original on September 30, 2007. Retrieved June 24, 2008. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help) Jordan, Mary (May 13, 2007). "Tiny Irish Village Is Latest Place to Claim Obama as Its Own". The Washington Post. Retrieved June 24, 2008. "Obama's Family Tree Has a Few Surprises". CBS 2 (Chicago). Associated Press. September 8, 2007. Retrieved June 24, 2008.
  178. ^ Johnson, Carla K., Associated Press Writer (July 24, 2008). "Obama's great-uncle recalls liberating Nazi camp". USATODAY.com. Retrieved March 12, 2009.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  179. ^ "The 89th Infantry Division". United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. Retrieved March 12, 2009.
  180. ^ "When Barry Became Barack". Newsweek. March 31, 2008. Retrieved November 6, 2008.
  181. ^ Zimmer, Benjamin (2009). "Obama's Indonesian Redux". Language Log. Retrieved March 12, 2009.
  182. ^ Kantor, Jodi (June 1, 2007). "One Place Where Obama Goes Elbow to Elbow". The New York Times. Retrieved April 28, 2008. See also: "The Love of the Game" (video). HBO: Real Sports with Bryant Gumbel. YouTube (BarackObama.com). April 15, 2008. Retrieved April 28, 2008.
  183. ^ "Senator Barack Obama Visit to CJTF-HOA and Camp Lemonier: August 31–September 1, 2006" (video). Combined Joint Task Force—Horn of Africa. YouTube. February 6, 2007. Retrieved April 28, 2008.
  184. ^ Obama (2006), pp. 327–332. See also: Brown, Sarah (December 7, 2005). "Obama '85 masters balancing act". The Daily Princetonian. Retrieved February 9, 2009.
  185. ^ Obama (2006), p. 329.
  186. ^ Fornek, Scott (October 3, 2007). "Michelle Obama: 'He Swept Me Off My Feet'". Chicago Sun-Times. Retrieved April 28, 2008.
  187. ^ Martin, Jonathan (July 4, 2008). "Born on the 4th of July". The Politico. Retrieved July 10, 2008.
  188. ^ Obama (1995, 2004), p. 440, and Obama (2006), pp. 339–340. See also: "Election 2008 Information Center: Barack Obama". Gannett News Service. Retrieved April 28, 2008.
  189. ^ "Obamas choose private Sidwell Friends School", International Herald Tribune, November 22, 2008
  190. ^ Zeleny, Jeff (December 24, 2005). "The first time around: Sen. Obama's freshman year". Chicago Tribune. Retrieved April 28, 2008.
  191. ^ Slevin, Peter (December 17, 2006). "Obama says he regrets land deal with fundraiser". The Washington Post. Retrieved June 10, 2008.
  192. ^ "Obama's Money". CNNMoney.com. December 7, 2007. Retrieved April 28, 2008.
    See also:Goldfarb, Zachary A (March 24, 2007). "Measuring Wealth of the '08 Candidates". The Washington Post. Retrieved April 28, 2008.
  193. ^ Zeleny, Jeff (April 17, 2008). "Book Sales Lifted Obamas' Income in 2007 to a Total of $4.2 Million". The New York Times. Retrieved April 28, 2008.
  194. ^ Obama (2006), pp. 202–208. Portions excerpted in: Obama, Barack (October 23, 2006). "My Spiritual Journey". Time. Retrieved April 28, 2008.
  195. ^ Kantor, Jodi (April 30, 2007). "Barack Obama's search for faith". International Herald Tribune. April 30, 2007
  196. ^ "Obama's church choice likely to be scrutinized". msnbc.com. Associated Press. November 17, 2008. Retrieved January 20, 2009.
  197. ^ a b Elsner, Alan, ed. (December 7, 2008). "Obama says he won't be smoking in White House". Reuters. Retrieved 2009-20-21. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help)
  198. ^ Wallace-Wells, Benjamin (November 2004). "The Great Black Hope: What's Riding on Barack Obama?". Washington Monthly. Retrieved April 7, 2008. See also: Scott, Janny (December 28, 2007). "A Member of a New Generation, Obama Walks a Fine Line". International Herald Tribune. Retrieved April 7, 2008.
  199. ^ Payne, Les (August 19, 2007). "In One Country, a Dual Audience" (paid archive). Newsday. Retrieved April 7, 2008.
  200. ^ Dorning, Mike (October 4, 2007). "Obama Reaches Across Decades to JFK" (paid archive). Chicago Tribune. Retrieved April 7, 2008. See also: Harnden, Toby (October 15, 2007). "Barack Obama is JFK Heir, Says Kennedy Aide". Daily Telegraph. Retrieved April 7, 2008.
  201. ^ Holmes, Stephanie (November 30, 2008). "Obama: Oratory and originality". The Age. Retrieved December 11, 2008.
  202. ^ YouTube - ChangeDotGov's Channel
  203. ^ "News from Studio Briefing". Internet Movie Database. November 17, 2008. Retrieved March 10, 2009.
  204. ^ At 100 Days, Obama Approval Broad as Well as Deep
  205. ^ a b Gallup Daily: Obama Job Approval
  206. ^ LA Times: Obama's Job approval rating falls to new low
  207. ^ Page, Susan (June 12, 2008). "World poll: Obama more likely to 'do the right thing'". USA Today. Retrieved March 10, 2009.
  208. ^ "World wants Obama as president: poll". ABC News. Australia. Reuters. September 9, 2008.
  209. ^ "Obama to visit nuclear, biological weapons destruction facilities in former Soviet Union" (Press release). Obama.senate.gov. August 24, 2005.
  210. ^ Quel giorno di tre anni fa a Washington Barack mi raccontò la sua speranza Rome Mayor's Leadership Bid May Lead to Early Italian Elections; VELTRONI A NEW YORK - Il politico prevale sull' amministratore; Libreria Rizzoli Galleria[dead link‍]
  211. ^ Pedder, Sophie (February 20, 2008). "Sarkozy, Obama and McCain". The Economist. Retrieved November 20, 2008.
  212. ^ France 24 | Obama remains a popular symbol of hope | France 24
  213. ^ Goodman, Dean (February 10, 2008). "Obama or Clinton? Grammys go for Obama". Reuters. Retrieved November 24, 2008.
  214. ^ Strange, Hannah (March 5, 2008). "Celebrities join YouTube revolution". The Times (UK). Retrieved December 18, 2008.
  215. ^ Wappler, Margaret (June 20, 2008). "Emmys give knuckle bump to will.i.am; more videos on the way". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved December 18, 2008.
  216. ^ Von Drehle, David (December 16, 2008). "Why History Can't Wait" (Cover article). Time Magazine. Retrieved December 17, 2008.
  217. ^ "Obama wins 2009 Nobel Peace Prize". BBC News Online. BBC. October 9, 2009. Retrieved October 9, 2009.
  218. ^ "Barack Obama Wins Nobel Peace Prize". The New York Times.
  219. ^ The award came in Obama's first year.CNN. "Obama's win unique among presidents". {{cite news}}: |author= has generic name (help) Theodore Roosevelt won the award in 1906 and Woodrow Wilson in 1919, both while still serving as President. Jimmy Carter, who left office in 1997, won the award in 2002."All Nobel Peace Prize Laureates". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved October 9, 2009.
  220. ^ "President Barack Obama wins Nobel Peace Prize". Yahoo News. October 9, 2009. Retrieved October 9, 2009.
  221. ^ Dan Lothian (October 9, 2009). "Obama: Nobel Peace Prize is 'call to action'". CNN. CNN. Retrieved October 9, 2009.
  222. ^ Philp, Catherine (October 10, 2009). "Barack Obama's peace prize starts a fight". The Times. TimesOnLine. Retrieved October 10, 2009.
  223. ^ http://www.nytimes.com/gwire/2009/10/09/09greenwire-obama-wins-nobel-prize-in-part-for-confronting-55250.html
  224. ^ http://news.yahoo.com/s/ap/20091013/ap_on_re_eu/eu_nobel_peace_obama

References

Further reading

Listen to this article
(2 parts, 9 minutes)
  2. Part 2
Spoken Wikipedia icon
These audio files were created from a revision of this article dated
Error: no date provided
, and do not reflect subsequent edits.
(Audio help · More spoken articles)
Official sites
Site directory
News media
Congressional links

Template:Barack Obama/succession

Template:Persondata

Template:Link FA Template:Link FA Template:Link FA Template:Link FA Template:Link FA ak:Ɔbenem

Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Barack_Obama&oldid=319998734"