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Japan Airlines
日本航空
Nihon Kōkū
IATA ICAO Call sign
JL JAL JAPAN AIR
FoundedAugust 1, 1951
Commenced operationsOctober 25, 1951
Hubs
Secondary hubs
Focus cities
Frequent-flyer programJAL Mileage Bank
Alliance
Subsidiaries
Fleet size195 (+57 orders, 20 options) incl. JAL Cargo
Destinations103 incl. JAL Cargo
Parent companyJapan Airlines Corporation
HeadquartersShinagawa, Tokyo, Japan
Key peopleHaruka Nishimatsu
(President and CEO)
Websitewww.jal.com
www.jal.co.jp/en/jalcargo

Japan Airlines International Co., Ltd. (JAL) (株式会社日本航空インターナショナル, Kabushiki-gaisha Nihon Kōkū Intānashonaru), is the flag carrier of Japan, with its headquarters in Shinagawa, Tokyo, Japan. The airline's main hubs are Tokyo's Narita International Airport and Tokyo International Airport, as well as Nagoya's Chūbu Centrair International Airport and Osaka's Kansai International Airport. The airline also operates fifth freedom flights from New York and Vancouver. The JAL Group's operations include scheduled and non-scheduled international and domestic passenger and cargo services to 220 destinations in 35 countries worldwide, including codeshares. The group has a fleet of 279 aircraft, consists of only Boeing aircraft for its long-haul operations; and Airbus, Boeing and McDonnell Douglas aircraft for its short-haul operations. In the fiscal year ended March 31, 2009, the airline group carrying over 52 million passengers and over 1.1 million tons of cargo and mail.

JAL was established on August 1, 1951 and began domestic operations on October 25 with a Northwest Airlines' Martin 2-0-2. On August 1, 1953, it became a state-owned airline of Japan and began its first international services with a Douglas DC-6B, named City of Tokyo, from Tokyo to San Francisco on February 2, 1954. After over three decades of service and expansion, the airline was fully privatized on November 18, 1987. In 2002, Japan Airlines merged with Japan Air System, Japan's third-largest airline and became the sixth largest airline in the world by passengers carried.

Japan Airlines' slogan is "Dream Skyward", and the JAL group include Japan Airlines for international and domestic services; JALways for international leisure services; JAL Express for international and domestic low-cost services; Hokkaido Air System, J-Air, Japan Air Commuter, Japan Transocean Air and Ryukyu Air Commuter for domestic feeder services; and JAL Cargo for cargo and mail services. Japan Airlines and four of its subsidiaries; including J-Air, JAL Express, JALways and Japan Transocean Air; are members of the Oneworld alliance.

History

Regulated era

A black and white photograph of a Martin 2-0-2 aircraft with six cabin crew standing in front of the aircraft
Japan Airlines Martin 2-0-2 Mokusei (もく星) on October 25, 1951

Japan Air Lines Co., Ltd. was established on August 1, 1951, with the Government of Japan recognizing the need for a reliable air transportation system to help Japan grow in the aftermath of the World War II. The airline was founded with an initial capital of ¥100 million; and its headquarters located in Ginza, Chūō, Tokyo. Between August 27 and August 29, the airline operated invitational flights on a Douglas DC-3 Kinsei, leased from Philippine Airlines. On October 25, Japan's first post-war domestic airline service was inaugurated, using a Martin 2-0-2 aircraft, named Mokusei, and crew leased from Northwest Airlines. On August 1, 1953, the Diet of Japan passed the Japan Air Lines Company Act (日本航空株式会社法, Nihon Kōkū Kabushiki-gaisha Hō), forming a new state-owned Japan Air Lines on October 1, which assumed all assets and liabilities of its private predecessor.[1][2][3][4] On February 2, 1954 the airline began its first international service, carrying 18 passengers from Tokyo to San Francisco. The flight was operated by a Douglas DC-6B named City of Tokyo, made stops at Wake Island and Honolulu before arriving in San Francisco.[1][4][5][6] To this day, the flights between Tokyo and San Francisco are still designated as Japan Airlines Flight 1 and 2, to commemorate its first international service.[7] The airline, in addition to the Douglas DC-3, Douglas DC-6B and Martin 2-0-2s, operated Douglas DC-4 and Douglas DC-7C during the 1950s.[1]

A black and white photograph of a Douglas DC-8 aircraft on the tarmac
JAL introduced its first jet aircraft, the Douglas DC-8, in 1960

In 1960, the airline received its first jet, a Douglas DC-8, and entered service to Seattle and Hong Kong. Soon after, it decided to re-equip the fleet, exclusively using jet aircraft. During the 1960s, many new international destinations were established, including London, Moscow, New York, Paris and Pusan.[1][8][9] By 1965, Japan Air Lines was headquartered in Marunouchi, Chiyoda, Tokyo.[10] In 1972, under the 45/47 system (45/47体制, yon'go-yonnana taisei), the so-called "aviation constitution" enacted by the Japanese government, JAL was granted flag carrier status to operate international routes. The airline was also designated to operate domestic trunk routes in competition with All Nippon Airways and Toa Domestic Airlines.[9] The signing of Civil Air Transport Agreement between the People's Republic of China and Japan on April 20, 1974, caused the suspension of air route between the Republic of China (Taiwan) and Japan on April 21. A new subsidiary, Japan Asia Airways, was established on August 8, 1975, and air services between the two countries were restored on September 15. During the 1970s, the airline bought the Boeing 727, Boeing 747, Convair 880 and McDonnell Douglas DC-10 to accommodate its growing routes within Japan and to other countries.[8][11]

Japan Prime Minister Noboru Takeshita and eleven others deplanes on steps in red colour, from a Japan Air Lines DC-10 marked with an Offical Airline for Expo '90 Osaka, Japan logo and text
Japan Prime Minister Noboru Takeshita deplanes from a JAL McDonnell Douglas DC-10 while on a state visit to the United States in 1989

In the 1980s, the airline performed special flights for the Crown Prince Akihito and Crown Princess Michiko of Japan, Pope John Paul II and for Japanese prime ministers, until the introduction of the dedicated government aircraft using two Boeing 747-400, operated as Japanese Air Force One and Japanese Air Force Two. During that decade the airline introduced new Boeing 747-100SR, Boeing 747-SUD and Boeing 767 jets to the fleet, and retired the Boeing 727s and Douglas DC-8s.[12]

By 1965, over half of the JAL's revenue was being generated by transpacific routes to the United States, and the airline was further lobbying the United States for fifth freedom rights to fly transatlantic routes from the East Coast.[13] In 1978 and 1984, JAL started flights to São Paulo and Rio de Janeiro, respectively, via Anchorage and San Juan; the stopover was changed to Los Angeles in the 1980s-1990s, and then to New York's John F. Kennedy International Airport in 1999.[14] Through 2009, the airline operates fifth freedom flights between New York and São Paulo; and between Vancouver and Mexico City.[15]

Deregulated era

Japan began considering airline deregulation in the late 1970s, with the government announcing the abandoning of the 45/47 system in 1985.[16] In 1987, Japan Airlines was completely privatized, and the other two airlines in Japan, All Nippon Airways (ANA) and Japan Air System (JAS), were permitted to freely compete with JAL on domestic and international routes. Increased competition resulted in changes to the airline's corporate structure and was reorganized into three divisions: international passenger service, domestic passenger service, and cargo (including mail) service, and increased marketing efforts were realized.[9][12]

A McDonnell Douglas DC-10 aircraft taxiing on the tarmac, with a yellow grass strip in the foreground and a mountain and seaview in the background
JAL McDonnell Douglas DC-10 in 1989-2002 livery

Japan Airlines began the 1990s with flights to help evacuate Japanese citizens from Iraq before the start of the Gulf War. In October 1990, Japan Air Charter was established,[12] and in September 1996 an agreement with The Walt Disney Company was announced, making Japan Airlines the official airline of Tokyo Disneyland. JAL Express was established in April 1997, with Boeing 737 aircraft.[17] In the 1990s the airline further encounter economic difficulties stemming from recessions in the United States and United Kingdom, plus a domestic downturn. Following years of continuous profit since 1986, the airline began to post operating losses in 1992. Cost-cutting initiatives, including the formation of the low-cost JAL Express domestic subsidiary and the transfer of tourist operations to JALways (the successor to Japan Air Charter), helped return the airline to profitability in 1999.[9]

In 1997, the airline flew Japanese prime minister Ryutaro Hashimoto to Peru to help negotiate in the Japanese embassy hostage crisis. Japan Airlines further placed orders for Boeing 777s during the 1990s, allowing for fleet renewal. It was one of eight airlines which participated in the Boeing 777 design process, shaping the resulting design to their specifications.[18]

JAS merger

An Airbus A300-600R in the air during take-off
A Japan Air System (JAS) Airbus A300-600R with JAL logo on the fuselage

In 2001, Japan Air System and Japan Airlines agreed to merge; and on October 2, 2002, they established a new holding company called Japan Airlines System (日本航空システム, Nihon Kōkū Shisutemu), forming a new core of the JAL Group. Aircraft liveries were changed to match the design of the new JAL Group. At that time the merged group of airlines was the sixth largest in the world by passengers carried.[19]

On April 1, 2004, JAL changed its name to Japan Airlines International and JAS changed its name to Japan Airlines Domestic. JAS flight codes were changed to JAL flight codes, JAS check-in desks were refitted in JAL livery and JAS aircraft were gradually repainted. On June 26, 2004, the parent company Japan Airlines System was renamed to Japan Airlines Corporation.[20][21]

Following the merger, two companies operated under the JAL brand: Japan Airlines International (日本航空インターナショナル, Nihon Kōkū Intānashonaru) and Japan Airlines Domestic (日本航空ジャパン, Nihon Kōkū Japan). Japan Airlines Domestic had primary responsibility for JAL's large network of intra-Japan flights, while JAL International operated both international and trunk domestic flights. On October 1, 2006, Japan Airlines International and Japan Airlines Domestic merged into a single brand, Japan Airlines International.[20][22]

Recent developments

The airline announced its decision to apply to join the Oneworld alliance on October 25, 2005. The decision was in line with its corporate policy to always think and act from the customer's point of view. Since both parties share the same purpose and objectives, the Oneworld membership would be in the best interests of the airline's plans to further develop the airline and its strong commitment to provide the very best to its customers.[23] Japan Airlines, together with Malév and Royal Jordanian, joined the alliance on April 1, 2007.[24]

A Boeing 787 aircraft in mid air, above a layer of clouds
JAL has placed orders for 35 Boeing 787 jetliners

On April 1, 2008, JAL officially merged its former subsidiary Japan Asia Airways (JAA) into the mainline Japan Airlines. JAA exclusively flew to Taiwan between 1975 and 2008 due to the political status of Taiwan, after which JAL assumed the operations of its former subsidiary.[25] In the 2008 fiscal year, ended March 31, 2009, the JAL Group's operations include scheduled and non-scheduled international and domestic passenger and cargo services to 220 destinations in 35 countries worldwide, including codeshares; with a fleet of 279 aircraft, consists of mostly Boeing aircraft. In addition, the airline group carrying 52.9 million passengers and 1.2 million tons of cargo and mail.[26]

Partner airline negotiations

On September 11, 2009, it was reported that JAL is seriously considering allowing Delta Air Lines to become a majority shareholder. Delta Air Lines is part of SkyTeam alliance, which is a rival to JAL's Oneworld.[27] In addition, it was reported that JAL are also in talks with Air France-KLM and its Oneworld partner, American Airlines for equity investments in the airline.[28] The airline is already set on cutting 5,000 jobs as part of its restructure plan.[29]

On September 12, 2009, Oneworld partner American Airlines' parent company, AMR Corporation also announced that they were looking into buying some of Japan Airlines.[30] The Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism is however in support of the Delta deal because Delta has an extensive global network, including the Asian region after Delta merged with Northwest Airlines, which is currently the largest foreign operator to operate flights to/from Japan.[31] The MLIT has also put Air France-KLM into recommendation because they (along with Delta) have been viewed as a "healthier company" compared to AA.[32] Korean Air, also a SkyTeam member and one of JAL's codeshare partners, is also talking with JAL in this issue, which may further lead JAL into SkyTeam.[33]

On September 18, 2009, it is reported that American Airlines plans to team up with other Oneworld alliance members to recapitalise JAL. Reuters reports that executives from American Airlines, British Airways and Qantas met with executives at JAL to introduce plans of a joint offer.[34] Also, a British Airways spokesman said that the airline is attempting to persuade JAL to remain part of Oneworld rather than teaming up with Skyteam's Delta Air Lines.[35]

On October 21, 2009, Gerard Arpey, the CEO of American Airlines, said the airline and its Oneworld Alliance of global airlines remains committed to a partnership with Japan Airlines, as long as the carrier remains a major international carrier.[36]

Non-partner airline proposal

In October 2009, Japan's Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism also expressed an interest in merging JAL with ANA, which would create a gigantic international airline and replace Japan Airlines International.[37]

Corporate affairs and identity

A modern multi-storey building in blue and grey colour, with Japan Airlines' "JAL" logo on the top right, there are blue sky on the background and a highway bridge in the foreground
Japan Airlines headquarters in Shinagawa, Tokyo

Organization

In addition to its operations under the JAL name, the airline owns six domestic airlines which feed or supplement mainline JAL flights:[38]

JALways is the airline's international subsidiary, which handles low-yield flights to resort destinations in Hawaii, Oceania and Southeast Asia.[38]

JALUX Inc., established in 1962, is the airline's procurement business which handles various work for the company, including the JAL SELECTION merchandise and in-flight meals and refreshments; supplies for Blue Sky and JAL-DFS shops; aircraft fuel components, cabin services and in-flight duty-free. JALUX merged with JAS Trading on January 1, 2004, to unify support operations for the JAL group.[39][40][41]

A McDonnell Douglas MD-81 aircraft taxiing on the tarmac, with a grey looking seaview on the background
A Japan Airlines McDonnell-Douglas MD-81 in current "Arc of the Sun" livery and with a Unicef logo

JAL Cargo is the brand of the airline group's freight service and is a member of the WOW cargo alliance with the following products, J Speed, General Cargo and Dangerous Goods.[42] In the fiscal year ended March 31, 2009, the Cargo division carried 500,779 tonnes of freight domestically and 627,213 tonnes of freight internationally.[43]

Livery

A Boeing 777-300 aircraft with special Oneworld livery taxiing from the tarmac onto the taxiway, with a mountain view on the background
JAL Boeing 777-300 (JA8941) with special Oneworld livery in 2007

The JAL livery is called the "Arc of the Sun." The livery features the motif of a rising sun on a creamy parchment colored background.[44] The last flight in the old tsurumaru livery took place on May 31, 2008.[45] JAL is a strong supporter of UNICEF and expresses its support by having a "We Support UNICEF" logo on each aircraft.[46]

JAL is known for adopting special liveries. A Boeing 747 (JA8908) carries an Adidas soccer livery in 2002.[47] Another Boeing 747 (JA8907) is the Matsui Jet, featuring the famous Japanese baseball player Hideki Matsui in 2003.[48] The airline's Boeing 767-300 (JA8253) is the Expo 2005 aircraft.[49] Various aircraft in the JAL fleet carry a Yokoso Japan logo supporting the Visit Japan campaign.[50] During late 2005, Japan Airlines began using a Boeing 777 (JA8941), featuring Japanese actor Shingo Katori on one side, and television series Saiyuki, along with its main character "Goku" on the other side.[51]

A Boeing 737-400 aircraft painted in Japan Transocean Air livery, travelling along the runway during take-off, with a clear green grass strip in the foreground and a blue sea view in the background
JAL Boeing 737-400 operated by subsidiary JTA

JAL is also known for its liveries featuring Tokyo Disneyland and Tokyo DisneySea, as it is the official airline of the Tokyo Disney Resort. They sponsor the attraction Star Jets (not related to past Star Jets fleet with the old tsurumaru livery), which feature a variation of the current livery on the ride vehicles. At one time there were more than six widebody aircraft painted with the special liveries.[52][53]

A Boeing 777-200 aircraft in mid air during take-off, with the view of Itami Airport in the background
JAL Eco Jet

JALways, whose fleet is entirely made of Boeing 747 aircraft, has painted all of its aircraft with tropical-influenced liveries along with Reso'cha titles.[54] These aircraft are used on charter flights to holiday destinations in the Pacific,[9] such as Hawaii. Reso'cha is a marketing abbreviation for Resort Charter. Reso'cha planes were formerly known as JAL Super Resort Express.[55]

In April 2007, JAL debuted a Boeing 777-300 (JA8941) with a special Oneworld livery to promote the airlines's entry to the global airline alliance.[56] Previously this aircraft carried a livery that featured Shingo Katori and the Saiyuki television series.[51] In 2008, JAL repainted a single Boeing 777-200 to have a green rather than red arc on its tail, along with a green origami airplane on the fuselage, and named it the "Eco Jet", to highlight the company's efforts to reduce the environmental impact of commercial aviation.[57] In 2009, JAL repainted JA8941 again, as well as a JTA 737-400 (JA8933) to promote Kobukuro and their new album Calling as well as a live concert tour in Okinawa and around Japan. This livery was released officially on July 30, 2009.[58][59][60]

A red-crowned crane with white lettering JAL on the body
JAL logo at time of foundation (1951-1989)

The original Japan Airlines logo consisted of the letters JAL stretched out to form wings. This was replaced in 1960 with the airline's long-running tsurumaru logo, featuring a Japanese red-crowned crane. The tsurumaru logo was designed in 1959, in time for the debut of the airline's first Douglas DC-8 jet aircraft the following year. The first such jet, named Fuji, was used on the airline's transpacific international flights.[61] The tsurumaru logo was utilized for four decades, until Japan Airlines began replacing it 2002 with the "Arc of the Sun" livery.[44]

JAL in black letter with a red square and grey rectangler box on the lower right
1990s JAL logo (1989-2002)

From 1989, Japan Airlines adopted a new livery featuring the acronym JAL displayed prominently on the fuselage, displacing the previous "Japan Air Lines" lettering. Created by Landor Associates, the redesigned color scheme retained the tsurumaru logo on the tail, but added a second JAL logo which incorporated the new livery's red and gray fuselage cheatline. This logo was used on most JAL signage and advertisements until it was replaced in 2002.[62]

Japan Airlines replaced both logos with the debut of the "Arc of the Sun" livery developed for the 2002 merger with Japan Air System. The acronym logo is now used on the aircraft fuselage and in signage and advertisements.[44]

Destinations

The inside view of an airport terminal building
JAL check-in counters at Kansai International Airport
Further information: [[:Japan Airlines destinations]]

Japan Airlines, together with its subsidiaries, serves 161 international destinations in Asia, the Americas, Europe and Oceania, including codeshares. The airline's international hubs are Tokyo's Narita International Airport, Tokyo International Airport in Haneda, Osaka's Kansai International Airport and Osaka International Airport in Itami. The airline group also serves 59 domestic destinations within Japan.[63]

In the fiscal year ended March 31, 2009, the airline introduced or increased services on ten international routes, including between Tokyo (Narita) and New York, and between Osaka (Kansai) and Shanghai; and it ceased operations on four international routes, including between Tokyo (Narita) and Xi'an, and between Osaka (Kansai) and Qingdao. Domestically, JAL suspended 14 routes, including between Sapporo and Okinawa. Additionally, the airline expanded codesharing alliance with fellow Oneworld partners, British Airways and Finnair, and other airlines, including Air France, China Eastern and Jetstar.[64]

Fleet

Passenger

A Boeing 747-400 aircraft in mid air, with blue sky in the background
JAL Boeing 747-400
A Boeing 747-400D aircraft in mid air during landing with the view of the taxiway on the foreground and the sea and sky on the background
JAL Boeing 747-400D
A under-carriage view of a Boeing 777-200 aircraft in mid air, with blue sky in the background
JAL Boeing 777-200
A Boeing 777-300ER aircraft in mid air, with blue sky in the background
JAL Boeing 777-300ER

Japan Airlines operates 185 passenger planes with a mixture narrow- and wide-body aircraft. The airline operates with three classes of service (First, class J and Economy); two classes of service (class J and Economy); and one class of service (Economy) domestically within Japan. Internationally, it operates with four classes of service (First, Executive, Premium Economy and Economy); two varieties of three classes of service (First, Executive and Economy) or (Executive, Premium Economy and Economy); and two classes of service (Executive and Economy).[65][66][67]

Japan Airlines passenger fleet (as of 17 August 2009)
Aircraft Total[65] Orders Options Passengers[66][67] Note
F J W Y Total
Airbus A300-600R 22 — — 0 34 0 256 290 Domestic
Boeing 737-800 13 14[68] — 0 20 0 145 165 Domestic
0 12 0 132 144 International
Boeing 747-400 29 — — 11 91 0 201 303 International
11 77 0 235 323
12 77 0 235 324
12 43 0 323 378
12 69 0 301 382
0 55 0 392 447
0 74 0 338 412
Boeing 747-400D 8 — — 0 80 0 466 546 Domestic
Boeing 767-200 3 — — 0 16 0 191 207 International
Boeing 767-300 19 — — 0 42 0 219 261 Domestic
0 30 0 202 232 International
Boeing 767-300ER 23 — — 0 30 0 207 237 International
Boeing 777-200 16 — — 14 82 0 279 375 Domestic
0 50 0 330 380
Boeing 777-200ER 10 — — 0 56 40 149 245 International
0 56 0 212 268
0 63 0 239 302
Boeing 777-300 6 — — 0 78 0 422 500 Domestic
Boeing 777-300ER 11 8[68] — 8 77 46 115 246 International
9 63 44 156 272
Boeing 787-8 — 35[68][69] 20[70] TBA TBA
McDonnell Douglas MD-81 9 — — 0 0 0 163 163 Domestic
McDonnell Douglas MD-90-30 16 — — 0 18 0 132 150 Domestic
Total 185 57 20

Cargo

A Boeing 747-400F aircraft on the taxiway, with green grass strip in the foreground and grey sky in the background
JAL Cargo Boeing 747-400F at London Heathrow Airport

JAL Cargo operates a fleet of 10 freighters, in addition to utilising the cargo space on its passenger aircraft.

JAL Cargo fleet (as of 17 August 2009)[65]
Aircraft Total Maximum payload
Boeing 747-400BCF
5
113,489 kg (250,200 lb)[71]
Boeing 747-400F
2
112,630 kg (248,310 lb)[72]
Boeing 767-300ERF
3
53,660 kg (118,300 lb)[73]
Total 10

Fleet notes

A Boeing 747-400 aircraft in mid air, with greyish blue sky in the background
JAL Boeing 747-400 landing at Vancouver International Airport

The Boeing customer code for Japan Airlines is 7x7-x46 for JAL International (pre-merger JAL aircraft) and 7x7-x89 for JAL Domestic (former JAS aircraft).[74] The airline is one of the few in the world to operate 10-abreast seating in the Economy cabin of the Boeing 777 fleet, the other airlines include ANA, China Southern and Emirates. JAL and ANA operate the 10-abreast seating in their Japan domestic fleet only.[75][76][77][78][79]

On December 22, 2004, JAL announced the selection of the Boeing 787 Dreamliner as its next generation medium-size aircraft fleet. The airline is seeking 30 firm deliveries and 20 options; and joined other launch customers to be involved in the aircraft's future development. The airline later increased the firm order to 35 aircraft on April 3, 2007.[69][70]

On June 30, 2005, the airline confirmed an order for six new Boeing 767-300ER aircraft, powered by General Electric CF6-80C2 high-bypass turbofan engines. The three freighter and three passenger models, valued at approximately US$800 million at list prices, were delivered between 2007 and 2008.[80]

On February 22, 2008, it was reported that the airline has been considering the new A350 XWB made by EADS unit Airbus, the Boeing 787's direct competitor in the medium-size aircraft market. Japan Airlines spokesman Stephen Pearlman said: "We have taken a look at the A350. As far as adding this aircraft to our fleet in future goes, I think it is one of the strong candidates."[81]

Fleet history

A Boeing 747-300 aircraft taxiing on the tarmac
JAL Boeing 747-300 in 1987
A Boeing 747-300 aircraft in mid air during take-off, with grey sky in the background
JAL Boeing 747-300 in 2008

The airline's last McDonnell Douglas MD-11 J Bird (JA8582) operated its final flight as Japan Airlines Flight 730 from Hong Kong International Airport to Narita International Airport on October 12, 2004. The aircraft was originally introduced into service on April 1, 1994.[82][83] In addition, the airline operated its last two McDonnell Douglas DC-10 flights on October 31, 2005. One aircraft, JA8543, operated as Japan Airlines Flight 736 from Hong Kong International Airport to Narita International Airport, touched down at 16:05. Another aircraft, JA8541, operated as Japan Airlines Flight 952 from Incheon International Airport to Narita International Airport, touched down at 16:37. This marked the DC-10's last flight with the airline, ending over 30 years of operations for this model.[82]

The airline phased out three Boeing 747-200Fs in the 2008 financial year;[84] and operated its last Boeing 747-300 Classic Jumbo Jet as JALways Flight 73 from Honolulu International Airport to Narita International Airport on July 30, 2009, after 26 years of service to the airline group. The aircraft was met on arrival by the "Father of the 747", Mr Joseph F. "Joe" Sutter.[85]

Other aircraft that have been in service with Japan Airlines are (in alphabetical order):

Services

Cabin classes

International services

A cream coloured seat with a glass of champagne on the right and two unshaded windows on the left
JAL First Class Skysleeper Solo seat
A dark grey coloured seat with red headrest cover, with unshaded windows on the right
JAL Executive Class Seasons Shell Flat seat

The airline's international services feature the fully reclining First Class Skysleeper Solo or Skysleeper; Executive Class Seasons Shell Flat Seat or Skyluxe Seat; Premium Economy Sky Shell Seat; and Economy Class.[92] The First Class Skysleeper Solo reclines fully and features genuine leather upholstery from Poltrona Frau of Italy.[93] The Executive Class Seasons Shell Flat Seat is a lie-flat design with the ability to lower armrests to the same height as the seat when reclined.[94] Premium Economy is a recent addition, it was first introduced on the Tokyo – London route on December 1, 2007.[95] It features a shell-shaped seat that allows passengers to recline by sliding their seat forward, without having the seat in front intrude when reclining.[96]

Japan domestic services

On Japan domestic services, the airline offers First Class, class J Executive Class and Economy Class.[97] The First Class seat is made from premium genuine leather with a seat width of about 53 cm (21 in)and a seat pitch of about 130 cm (51 in).[98] Class J features a ergonomically designed reclining seats promote relaxation by enabling passengers move naturally and maintain a balanced posture.[99]

New cabin

JAL introduced new international First and Executive Class seats: the JAL Suite for First Class, featured a seat 20 percent roomier than the Skysleeper Solo in a 1-2-1 configuration; and the JAL Shell Flat Neo Seat for Executive Class Seasons, a slightly-revised version of the original Shell Flat Seat, with a wider seat; expanded center console; and the world's first in-flight gallery, Sky Gallery. These seats, along with the Premium Economy seats, debuted on Japan Airlines Flights 5 and 6, operated on the Tokyo – New York route on August 1, 2008. It expanded to the Tokyo – San Francisco route on September 13, 2008, and the Tokyo – Chicago and Los Angeles in 2009.[100]

Eight JAL Suites and 77 JAL Shell Flat Neo Seat will be installed in each Boeing 777-300ER aircraft, with 46 Premium Economy and 115 Economy seats taking up the rest of the aircraft cabin. The purpose is to improve income yield per passenger, while reducing fuel cost per passenger mile, utilizing the most efficient aircraft available.[101]

In-flight entertainment

MAGIC

Inside view of an aircraft's Economy Class cabin with television on the back of the seats and overhead lockers on the ceiling
JAL Economy cabin with MAGIC systems

MAGIC, JAL's in-flight entertainment system, supported by the JAL Entertainment Network (JEN), features the latest hit movies and videos, games and audio programs. There are four generations of the MAGIC system: MAGIC-I, MAGIC-II, MAGIC-III and MAGIC-IV.[102] Introduced on December 1, 2007, the MAGIC-III system provides Audio/Video On Demand (AVOD) entertainment to all passengers. The number of movie, music, video and game channels on MAGIC-III was doubled from 57 to 130 by 2008; and it is installed on all seats on Boeing 767-300ER, 777-200ER and 777-300ER aircraft.[103] Aircraft with MAGIC-I and MAGIC-II have movies that automatically start when the AVOD system is turned on—once the aircraft reaches cruise level—and economy class passengers can tune in to watch the movie in progress; and all movies restart upon completion. Executive and First class passengers have full AVOD control. MAGIC systems also have JAL's duty-free shopping catalogue, including flight crew recommendations and a video of specials available on the flight.[104]

Aircraft cameras

A television screen with the view of the city from the aircraft's nose camera
In-flight nose camera view

On most JAL international flights, on-plane cameras are available, either on the wings, the belly or on the tail. When the aircraft is in the pushback; taxi; takeoff; ascent; descent; stacking; landing; and docking phases of flight, all TV's in the cabin automatically tune into the video camera outside the aircraft to provide "Pilot Vision" to the passengers.[105]

Additional media

Skyward, the airline group's inflight magazine, reflecting the company motto of "Dream Skyward". Prior to the merger with JAS, JAL's inflight magazine was called Winds.[106] All of the JAL Group magazines are provided by JALUX.[107]

In June 2006, JAL announced a promotion featuring the Nintendo DS Lite. Between June 1 and August 31, all Executive and First Class passengers would be offered use of Nintendo DS Lites specially manufactured for air travel, with the wireless capabilities of these units were removed in order to conform with airline safety standards.[108]

In-flight catering

A picture with a glass of water on the left, a napkin on the top, with two bowls on the far right and three dishes in the center and right, all contained on a serving tray
JAL Executive Class Seasons in-flight meal

Japan Airlines offers meals on intercontinental routes, depending on the cabin class, destination and flight length. Western and Japanese menu selections are typically offered, including seasonal menu selections varied by destination.[109][110] Special meal offerings can be requested in each class during booking, including children's, religious, vegetarian, and other meals.[111]

Sakura Lounge

A three seater couch with two coffee tables in the front and two side tables on both side, all in neutral brown colour
Sakura Lounge in Narita International Airport Terminal 2

Sakura Lounge, named after the Japanese word for cherry blossom, is Japan Airlines' signature lounge. In addition, the airline also operates the following international, including First Class Lounge, Sakura Lounge annex and JAL Lounge; and domestic lounges, including Diamond Premier Lounge and JAL Lounge. Access to the lounges depend on the class of travel or the membership status in the JAL Mileage Bank or JAL Global Club.[112][113][114]

The Sakura Lounge offers complimentary beverages, including juice, soda drinks, coffee, tea, mineral water and alcohol drinks; and snacks. A variety of reading materials are also available, such as major, local and sports newspapers; weekly magazines and economy books. Business services include public phones, fax and copy machines; and connect personal computer for internet communication using the wire LAN and the wireless LAN available in the Sakura lounges.[115]

Codeshare agreements

Japan Airlines has codeshare agreements with its Oneworld alliance member partners, including American Airlines; British Airways; Cathay Pacific; Finnair; Iberia; Malév; and Qantas. In addition, the airline has codeshare agreements with the following airlines: Air France; Air New Zealand; Air Tahiti Nui; Alitalia; China Eastern; China Southern; Emirates; Jetstar Airways; Korean Air; Mexicana; Thai; and Vietnam Airlines [from October 27][116].[7][117][118][119][120]

JAL Mileage Bank

Japan Airlines' "JAL" logo in black font in full capitals with a red and silver arc cross the character "A" in the middle, the words "Mileage Bank" in smaller black font in full capitals on the right and top aligned

JAL Mileage Bank (JMB) is the travel rewards program of JAL Group, including Japan Airlines, JALways, JAL Express, Japan Transocean Air, Japan Air Commuter, Hokkaido Air System and Ryukyu Air Commuter. The program's airline partners also include JAL's Oneworld partners, as well as Air France, China Eastern Airlines, Emirates and Oneworld member elect Mexicana. For the airline's most frequent flyers, JMB offers Fly On Program, a frequent flyer service status program; and JAL Global Club (JGC), an exclusive club designed for experienced travelers.[121][122]

The JMB program has no membership fee and mileage will be valid to the last day of the 36th month following the month of the flight or transaction date. In addition, if a JMB member does not accumulate mileage within 36 months after becoming a member, or a JMB member's account remains inactive at zero mileage for a consecutive 36 month period, JAL may withdraw or cancel the membership of such member.[121][123]

JMB Fly On Program

The Fly On Program is the frequent flyer service status program and is divided into four membership levels, Crystal, Sapphire, JGC Premier and Diamond, based on the member's travel in the last calendar year. Additionally, a minimum of four JAL Group flights on eligible fare classes are required. Members earn Fly On points on eligible fare classes on JAL Group and Oneworld member airlines. These are used to calculate the member's eligibility for membership renewal, upgrade or downgrade during the membership year. Higher-tiered members are provided with increased travel benefits such as bonus mileage, additional baggage allowance, priority boarding and airport lounge access. There are two phases to the Fly On Program service benefits; one begins after two months following qualification for membership and the other begins from April of the following year. Membership is valid until March 31 of the second year following membership qualification.[124][125]

Crystal

Crystal level is achieved or retained when the member earns 30,000 Fly On Points or boarding more than 30 flights and minimum of 10,000 Fly On Points. Services and benefits after two months of membership qualification include priority waitlisting, 50 percent bonus mileage, airport lounge access for Japan domestic flights with lounge coupons via mileage deduction, priority check-in at Business Class counters for international flights, JGC counters and priority baggage for class J on JAL Group domestic flights, 10 kg (22 lb) or one piece of extra baggage allowance, priority boarding on international flights, priority airport standby and class J upgrade with class J coupon via mileage deduction. Services and benefits from April of the following year include 10 upgrade points for complimentary flight upgrades. JMB Crystal membership level is equivalent to Oneworld Ruby tier status, which entitles members to Oneworld Ruby benefits when travelling on a Oneworld member airline.[126][127]

Sapphire

An airport check-in counter in black colour theme, with Japan Airlines written in capitals in white colour. There is a black carpet with the extra large letter 'F' in script font and 'JAL First Class' in smaller font, both in gold colour. The foreground has gold coloured poles with red velvert ropes
JAL First Class check-in counter

Sapphire level is achieved or retained when the member earns 50,000 Fly On Points or boarding more than 50 flights and minimum of 15,000 Fly On Points. Additional services and benefits for Sapphire members after two months of membership qualification include 100 percent bonus mileage, JAL or Sakura Lounge access with one guest when flying on JAL Group airline flights. Priority check-in at First Class counters for international flights and JGC counters for Japan domestic flights, priority baggage, 20 kg (44 lb) or two pieces of extra baggage allowance and access to JAL Fast Security Lane. Additional services and benefits for Sapphire members from April of the following year include 20 upgrade points for complimentary flight upgrades. JMB Sapphire members will be invited to join the JGC, which is dedicated to cater for experienced travelers. JMB Sapphire membership level is equivalent to Oneworld Sapphire tier status, which entitles members to Oneworld Sapphire benefits when travelling on a Oneworld member airline.[127][128]

JGC Premier

JGC Premier is achieved or retained when the member earns 80,000 Fly On Points or boarding more than 80 flights and minimum of 25,000 Fly On Points. Additional services and benefits for JGC Premier members after two months of membership qualification include mileage expiry suspension during membership period, First Class and Diamond / Premier Lounge access with one guest when flying on JAL Group airline flights, and priority check-in at First Class counters and priority boarding for both international and domestic flights. Additional services and benefits for JGC Premier members from April of the following year include three complimentary transferable JAL and Sakura Lounge coupons, 30 upgrade points for complimentary flight upgrades, one complimentary JAL Hotels one night stay coupon, five complementary passes to the Century 21 Club and one flower gift coupon. JGC Premier membership level is equivalent to Oneworld Emerald tier status, which entitles members to Oneworld Emerald benefits when travelling on a Oneworld member airline.[127][129]

Diamond

The highest membership level in the Fly On Program of the JAL Mileage Bank. Diamond level is achieved or retained when the member earns 100,000 Fly On Points or boarding more than 120 flights and minimum of 35,000 Fly On Points. Additional services and benefits for Diamond members after two months of membership qualification include 125 percent bonus mileage and any seat award tickets with double mileage deduction. Additional services and benefits for Diamond members from April of the following year include 40 upgrade points for complimentary flight upgrades, two complimentary JAL Hotels one night stay coupons and Century 21 Club membership. JMB Diamond membership level is equivalent to Oneworld Emerald tier status, which entitles members to Oneworld Emerald benefits when travelling on a Oneworld member airline.[127][130]

JAL Global Club

The words "JAL Global Club" in gold colour and in italics, with the first and last characters in script like font. Each word is stacked on top of each other and center aligned

The JAL Global Club is an exclusive club dedicated to cater for JAL Group's most experienced and valuable travelers. Membership is available to JMB members who have earned 50,000 Fly On Points or boarding more than 50 flights and minimum of 15,000 Fly On Points. In addition, membership can be enrolled under JALCARD Club-A, Club-A Gold or JAL's Diners Club membership after payment of an annual fee. Life-time membership will be given as long as a one-time qualifying member continues to pay the JALCARD annual fee. The Oneworld tier status as a JGC member will depend on the JMB Fly On program membership levels, with the following exceptions: JGC members will automatically attain Oneworld Ruby status upon enrollment; and JGC members who have earned 20,000 Fly On Points in the previous calendar year or attained JMB Crystal level will attain Oneworld Sapphire status.[131][132]

JGC benefits include 3,000 bonus miles for the first JAL Group eligible flight flown every year, JAL or Sakura Lounge access with one guest, priority baggage, 20 kg (44 lb) or two pieces of extra baggage allowance, priority check-in, personlized leather baggage tags, annual gifts of a calendar and a diary and exclusive use of member lounges at designated hotels. In addition, JALCARD Club-A, Club-A Gold and JAL Diners Club holders receive 35 percent JALCARD flight bonus mileage.[131]

Japan Airlines has been the focus of several television programs in Japan over the years, most being dramas revolving around cabin attendants. Attention Please was a drama in 1970 that followed the story of a young girl who joins JAL to be a cabin attendant while overcoming many difficulties. This show was remade in 2006 again as Attention Please starring Aya Ueto who joins a class of cabin attendant nominees and later graduates. Most of the action of the story of the 2006 series takes place at JAL's Haneda flight operations headquarters. The series has had two specials since the original, marking the main character's transition into JAL's international operations.[133]

During the 1980s, JAL was also the focus of another drama entitled Stewardess Monogatari which featured another young girl during training to be a JAL cabin attendant.[134] During the 1990s, JAL featured several commercials with celebrities, including Janet Jackson who danced and sang to a backdrop of JAL Boeing 747s on rotation.[135]

Incidents and accidents

Further information: [[:Japan Airlines incidents and accidents]]

See also

References

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