Tagalog language

Tagalog redirects here. For the original users of the language, see Tagalog people. For the script that was formerly used for this language, see Baybayin.

Tagalog
Wikang Tagalog ᜆᜄᜎᜓᜄ
Native to	Philippines and a small number of the populations of Australia Bahrain Brunei Canada Guam Hong Kong Japan Kuwait Malaysia Northern Mariana Islands Palau Qatar Saudi Arabia Switzerland United Arab Emirates United Kingdom United States
Region	Central and South Luzon
Native speakers	First language (in the Philippines): 49 million
Language family	Austronesian Malayo-Polynesian Philippine Central Philippine Tagalog
Writing system	Latin (Tagalog or Filipino variant); Historically written in Alibata (ᜀᜎᜒᜊᜆ)
Official status
Official language in	Philippines (in the form of Filipino)
Regulated by	Commission on the Filipino Language
Language codes
ISO 639-1	tl
ISO 639-2	tgl
ISO 639-3	tgl – inclusive code Individual code: tgl – Tagalog
The locations where Tagalog is spoken. Red represents countries where it is an official language (as Filipino), maroon represents where it is recognized as a minority language, pink represents other places where it is spoken significantly.

Tagalog is an Austronesian language spoken in the Philippines by about 22 million people. It is related to Austronesian languages such as Chamorro (of Guam and the Northern Mariana Islands), Indonesian, Malay, Javanese and Paiwan (of Taiwan), Cham (of Vietnam and Cambodia), and Tetum (of East Timor). It is the first language of the Philippines' Region IV (CALABARZON and MIMAROPA) and is the basis for the national and the official language of the Philippines, Filipino.

History

The Tagalog Baybayin script.

The word Tagalog derived from tagailog, from tagá- meaning "native of" and ílog meaning "river." Thus, it means "river dweller." Very little is known about the history of the language. However, according to linguists such as Dr. David Zorc and Dr. Robert Blust, the Tagalogs originated, along with their Central Philippine cousins, from Northeastern Mindanao or Eastern Visayas.

The first written record of Tagalog is in the Laguna Copperplate Inscription, written in the year 900 and uses fragments of the language along with Sanskrit, Malay, and Javanese. Meanwhile, the first known book to be written in Tagalog is the Doctrina Cristiana (Christian Doctrine) of 1593. It was written in Spanish and two versions of Tagalog; one written in the Baybayin script and the other in the Latin alphabet. Throughout the 333 years of Spanish occupation, there were grammar and dictionaries written by Spanish clergymen such as Vocabulario de la Lengua Tagala by Pedro de San Buenaventura (Pila, Laguna, 1613), Vocabulario de la lengua tagala (1835) and Arte de la lengua tagala y manual tagalog para la administración de los Santos Sacramentos (1850). Poet Francisco Baltazar (1788–1862) is regarded as the foremost Tagalog writer. His most famous work is the early 19th-century Florante at Laura.

Tagalog and Filipino

In 1937, Tagalog was selected as the basis of the national language of the Philippines by the National Language Institute. In 1939, Manuel L. Quezon named the national language "Wikang Pambansâ" ("National Language"). Twenty years later, in 1959, it was renamed by the Secretary of Education, Jose Romero, as Pilipino to give it a national rather than ethnic label and connotation. The changing of the name did not, however, result in acceptance among non-Tagalogs, especially Cebuanos who had not accepted the selection..

In 1971, the language issue was revived once more, and a compromise solution was worked out—a "universalist" approach to the national language, to be called Filipino rather than Pilipino. When a new constitution was drawn up in 1987, it named Filipino as the national language. The constitution specified that as the Filipino language evolves, it shall be further developed and enriched on the basis of existing Philippine and other languages.

Classification

Tagalog is a Central Philippine language within the Austronesian language family. Being Malayo-Polynesian, it is related to other Austronesian languages such as Javanese, Indonesian, Malay,Chamorro (of Guam and the Northern Mariana Islands), Tetum (of East Timor), and Paiwan (of Taiwan). It is closely related to the languages spoken in the Bicol and Visayas regions such as Bikol and the Visayan group including Hiligaynon, Waray-Waray, and Cebuano.

Languages that have made significant contributions to Tagalog are Spanish, English, Hindi, Arabic, Sanskrit, Old Malay, Chinese, Javanese, Japanese, and Tamil.

Dialects

At present, no comprehensive dialectology has been done in the Tagalog-speaking regions, though there have been descriptions in the form of dictionaries and grammars on various Tagalog dialects. Ethnologue lists Lubang, Manila, Marinduque, Bataan, Batangas, Bulacan, Tanay-Paete, and Tayabas as dialects of Tagalog. However, there appear to be four main dialects of which the aforementioned are a part; Northern (exemplified by the Bulacan dialect), Central (including Manila), Southern (exemplified by Batangas), and Marinduque.

Some example of dialectal differences are:

• Many Tagalog dialects, particularly those in the south, preserve the glottal stop found after consonants and before vowels. This has been lost in standard Tagalog. For example standard Tagalog ngayon (now, today), sinigang (broth stew), gabi (night), matamis (sweet), are pronounced and written ngay-on, sinig-ang, gab-i, and matam-is in other dialects.
• In Teresian-Morong Tagalog, [ɾ] is usually preferred over [d]. For example, bundók, dagat, dingdíng, and isdâ become bunrok, ragat, ringring, and isra, as well as their expression seen in some signages like "sandok sa dingding" was changed to "sanrok sa ringring".
• In many southern dialects, the progressive aspect prefix of -um- verbs is na-. For example, standard Tagalog kumakain (eating) is nákáin in Quezon and Batangas Tagalog. This is the butt of some jokes by other Tagalog speakers since a phrase such as nakain ka ba ng pating is interpreted as "did a shark eat you?" by those from Manila but in reality means "do you eat shark?" to those in the south.
• Some dialects have interjections which are a considered a trademark of their region. For example, the interjection ala e! usually identifies someone from Batangas as does hane?! in Rizal and Quezon provinces.

Perhaps the most divergent Tagalog dialects are those spoken in Marinduque. Linguist Rosa Soberano identifies two dialects, western and eastern with the former being closer to the Tagalog dialects spoken in the provinces of Batangas and Quezon.

One example are the verb conjugation paradigms. While some of the affixes are different, Marinduque also preserves the imperative affixes, also found in Visayan and Bikol languages, that have mostly disappeared from most Tagalog dialects by the early 20th century; they have since merged with the infinitive.

Manileño Tagalog	English
Susulat sina Maria at Fulgencia kay Juan.	"Maria and Fulgencia will write to Juan."
Mag-aaral siya sa Maynila.	"He will study in Manila."
Magluto ka!	"Cook!"
Kainin mo iyan.	"Eat that."
Tinatawag nga tayo ni Tatay.	"Father is calling the two of us."
Tutulungan ba kayó ni Hilario?	"Will Hilario help you (pl.)?"

Northern and Central Dialects have influences from Kapampangan while those near the Bicol have influences from Daet Bikol.

Features

Geographic distribution

The Tagalog homeland, or Katagalugan, covers roughly much of the central to southern parts of the island of Luzon - particularly in Aurora, Bataan, Batangas, Bulacan, Camarines Norte, Cavite, Laguna, Metro Manila, Nueva Ecija, Quezon, Rizal, and large parts of Zambales. Tagalog is also spoken natively by inhabitants living on the islands, Marinduque, Mindoro, and large areas of Palawan. It is spoken by approximately 64.3 million Filipinos, 96.4% of the household population. 21.5 million, or 28.15% of the total Philippine population, speak it as a native language.

Tagalog speakers are found in other parts of the Philippines as well as throughout the world, though its use is usually limited to communication between Filipino ethnic groups. In 2003, the US Census bureau reported (based on data from the 2000 census) that it was the fourth most-spoken language in the United States, with over 1.2 million speakers. In Canada it is spoken by 235,615 .

Official status

Predominantly Tagalog-speaking regions in the Philippines. The color-schemes represent the 4 dialect zones of the language: North, Central, South, and Marinduque.

Main article: Filipino language

Tagalog was declared the official language by the first constitution in the Philippines, the Constitution of Biak-na-Bato in 1897.

In 1935, the Philippine constitution designated English and Spanish as official languages, but mandated the development and adoption of a common national language based on one of the existing native languages. After study and deliberation, the National Language Institute, a committee composed of seven members who represented various regions in the Philippines, chose Tagalog as the basis for the evolution and adoption of the national language of the Philippines. President Manuel L. Quezon then, on December 30, 1937, proclaimed the selection of the Tagalog language to be used as the basis for the evolution and adoption of the national language of the Philippines. In 1939 President Quezon renamed the proposed Tagalog-based national language as wikang pambansâ (national language). In 1939, the language was further renamed as "Pilipino".

The 1973 constitution designated the Tagalog-based "Pilipino", along with English, as an official language and mandated the development and formal adoption of a common national language to be known as Filipino. The 1987 constitution designated Filipino as the national language, mandating that as it evolves, it shall be further developed and enriched on the basis of existing Philippine and other languages.

As Filipino, Tagalog has been taught in schools throughout the Philippines. It is the only one out of over 170 Philippine languages that is officially used in schools and businesses, (info from culturegrams) though Article XIV, Section 7 of the 1987 Constitution of the Philippines does specify, in part:

Subject to provisions of law and as the Congress may deem appropriate, the Government shall take steps to initiate and sustain the use of Filipino as a medium of official communication and as language of instruction in the educational system.

The regional languages are the auxiliary official languages in the regions and shall serve as auxiliary media of instruction therein.

Other Philippine languages have influenced Filipino, primarily through migration from the provinces to Metro Manila of speakers of those other languages.

Besides the Philippines, the language enjoys relative minority status in Canada, the United Kingdom, and also Hong Kong, where street signs commonly display the language. In the United States, the language is used in censuses and elections.

Code-switching

Taglish and Englog are portmanteaus given to a mix of English and Tagalog. The amount of English vs.Tagalog varies from the occasional use of English loan words to outright code-switching where the language changes in mid-sentence. Such code-switching is prevalent throughout the Philippines and in various of the languages of the Philippines other than Tagalog.

Nasirà ang computer ko kahapon!

"My computer broke yesterday!"

Huwág kang maninigarilyo, because it is harmful to your health.

"Don't smoke cigarettes, ..."

Code switching also entails the use of foreign words that are Filipinized by reforming them using Filipino rules, such as verb conjugations. Users typically use Filipino or English words, whichever comes to mind first or whichever is easier to use.

Magshoshopping kami sa mall. Sino ba ang magdadrive sa shoppingan?

"We will go shopping at the mall. Who will drive to the shopping center anyway?"

Although it is generally looked down upon, code-switching is prevalent in all levels of society; however, city-dwellers, the highly educated, and people born around and after World War II are more likely to do it. Politicians as highly placed as President Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo have code-switched in interviews.

The practice is common in television, radio, and print media as well. Advertisements from companies like Wells Fargo, Wal-Mart, Albertsons, McDonald's, and Western Union have contained Taglish.

The Chinese and the non-Tagalog communities in the Philippines also frequently code-switch their language, be it Cebuano or Min Nan Chinese, with Taglish.

Phonology

Main article: Tagalog phonology

Tagalog has 35 phonemes: 22 of them are consonants, 5 are vowels, and 8 are dipthongs. Syllable structure is relatively simple. Each syllable contains at least a consonant and a vowel,, and begins in at most one consonant, except for borrowed words such as trak which means "truck", or tsokolate meaning "chocolate".

Vowels

Before appearing in the coastal region of Manila, Tagalog had three vowel phonemes: /a/, /i/, and /u/. This was later expanded to five vowels with the introduction of Kapampangan and Spanish words.

They are:

• /a/ an open central unrounded vowel similar to English "father"; in the middle of a word, a mid central unrounded vowel similar to English "cup"
• /ɛ/ an open-mid front unrounded vowel similar to English "bed"
• /i/ a close front unrounded vowel similar to English "machine"
• /o/ a close-mid back rounded vowel similar to English "forty"
• /u/ a close back unrounded vowel similar to English "flute"

There are four main diphthongs; /ai/, /ei/, /oi/, /ui/, /au/, /eu/, /iu/, and /ou/.

Consonants

Below is a chart of Tagalog consonants. All the stops are unaspirated. The velar nasal occurs in all positions including at the beginning of a word.

Table of consonant phonemes of Tagalog

	Labial		Dental/ Alveolar		Alveolo-palatal		Palatal		Velar		Glottal
Nasal	m		n				ɲ		ŋ
Plosive	p	b	t	d					k	ɡ	ʔ
Fricative			s		ɕ				x (kx)		h
Affricate			ts		tɕ	dʑ
Tap			ɾ
Approximant			l				j		w

Stress

Stress is phonemic in Tagalog. Primary stress occurs on either the last or the next-to-the-last (penultimate) syllable of a word. Vowel lengthening accompanies primary or secondary stress except when stress occurs at the end of a word. Stress on words is highly important, since it differentiates words with the same spellings, but with different meanings, e.g. tayo(to stand) and tayo(us; we)

Sounds

Vowels

• /a/ is raised slightly to [ɐ] in unstressed positions and also occasionally in stressed positions (inang bayan [inˈɐŋ ˈbɐjən])
• Unstressed /i/ is usually pronounced [ɪ] as in English "bit"
• At the final syllable, /i/ can be pronounced [i ~ e ~ ɛ], as [e ~ ɛ] is an allophone of [ɪ ~ i] in final syllables.
• Unstressed /ɛ/ and /o/ can sometimes be pronounced [i ~ ɪ ~ e] and [u ~ ʊ ~ ɔ], except in final syllables. [o~ ʊ ~ ɔ] and [u ~ ʊ] were also former allophones.
• Unstressed /u/ is usually pronounced [ʊ] as in English "book"
• The diphthong /aɪ/ and the sequence /aʔi/ have a tendency to become [eɪ ~ ɛː].
• The diphthong /aʊ/ and the sequence /aʔu/ have a tendency to become [oʊ ~ ɔː].
• /e/ or /i/ before s-consonant clusters have a tendency to become silent.

Consonants

• /k/ between vowels has a tendency to become [x] as in Spanish "José" or Arabic "Khadijah", whereas in the initial position it has a tendency to become [kx].
• Intervocalic /ɡ/ and /k/ tend to become [ɰ] (see preceding), as in Arabic "ghair".
• /ɾ/ and /d/ are sometimes interchangeable as /ɾ/ and /d/ were once allophones in Tagalog.
• A glottal stop that occurs at the end of a word is often omitted when it is in the middle of a sentence, especially in the Metro Manila area. The vowel it follows is then usually lengthened. However, it is preserved in many other dialects.
• /o/ tends to become [ɔ] in stressed positions.
• /nij/, /sij/, /tij/, and /dij/ may be pronounced [nj ~ nij], [sj ~ sij], [tj ~ tij] and [dj ~ dij], respectively, especially in everyday vernacular.
• /ts/ may be pronounced [ts], especially in but not limited to rural areas.
• /n/ and /ŋ/ can be in free variation in the end of the word.
• /ɾ/ can be pronounced [r].
• /b/ can be pronounced [ɓ].

Historical changes

Tagalog differs from its Central Philippine counterparts with its treatment of the Proto-Philippine schwa vowel *ə. In Bikol & Visayan, this sound merged with /u/ and [o]. In Tagalog, it has merged with /i/. For example, Proto-Philippine *dəkət (adhere, stick) is Tagalog dikít and Visayan & Bikol dukot.

Proto-Philippine *r, *j, and *z merged with /d/ but is /l/ between vowels. Proto-Philippine *nɡajan (name) and *hajək (kiss) became Tagalog ngalan and halík.

Proto-Philippine *R merged with /ɡ/. *tubiR (water) and *zuRuʔ (blood) became Tagalog tubig and dugô.

Grammar

Further information: [[:Tagalog grammar]]

Writing system

Baybayin

Main article: Baybayin

Tagalog was written in an abugida, or alphasyllabary, called Baybayin prior to the Spanish colonial period in the Philippines, in the 16th century. This particular writing system was composed of symbols representing three vowels and 14 consonants. Belonging to the Brahmic family of scripts, it shares similarities with the Old Kawi script of Java and is believed to be descended from the script used by the Bugis in Sulawesi.

Although it enjoyed a relatively high level of literacy, Baybayin gradually fell into disuse in favor of the Latin alphabet taught by the Spaniards during their rule.

There has been confusion of how to use Baybayin, which is actually an abugida, or an alphasyllabary, rather than an alphabet. Not every letter in the Latin alphabet is represented with one of those in the Baybayin alphasyllabary. Rather than letters being put together to make sounds as in Western languages, Baybayin uses symbols to represent syllables.

A "kudlit" resembling an apostrophe is used above or below a symbol to change the vowel sound after its consonant. If the kudlit is used above, the vowel is an "E" or "I" sound. If the kudlit is used below, the vowel is an "O" or "U" sound. A special kudlit was later added by Spanish missionaries in which a cross placed below the symbol to get rid of the vowel sound all together, leaving a consonant. Previously, the final vowel was just left out, leaving the reader to use context to determine the final vowels.

Example:

Baybayin is encoded in Unicode version 3.2 in the range 1700-171F under the name "Tagalog".

Latin alphabet

Main article: Abakada

Until the first half of the 20th century, Tagalog was widely written in a variety of ways based on Spanish orthography. When the national language was based on Tagalog, grammarian Lope K. Santos introduced a new alphabet consisting of 20 letters called ABAKADA in school grammar books called balarilà:

A B K D E G H I L M N Ng O P R S T U W Y.

In 1987 the department of Education, Culture and Sports issued a memo stating that the Philippine alphabet had changed from the Pilipino-Tagalog Abakada version to a new 28-letter alphabet:

A B C D E F G H I J K L M N Ñ Ng O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z

to make room for loans, especially family names from Spanish and English.

ng and mga

See also: ng (digraph)

The genitive marker ng and the plural marker mga are abbreviations that are pronounced nang [naŋ] and mangá [mɐˈŋa]. Ng, in most cases, roughly translates to "of" (ex. Siya ay kapatid ng nanay ko. She is the sibling of my mother) while nang usually means "when" or can describe how something is done or to what extent, among other uses. Mga (pronounced as "muh-NGA") denotes plurality as adding an s, es, or ies does in English (ex. Iyan ang mga damit ko. (Those are my clothes)).

• Nang si Hudas ay madulas. - When Judas slipped.

• Gumising nang maaga siya. - He woke up early.

• Gumaling nang todo si Juan dahil nagensayo siya. - Juan improved greatly because he practiced.

In the first example, nang is used in lieu of the word noong (when; Noong si Hudas ay madulas). In the second, nang describes that the person woke up (gumising) early (maaga); gumising nang maaga. In the third, nang described up to what extent that Juan improved (gumaling), which is "greatly" (nang todo). In the latter two examples, the ligature na and its variants -ng and -g may also be used (Gumising na maaga/Maagang gumising; Gumaling na todo/Todong gumaling).

The longer nang may also have other uses, such as a ligature that joins a repeated word:

• Sumalita nang sumalita sila. - They kept talking and talking.

Vocabulary and borrowed words

Spanish is the language that has bequeathed the most loan words to Tagalog. According to linguists, Spanish (5,000) has even surpassed Malayo-Indonesian (3,500) in terms of loan words borrowed. About 40% of everyday (informal) Tagalog conversation is practically made up of Spanish loanwords.

Tagalog vocabulary is composed mostly of words of Austronesian origin with borrowings from Japanese, Tamil, Sanskrit, Min Nan Chinese (also known as Hokkien), Javanese, Malay, Arabic, Persian, Kapampangan, languages spoken on Luzon, and others, especially other Austronesian languages.

Due to trade with Mexico via the Manila galleon from the 16th to the 19th centuries, many words from Nahuatl, a language spoken by Native Americans in Mexico, were introduced to Tagalog.

English has borrowed some words from Tagalog, such as abaca, adobo, aggrupation, barong, balisong, boondocks, jeepney, Manila hemp, pancit, ylang ylang, and yaya, although the vast majority of these borrowed words are only used in the Philippines as part of the vocabularies of Philippine English.

Tagalog words of foreign origin chart

Main article: List of Tagalog loanwords

For the Min Nan Chinese borrowings, the parentheses indicate the equivalent in standard Chinese.

Tagalog	meaning	language of origin	original spelling
kumustá	how are you? (general greeting)	Spanish	cómo está
kabayo	horse	Spanish	caballo
silya	chair	Spanish	silla
kotse	car	Spanish	coche
reló	wristwatch	Spanish	reloj
litrato	picture	Spanish	retrato
tsismis (chis-mis)	gossip	Spanish	chismes
Ingglés	English	Spanish	inglés
tsinelas (si-ne-las)	slippers	Spanish	chinelas
karne	meat	Spanish	carne
sapatos	shoes	Spanish	zapatos
arina/harina	flour	Spanish	harina
bisikleta	bicycle	Spanish	bicicleta
baryo	village	Spanish	barrio
swerte	luck	Spanish	suerte
piyesta/pista	feast	Spanish	fiesta
garáhe	garage	Spanish	garaje
ahente	agent/salesman	Spanish	agente
ensaymada (en-se-ma-da)	a kind of pastry	Catalan	ensaïmada
kamote	sweet potato	Nahuatl	camotli
sayote (sa-yo-te)	chayote, choko	Nahuatl	hitzayotli
sili	chili pepper	Nahuatl	chili
tsokolate (cho-co-la-te)	chocolate	Nahuatl	cocolatl
tiangge	market	Nahuatl	tianquiztli
sapote	chico (fruit)	Nahuatl	tzapotl
nars	nurse	English	nurse
bolpen	ballpoint pen	English	ballpen
bwisit	annoyance, expletive	English	bullshit
pulis	police	English	police
suspek	suspect	English	suspect
tráysikel	tricycle	English	tricycle
lumpia (/lum·pyâ/)	spring roll	Min Nan Chinese	潤餅 (春捲)
siopao (/syó·paw/)	steamed buns	Min Nan Chinese	燒包 (肉包)
pansít (/pan·set/)	noodles	Min Nan Chinese	扁食 (麵)
susì (su-se)	key	Min Nan Chinese	鎖匙
kuya (see Philippine kinship)	older brother	Min Nan Chinese	哥亞 (哥仔)
ate (/ah·te/) (see Philippine kinship)	older sister	Min Nan Chinese	亞姐 (阿姐)
bakyâ	wooden shoes	Min Nan Chinese	木履
hikaw	earrings	Min Nan Chinese	耳鈎 (耳環)
kanan	right	Malay	kanan
tulong	help	Malay	tolong
sakit	sick, pain	Malay	sakit
pulo	island	Malay	pulau
anak	child,son&daughter	Malay	anak
pinto	door	Malay	pintu
tanghalì	afternoon	Malay	tengah hari
dalamhatì	grief	Malay	dalam + hati
luwalhatì	glory	Malay	luar + hati
duryán	durian	Malay	durian
rambután	rambutan	Malay	rambutan
batík	spot	Malay	batik
saráp	delicious	Malay	sedap
asa	hope	Sanskrit	आशा
salitâ	speak	Sanskrit	चरितँ (cerita)
balità	news	Sanskrit	वार्ता (berita)
karma	karma	Sanskrit	कर्म
alak	liquor	Persian	عرق (arak)
manggá	mango	Tamil	மாங்காய்(mángáy)
bagay	thing	Tamil	வகை(vagai)
hukóm	judge	Arabic	حكم
salamat	thanks	Arabic	سلامة
bakit	why	Kapampangan	obakit
akyát	climb/step up	Kapampangan	ukyát/mukyat
at	and	Kapampangan	at
bundók	mountain	Kapampangan	bunduk
huwág	don't	pangasinan	ag
aso	dog	South Cordilleran or Ilocano	aso
tayo	we (inc.)	South Cordilleran or Ilocano	tayo
ito,nito	it.	pangasinan	to

Austronesian comparison chart

Below is a chart of Tagalog and twenty other Austronesian languages comparing thirteen words; the first thirteen languages are spoken in the Philippines and the other seven are spoken in Indonesia, East Timor, New Zealand, Hawaii, and Madagascar.

English	one	two	three	four	person	house	dog	coconut	day	new	we	what	fire
Tagalog	isa	dalawa	tatlo	apat	tao	bahay	aso	niyog	araw	bago	tayo	ano	apoy
Bikol	saro	duwa	tulo	apat	tawo	harong	ayam	niyog	aldaw	ba-go	kita	ano	kalayo
Cebuano	usa	duha	tulo	upat	tawo	balay	iro	lubi	adlaw	bag-o	kita	unsa	kalayo
Waray	usa	duha	tulo	upat	tawo	balay	ayam	lubi	adlaw	bag-o	kita	ano	kalayo
Tausug	hambuuk	duwa	tu	upat	tau	bay	iru'	niyug	adlaw	ba-gu	kitaniyu	unu	kayu
Kinaray-a	sara	darwa	tatlo	apat	taho	balay	ayam	niyog	adlaw	bag-o	kita, taten	ano	kalayo
Maranao	isa	dowa	t'lo	phat	taw	walay	aso	neyog	gawi'e	bago	tano	tonaa	apoy
Kapampangan	metung	adwa	atlu	apat	tau	bale	asu	ngungut	aldo	bayu	ikatamu	nanu	api
Pangasinan	sakey	dua, duara	talo, talora	apat, apatira	too	abong	aso	niyog	ageo	balo	sikatayo	anto	pool
Ilokano	maysa	dua	tallo	uppat	tao	balay	aso	niog	aldaw	baro	datayo	ania	apoy
Ivatan	asa	dadowa	tatdo	apat	tao	vahay	chito	niyoy	araw	va-yo	yaten	ango	apoy
Ibanag	tadday	dua	tallu	appa'	tolay	balay	kitu	niuk	aggaw	bagu	sittam	anni	afi
Gaddang	antet	addwa	tallo	appat	tolay	balay	atu	ayog	aw	bawu	ikkanetam	sanenay	afuy
Tboli	sotu	lewu	tlu	fat	tau	gunu	ohu	lefo	kdaw	lomi	tekuy	tedu	ofih
Indonesian	satu	dua	tiga	empat	orang	rumah/balai	anjing	kelapa/nyiur	hari	baru	kita	apa/anu	api
Buginese	sedi	dua	tellu	eppa	tau	bola	asu	kaluku	esso	baru	idi	aga	api
Bataknese	sada	dua	tolu	opat	halak	jabu	biang	harambiri	ari	baru	hita	aha	api
Tetum	ida	rua	tolu	haat	ema	uma	asu	nuu	loron	foun	ita	saida	ahi
Maori	tahi	rua	toru	wha	koiwi	whare	kuri	kokonati	ra	hou	taua	aha	ahi
Hawaiian	kahi	lua	kolu	hā	kanaka	hale	'īlio	niu	ao	hou	kākou	aha	ahi
Malagasy	isa	roa	telo	efatra	olona	trano	alika	voanio	andro	vaovao	isika	inona	afo

Contribution to other languages

Tagalog itself has contributed a few words into English.

• boondocks: meaning "rural" or "back country," was imported by American soldiers stationed in the Philippines following the Spanish American War as a mispronounced version of the Tagalog bundok, which means "mountain."
• cogon: a type of grass, used for thatching. This word came from the Tagalog word kugon (a species of tall grass).
• ylang-ylang: a type of flower known for its fragrance.
• Abaca: a type of hemp fiber made from a plant in the banana family, from abaká.
• Manila hemp: a light brown cardboard material used for folders and paper usually made from abaca hemp.
• Capiz: also known as window oyster, is used to make windows.

Yo-yo is reportedly a Tagalog word; however, no such word exists in Tagalog.

Tagalog has contributed several words to Philippine Spanish, like barangay (from balan͠gay, meaning barrio), the abacá, cogon, palay, etc.

Religious literature

Religious Literature remains to be one of the most dynamic contributors to Tagalog literature. In 1970, the Philippine Bible Society translated the Bible into Tagalog, the first full translation to any of the Philippine languages. Even before the Second Vatican Council, devotional materials in Tagalog had been circulating. At present, there are three circulating Tagalog translations of the Holy Bible—the Magandang Balita Biblia (a parallel translation of the Good News Bible), which is the ecumenical version; the Ang Biblia, which is a more Protestant version published in 1909; and the Bagong Sinlibutang Salin ng Banal na Kasulatan, one of about sixty parallel translations of the New World Translation of the Holy Scriptures published by Jehovah's Witnesses. The latter was released in the year 2000. Jehovah's Witnesses previously published a hybrid translation: Ang Biblia was used for the Old Testament, while the Bagong Sinlibutang Salin was used for the New Testament.

When the Second Vatican Council, (specifically the Sacrosanctum Concilium) permitted the universal prayers to be translated into vernacular languages, the Catholic Bishops' Conference of the Philippines was one of the first to translate the Roman Missal into Tagalog. In fact, the Roman Missal in Tagalog was published as early as 1982, while not published in English until 1985.

Jehovah's Witnesses were printing Tagalog literature at least as early as 1941 and The Watchtower (the primary magazine of Jehovah's Witnesses) has been published in Tagalog since at least the 1960s. New releases are now regularly released simultaneously in a number of languages, including Tagalog. The official website of Jehovah's Witnesses also has some publications available online in Tagalog. [1]

Tagalog is quite a stable language, and very few revisions have been made to Catholic Bible translations. Also, as Protestantism in the Philippines is relatively young, liturgical prayers tend to be more ecumenical.

Examples

The Lord's Prayer (Ama Namin)

Ama namin, sumasalangit Ka,

Sambahin ang ngalan Mo.

Mapasaamin ang kaharian Mo.

Sundin ang loob Mo

Dito sa lupa, para nang sa langit.

Bigyan Mo kami ngayon ng aming kakanin sa araw araw.

At patawarin Mo kami sa aming mga sala,

Para nang pagpapatawad namin

Sa mga nagkakasala sa amin.

At huwag Mo kaming ipahintulot sa tukso,

At iadya Mo kami sa lahat ng masama.

Sapagkat Iyo ang kaharian, at kapangyarihan,

At ang kadakilaan, magpakailanman.

Amen.

Universal Declaration of Human Rights

Isinilang na malaya at pantay-pantay sa karangalan at mga karapatan ang lahat ng tao. Pinagkalooban sila ng katwiran at budhi at dapat magpalagayan ang isa't isa sa diwa ng pagkakapatiran.

(Every person is born free and equal with honor and rights. They are given reason and conscience and they must always trust each other for the spirit of brotherhood.)

Numbers

	Cardinal	Ordinal
1	isá / uno	una
2	dalawá / dos	pangalawá / ikalawa
3	tatló / tres	pangatló / ikatlo
4	apat/cuatro	pang-apat / ika-apat
5	limá	panlimá / ikalima
6	anim	pang-anim / ika-anim
7	pitó	pampitó / ikapito
8	waló	pangwaló / ikawalo
9	siyám	pansiyám / ikasiyam
10	sampû	pansampû / ikasampu
11	labíng-isá / onse (Spanish numbers are commonly used above 10)	panlabíng-isá / pang-onse / ikalabing-isa
12	labindalawá / dose	panlabindalawá / pandose / ikalabindalawa
20	dalawampu / bente	pandalawampu/ pambente / ikadalawampu
50	limampu / singkwenta
100	(i)sán(g)daán / syento	pan(g)-(i)sán(g)daán / pansyento / ika-(i)san(g)-daan
200	dalawáng daán / dos syentos	pandalawang daan / ikadalawang-daan
400	apat na raán / kwatro syentos	pang-apat na raán/ ika-apat na raán
600	anim na raán / saís syentos
1,000	isáng libo (sanlibo) / mil
2,000	dalawáng libo / dos mil
10,000	(i)san(g)laksa / sampung libo / dyes mil
100,000	(i)sangyuta / (i)sán(g)daáng libo / syento mil
1,000,000	isáng milyón
2,000,000	dalawáng milyón
10,000,000	sampung milyón
100,000,000	(i)sán(g)daáng milyon

Common phrases

• Filipino: Pilipino [ˌpiːliˈpiːno]
• English: Ingglés [ʔɪŋˈɡlɛs]
• Tagalog: Tagalog [tɐˈɡaːloɡ]
• What is your name?: Anó ang pangalan ninyo? (plural) [ɐˈno aŋ pɐˈŋaːlan nɪnˈjo], Anó ang pangalan mo?(singular) [ɐˈno aŋ pɐˈŋaːlan mo]
• How are you?: kumustá [kʊmʊsˈta]
• Good morning!: Magandáng umaga! [mɐɡɐnˈdaŋ uˈmaːɡa]
• Good noontime! (from 11 a.m. to 1 p.m.): Magandáng tanghali! [mɐɡɐnˈdaŋ taŋˈhaːlɛ]
• Good afternoon! (from 1 p.m. to 6:00 p.m.): Magandáng hapon! [mɐɡɐnˈdaŋ ˈhaːpon]
• Good evening!: Magandáng gabí! [mɐɡɐnˈdaŋ ɡɐˈbɛ]
• Good-bye: paálam [pɐˈʔaːlam] (literal - "with your blessing")
• Please: Depending on the nature of the verb, either pakí- [pɐˈki] or makí- [mɐˈki] is attached as a prefix to a verb. ngâ [ŋaʔ] is optionally added after the verb to increase politeness.
• Thank you: salamat [sɐˈlaːmat]
• That one: iyan [ʔiˈjan]
• How much?: magkano? [mɐɡˈkaːno]
• Yes: oo [ˈoːʔo]
• No: hindî [hɪnˈdɛʔ]
• Sorry: pasensya pô (literally - "patience") or paumanhin po [pɐˈsɛːnʃa poʔ] patawad po [pɐtaːwad poʔ] (literally - "forgiveness")
• Because: kasí [kɐˈsɛ]
• Hurry!: Dalí! [dɐˈli], Bilís! [bɪˈlis]
• Again: mulí [muˈli] , ulít [ʊˈlɛt]
• I don't understand: Hindî ko maintindihan [hɪnˈdiː ko mɐʔɪnˌtɪndiˈhan]
• Where's the bathroom?: Nasaán ang banyo? [ˌnaːsɐˈʔan ʔaŋ ˈbaːnjo]
• Generic toast: Mabuhay! [mɐˈbuːhaɪ] [literally - "long live"]
• Do you speak English? Marunong ka bang magsalitâ ng Ingglés? [mɐˈɾuːnoŋ ka baŋ mɐɡsaliˈtaː naŋ ʔɪŋˈɡlɛs]
• It is fun to live. Masaya ang mabuhay! [mɐˈsaˈja ʔaŋ mɐˈbuːhaɪ]
• Magasawa sina Renz at Lalaine. "Renz and Lalaine are married"
• Tao ba si Richard Relloso? "Is Richard Relloso human?"
• Si Clarisse ay mahilig kumain. "Clarisse loves to eat"

Proverbs

Ang hindî marunong lumingón sa pinanggalingan ay hindî makaráratíng sa paroroonan. (José Rizal)
He who does not look back to his origin will never reach his destination.

Ang hindî magmahál sa kanyang sariling wika ay mahigít pa sa hayop at malansang isdâ. (José Rizal)
One who does not love his own language is worse than an animal and a putrid fish.

Hulí man daw at magalíng, nakákahábol pa rin. (Hulí man raw at magalíng, nakákahábol pa rin.)
It was said that even if he is late and excellent, he still catches up.

Magbirô ka na sa lasíng, huwág lang sa bagong gising.
Make fun of a drunk person, not to one who just woke up.

Ang sakít ng kalingkingan, ramdám ng buong katawán.
The pain of a small finger is felt by the whole body.

Nasa hulí ang pagsisisi.
Regret is in the end.

Pagkáhába-haba man ng prusisyón, sa simbahan pa rin ang tulóy.
Even the procession is long, its ending is the church.

Kung dî mádaán sa santong dasalan, daanin sa santong paspasan.
If it cannot be done through holy prayer, do it through holy speeding.

See also

• Filipino language
• Commission on the Filipino Language

External links

• Tagalog Pocketbooks
• Tagalog dictionary
• Tagalog: A Brief Look at the National Language
• Searchable version of Calderon's English-Spanish-Tagalog dictionary.
• Calderon's English-Spanish-Tagalog dictionary for cell phone and PDA
• KalyeSpeak - Free Filipino Language Lessons Audio samples and Filipino lessons
• Tagalog-Sugbuanon Translator, an English to dialects of Tagalog and Sugbuanon languages Translator
• A Handbook and Grammar of the Tagalog Language by W.E.W. MacKinlay, 1905.
• Tagalog Translator Online Online dictionary for translating Tagalog from/to English, including expressions and latest headlines regarding the Philippines.