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Louis Cook

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Colonel Louis of the Oneidas. John Trumbull sketched this pencil drawing in 1785.[1]

Joseph Louis Cook or Akiatonharónkwen (died October 1814) was an Iroquois leader and American soldier. Born to an African American father and an Abenaki mother in what is now Quebec, he was adopted as a Mohawk. He became an influential leader in the Iroquois Confederacy and distinguished himself during the French and Indian War. He later supported the United States during the American Revolutionary War, becoming the highest ranking Native American officer in the Continental Army. After the war he became an important adviser to the Mohawk and Oneida as well as a leading figure in the Seven Nations of Canada.

French and Indian War

Cook's name in the Mohawk language is Akiatonharónkwen, translated as “he unhangs himself from the group.”[2] In English, he is most often referred to as Louis Cook or Colonel Louis. Louis was born to an Abenaki woman and an African father, both of whom were taken captive in French raid in 1745.[2] A French officer planned to keep him as an African slave, but the Iroquois intervened and gave him back to his mother. Out of gratitude, she followed them back to the village of Caughnawaga,[3] and Cook was adopted into the Seven Nations.

Louis Cook lived in the village of Kahnawake, and served with the Mohawk nation on the side of the French in the French and Indian War.[4] A friend, Eleazer Williams, would later write that Cook was at the battle against the Braddock expedition in 1755 (placing him in conflict with a young George Washington), and served under General Montcalm at the Battle of Fort Oswego in 1756.[3] The same year, he was wounded in a skirmish with Rogers' Rangers near Fort Ticonderoga.[3] His first command came in the 1758 Battle of Carillon, where he was commended by General Montcalm. He was also present at the Battle of Sainte-Foy in 1760, serving under the Chevalier de Levis.

Following the war, Cook returned to Caughnawaga and married Marie-Charlotte.[5] He never fully accepted the British victory, and would move to St. Regis prior to the American Revolution.

American Revolution

Colonel Louis defiantly raises his Tomahawk in John Trumbull's The Death of General Montgomery in the Attack on Quebec[6]

Although most of the Iroquois sided with the British during the American Revolution, Louis Cook allied himself with the American colonies. He offered his services to General George Washington as early as 1775.[7] Cook was with Benedict Arnold during his Expedition into Canada, and was already known as Colonel Louis.[8] Washington again met with Cook in 1776 and referred to him as "Colonel Louis."[9]

In New York, Louis Cook was present at the Oriskany, and participated in the Saratoga Campaign.[5] Cook led a large body of Oneida warriors under General Robert Van Rensselaer. Following the Battle of Klock's Field, Colonel Louis forded a river in pursuit of Sir John Johnson while General Rensselaer delayed. Infuriated, Colonel Louis shook his sword at Rensselaer and accused him of being a Tory.[10]

Colonel Louis was with the Continental Army at Valley Forge in the Winter of 1777. In Spring 1778, Peter Stephen DuPonceau wrote of his meeting Colonel Cook, dressed in American regimentals, when he overheard Cook singing a French aria.[11] In March of that year, General Philip Schuyler sent Colonel Louis to destroy British ships at Niagara in anticipation of another Canadian expedition.[12][13]

The familiar name "Colonel Louis" became official on June 15, 1779,[5] when he received a commission from Continental Congress as a Lieutenant Colonel in the Continental Army. This commission was the highest rank awarded to an American Indian during the Revolution,[14] and is the only known Continental Army commission given to a man of African descent.[15] Colonel Louis was with Lieutenant-Colonel Marinus Willett at the Battle of Johnstown in 1781, one of the last battles of the American Revolutionary War.[5]

During the war, Colonel Louis Cook became a personal enemy of Captain Joseph Brant, a Mohawk who supported the British. When each returned to their homes after the war, their personal conflict divided the Mohawk nation and brought the Seven Nations and Iroquois to the brink of war.[2]

Later life

Louis Cook settled in the area of Sterling, New York following the war, and became an influential advisor to the Oneida tribe because he could speak both French and English.[16] It was while living at Onondaga that Cook married Marguerite Thewanihattha. They had several children.[5] Cook convinced the Oneida to lease their lands, using the example of the Mohawk tribe at Kahnawake. The Oneida leased nearly 5 million acres to Colonel John Livingston for 999 years.[15] Conflicting claims were made on many of the Iroquois lands, and much of the land was lost to the state of New York. The Oneida named Colonel Louis and Peter Otsequette to negotiate with Governor George Clinton for a return of- or compensation for- their land. Governor Clinton made some minor concessions to the Oneida in the Treaty of Fort Schuyler, but generally outnegotiated the Oneida representatives.[17] Today, Cook is sometimes criticized for negotiating bad land deals for the Oneida.

Despite his shortcomings in the Oneida land negotiations, between 1792 and 1796 the Seven Nations sent Colonel Louis six separate times to represent them in land negotiations with New York state.[18] The negotiations were in response to lands sold by two villages, Grand River and Tyendinaga Mohawk Territory, Ontario under the leadership of Joseph Brant. The Akwesasne and Kahnawake denied that the villages had the right to sell the land. Ultimately, New York prevailed, and the division between Cook and Brant was deepened.

By 1789, Cook had settled in the St. Regis area, where he became an influential chief. He argued that the St. Regis Indians and the Seven Nations should remain neutral in the War of 1812.[19] His earlier service in the Continental Army was forgotten, and he was detained at Fort Niagara until he produced his commission, as well as letters from George Washington.[20] Although he was too elderly to participate, he followed the American army into Canada and was present at the Battle of Lundy's Lane.

Colonel Louis was involved in a skirmish when he fell from his horse. The injuries proved fatal, and he died in the American camp in October 1814. Cook was given a military salute,[20] and was buried near Buffalo, New York.[5]

Notes

  1. ^ Taylor, 169
  2. ^ a b c Bonaparte, pg 6
  3. ^ a b c Louis Cook: A French and Indian Warrior by Darren Bonaparte, 16 September 2005
  4. ^ Taylor, 172
  5. ^ a b c d e f Dictionary of Canadian Biography Online
  6. ^ Cooper, 84
  7. ^ Bonaparte, Darren Louis Cook: A “Colonel” of Truth? Website accessed 13 April 2009
  8. ^ 1776:The Chapter Closes On Canada Website accessed 13 April 2009
  9. ^ Washington describes "Colonel Louis" as the principle of the "French Caghnawaga tribe". His note is available online from the Library of Congress.
  10. ^ Stone, pp. 121-122
  11. ^ Colonel Louis at Oriskany and Valley Forge by Darren Bonaparte, 30 September 2005
  12. ^ Bonaparte, Darren The Missions of Atiatonharongwen Website accessed 13 April 2009
  13. ^ Neimeyer, Charles Patrick (1997). America Goes to War: A Social History of the Continental Army. New York University Press. p. 99. ISBN 0814757820.
  14. ^ Oneida Nation of New York Conveyance of Lands Into Trust pg 3-159, Department of Indian Affairs
  15. ^ a b Taylor, 173
  16. ^ Oneida Nation of New York Conveyance of Lands Into Trust pg 3-168, Department of Indian Affairs
  17. ^ Taylor, 180-185
  18. ^ Taylor, 345
  19. ^ Benn, Carl (1998). The Iroquois in the War of 1812. University of Toronto Press. p. 61. ISBN 0802081452.
  20. ^ a b Williams (see link, below)

References

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