Education in Djibouti

Students in a classroom in Djibouti

Overview

Djibouti is a small and resource-poor country of 23,200 square kilometers. The population is estimated at about 800,000, of which 87 percent live in urban areas. A poor pastoral and largely nomadic population sparsely occupies the hinterland, an extension of the deserts of Ethiopia and Somalia. Djibouti’s population is young. About 40 percent of population is under age 15, and only 15 percent is over age 40 . According to UNDP, Djibouti ranks 149th in Human Development Index in 2005

Djibouti’s education system is not on track to meet the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) although Djibouti has expanded its access to education. In Djibouti, illiteracy is an especially severe problem. (Seventy percent of the population is illiteracy, and 85 percent of women are illiterate). There are also large inequalities in access to education in terms of regions, gender and income levels. Moreover, the education system in Djibouti is very costly due to high unit costs for school construction, learning and teaching materials, and teacher salaries. By this high-cost structure, the achievements of the education-related MDGs are uncertain. Moreover, pressures on the education system will intensify because of steady demographic growth (population growth rate is estimated at 2.4 percent) and increased demand for quality of education .

Since the Medium-term Plan 2000 – 2005 and the New Education Law were implemented, Djibouti has achieved significant progresses at all levels of education as they has internally and externally mobilized the resources for the financing of construction, equipment purchases, and teacher recruitment .

Education System

The education system in Djibouti was originally developed to meet a limited demand for education; it was essentially designed for elites and borrowed heavily from the French system (administrative structure and pedagogical methods) (Hare 2007) .This system was not adapted to the country’s realities. Although the government effort resulted in an increase in enrollment during the 1990s, the education system is still below people’s expectations and the needs of a developing nation.

A restructured education system by New Education Law consists of nine years (five years of primary education followed by four years of middle education). This nine year education is now compulsory. In order to enter into the secondary educational system of three years, a Certificate of Fundamental Education is required. The New Education Law has also introduced vocational education in secondary level and has established university facilities in Djibouti. There are 81 public primary schools, 24 registered private primary schools, 12 secondary schools and two vocational schools in Djibouti.

Government Reform

In 1999 the government revisited its educational policies and launched a consultative process, National Education Forum (Etats generaux de l’Education), which included all stakeholders (administration, teachers, parents, national assembly, and NGOs). Facing challenges of extremely low enrollments, internal and external inefficiencies, gender and socio-economic inequities, high unit costs and a skewed expenditure structure toward teacher wages, the Forum set out an ambitious reform program, aiming to develop and education system that is efficient, financially viable and responsive to the country’s development needs. Building on the consensus and the recommendations, the government developed a Ten-Year Perspective Plan (Schéma Directeur 2000-2010). In August 2000, the government passed an New Education Law (Loi d’orientation du système éducatif) and prepared a Medium-Term Plan 2000-2005 (Plan d’action à moyen terme)

The reform initiative sought to improve the quality of instruction, to increase the role of parents and communities, to introduce competency-based approaches to student learning, and to strengthen the capacity of private and non-formal system to reach youth who do not enrolled, especially girls.

Government strategy covers basic education, vocational education, secondary education, higher education, adult education and, in particular, women’s literacy

Education Finance

Public education expenditure as percentage of GDP is 8.6 in 2007, and public expenditure as percentage of government spending is 22.8 in 2007 . Share of public expenditure for primary education as percentage of total public education expenditure is 19.0 in 2007 . In Djibouti, households also play an important part in the financing of educational services. Households contribute to education services in two ways: they pay tuition in private schools; and some households spend on books and other pedagogic materials

Pre-primary Education

Pre-primary education is a two-year education and the first stage of basic education . In pre-primary education, 688 male and 613 female are enrolled in 2008 . Gross enrollment rate in pre-primary education is 3.2% for total, 3.3% for male and 3.0% for female in 2008 .Gender parity index for gross enrollment rate in pre-primary education is 0.91 in 2008 . Private enrollment share in pre-primary education is 89.0% in 2008.

Primary Education

Primary education is a five-year education and the second stage of basic education (IAU database). In primary education, 30,165 male and 26,230 female are enrolled in 2008 (The World Bank Edstats database) Gross enrollment rate in primary education is 55.5% for total, 58.9% for male, and 52.1 for female in 2008. Gross enrollment rate has significantly improved (gross enrollment rate in 2000 was 32.5% for total, 37.5% for male, and 27.4% for female) . By constructing new schools and classrooms and offering “school cafeteria” and “school supplies” program, school access and retention by children, particularly for poor rural families, became easier (IMF 2009). Gender parity index for gross enrollment rate in primary education is 0.88 in 2008. Private enrollment share in primary education is 13.6% in 2008 .

Middle Education

Middle education consists of four years. In middle education, 17,503 male and 12,448 female are enrolled in 2008. Gross enrollment rate in middle education is 37.0% for total, 42.9% for male and 31.0% for female in 2008 . Gender parity index for gross enrollment rate in middle education is 0.72 in 2008 . Private enrollment share of general education in middle education is 9.7% in 2008.

Secondary Education

General education of secondary education consists of three years. In secondary education, 6,905 male and 4,303 female are enrolled in 2008 (UNESCO Institute for Statistics database). Gross enrollment rate in secondary education is 19.1% for total, 23.3% for male and 14.8% for female in 2008. Gender parity index for gross enrollment rate in secondary education is 0.63 in 2008. Private enrollment share of general education in secondary education is 22.9% in 2008 . . Technical secondary education lasts three years and vocational secondary education lasts two years . Private enrollment share of technical and vocational education is 10.7% in 2006 .

Tertiary Education

In tertiary education, 1,306 male and 886 female are enrolled in 2007. Gross enrollment rate in tertiary education is 2.6% for total, 3.1% for male and 2.1% for female in 2007. Gender parity index for gross enrollment rate in tertiary education is 0.69 in 2007.

University of Djibouti (Université de Djibouti)

Teacher Quality

In Djibouti, teacher attrition is very high and new teachers are not recruited enough. In addition, the local teacher-training institute is unable to graduate more than 130 teachers per year (Hare 2007). Nearly all teachers in Djibouti are trained in the highly selective training institute, Personnel Training Center for National Education (Centre d’Exécution des Projets education: CFPEN. Most teachers in primary education have a primary level certificate (61%) or a Baccalaureat (33%).

ICT

Djibouti has yet to develop a sector-specific ICT for education policy although ICT has been recognized as a critical tool in modernizing the education sector in order to meet the diverse human resource demand for the country. The ministry has prioritized capacity-building for teachers in the use of ICT through the National Education and ICT project and the automation of the ministry itself.

Education Radio Program

The National Education Production Information and Research Center develops educational content that is broadcast through Djibouti Radio once a week through its School Radio project in order to increase access and to improve quality of education. These programs mainly cover secondary school subjects such as mathematics and science in French. Some of the programs are also targeted to youth who do not enroll in schools

Education for Nomadic People

The nomadic population (the Afars and the Somalis) numbers 100,000, which represents on sixth of the total population in Djibouti. Participation rates in education in rural areas were very low (15 per cent for boys and 8 per cent for girls). Parents appear to be open to sending their children to school as they see a bleak future in animal husbandry. The school canteen is a motivation for nomadic families to send their children to school, especially in the poorer areas

Education for All Fast Track Initiative

Djibouti is one of the eligible countries for EFA-FTI Catalytic Fund. (In MENA region, Djibouti and Yemen are eligible. See Education in Yemen. Eight million USD were allocated in Djibouti, and 8 million USD were all disbursed as of September 15, 2009. . The Catalytic Fund is a multi-donor trust fund managed by the World Bank on behalf of donors. The purpose of the Catalytic Fund is to provide transitional financial assistance to FTI eligible countries. This Fund was established in November 2003