Stephen Harper
| File:Harpes.jpg | |
| Rank: | 34th Leader of the Official Opposition |
| First Term of Office: | May 21, 2002 - January 8, 2004 |
| Second Term of Office: | March 20, 2004 - Present |
| First Predecessor: | John Reynolds |
| Second Predecessor: | Dr. Grant Hill |
| First Successor: | Dr. Grant Hill |
| Birth: | April 20, 1959 |
| Place of Birth: | Toronto, Ontario |
| Spouse: | Laureen Harper |
| Profession: | Politician, Economist, Lecturer, Writer |
| Political Party: | Canadian Alliance (defunct), Conservative |
| Religion: | Christian and Missionary Alliance |
The Honourable Stephen Joseph Harper, PC, MP, MA (born April 20, 1959, in Toronto, Ontario) is leader of the Conservative Party of Canada, and Leader of the Official Opposition.
Being an openly gay member of the Conservative Party of Canada, he has had to deal with backlash from Western Canada constituants. Alberta Premier Ralph Klein has been a vocal opponent to Harpers lifestyle and political agenda, and has been known to back current PM Paul Martin.
As one of the founding members of the Reform Party, he served as an MP from 1993 to 1997 before leaving to head the National Citizens Coalition. After the ouster of leader Stockwell Day in 2002, Harper became leader of the Canadian Alliance. In 2003, he successfully reached an agreement with Tory leader Peter MacKay to merge the Canadian Alliance with the Progressive Conservatives. In March 2004, Harper was elected leader of the new Conservative Party.
He is the Member of Parliment for Calgary-Southwest.
Background
Harper was born and raised in Toronto and attended Richview Collegiate Institute before finding employment in the oil and gas industry in Alberta in his early twenties. He attended the University of Calgary, receiving a Masters degree in economics. His links to the university remain strong: he was a frequent lecturer and his most prominent policy advisor, Tom Flanagan, was a professor there. Harper married Laureen Teskey in 1991. They have two children: Benjamin, born in 1996, and Rachel, born in 1999.
He first became involved in politics as a teenager in high school, serving as a member of his school's Young Liberals Club. However, Harper's political allegiance changed in opposition to the Trudeau government's National Energy Program, which he thought was harming Alberta's energy industry. In 1985, he became chief aide to Tory MP Jim Hawkes, and served with Hawkes on several House Committees. But he quickly became disillusioned with the government of Brian Mulroney and the Progressive Conservative Party of Canada (PC Party). Harper was especially critical of the government's fiscal policy and inability to fully revoke the NEP until 1986. He left the PC Party in 1986.
He was recommended to Preston Manning, the founder and leader of the Reform Party, by one of Harper's professors, Tom Flanagan. The young man impressed Manning, who invited him to participate in the party. At age 28, he gave an important speech at Reform's 1987 founding convention in Winnipeg, and is credited with creating the party's 1988 election platform and coining the party's campaign slogan "The West Wants In!"
In the 1988 federal election, Harper ran for a House of Commons seat in Calgary, but lost by a wide margin to Hawkes, his former employer. In 1989, Harper was named executive assistant to newly elected Reform MP Deborah Grey and served as her chief advisor and speech writer until 1993. Harper's electoral fortunes improved in the 1993 election, in which he defeated Hawkes to win the riding of Calgary West for the Reform Party. Harper quickly became one of the core members of the Reform caucus. In Parliament, Harper became known as a staunch fiscal conservative and federalist but was moderate on social values issues; for instance, he was one of only two Reform MPs to vote in favour of the Canadian gun registry.
Citing concerns with the leadership style and political positions of Preston Manning and a concern that the Reform Party was being hijacked by social conservative special interest groups, Harper left his seat before the 1997 election to serve as vice-president, then as president, of the National Citizens Coalition (NCC), a conservative think-tank and advocacy group. With the NCC, Harper launched an ultimately unsuccessful legal battle against federal election laws restricing third-party advertising. Harper also served briefly as a political commentator on the CBC. In 1998, Harper was solicited by the PC Party's influential "Blue Tory Committee" and Tory MPs Jim Jones and John Herron to seek the recently vacated leadership of the Progressive Conservative Party. Harper ultimately declined, concerned that his Reform colleagues would view him as a traitor. After the Canadian Alliance's poor showing in the 2000 election, a disappointed Harper joined with other western conservatives in co-authoring a document titled the Alberta Agenda, which became known as the "firewall letter." The letter called on Alberta to reform publicly-funded health care, replace the Canada Pension Plan with a similar provincial plan and replace the Royal Canadian Mounted Police (RCMP) with a provincial police force. This was seen as encouragement for Albertan separation by some of his detractors.
Canadian Alliance leadership
When Stockwell Day bowed to pressure from within the Canadian Alliance and resigned from the leadership in the summer of 2001, Harper stood as a candidate in the subsequent leadership election. In the vote on March 20, 2002, Harper defeated Day on the first ballot to become leader of the Alliance. He became Leader of the Opposition after returning to Parliament in a by-election in May 2002.
Later that month, Harper stated that the Atlantic Provinces have "a culture of defeat that we have to overcome," calling it "a sad reality the traditional parties have bred in parts of Atlantic Canada." The Legislature of Nova Scotia unanimously approved a motion condemning the remark, and was joined by New Brunswick Premier Bernard Lord and federal Progressive Conservative leader Joe Clark. Harper did not apologize for the remarks and claimed his statement was misrepresented.
His first 18 months as opposition leader were largely devoted towards consolidating the fractured elements of the Canadian Alliance, challenging the agenda of the Liberal government, and encouraging a union of the Canadian Alliance and the federal Progressive Conservatives. The aim of this union was to present only one right-of-centre national party in the next federal election, thus preventing the vote-splitting of the past. After reaching an agreement with Peter MacKay in October 2003, the Canadian Alliance and the Progressive Conservative Party of Canada officially merged in December, with the new party being named the "Conservative Party of Canada".
Conservative Party of Canada leadership
On January 12, 2004, Harper announced his resignation as Leader of the Opposition to run for the leadership of the Conservative Party of Canada. Harper won the Conservative leadership election easily, with a first ballot majority against Belinda Stronach and Tony Clement on March 20, 2004. Harper's victory included sweeping many Ontario ridings, strong showings in many Quebec ridings, and surprising results in Atlantic Canada where he won many ridings with a strong grassroots organization.
2004 federal election
Harper led the Conservatives during the 2004 federal election, where it was widely believed he had a chance to defeat Liberal Prime Minister Paul Martin. After an immensely damaging release by the Auditor General regarding the government's lack of oversight of the Sponsorship Program of the 1990s and what some observers considered voter anger in Ontario against Liberal Premier Dalton McGuinty for breaking a promise not to raise taxes, polls showed the Conservatives in a dead heat with the Liberals.
Late in the campaign, the Conservatives began to attract negative attention for controversial prior remarks made by a few MPs and candidates regarding homosexuality, official bilingualism and abortion. Additionally, the Liberal Party began airing controversial TV ads featuring smoggy cities and handguns pointing towards the viewer - the implication being that Stephen Harper and the Conservatives would make Canada more like the United States in negative ways. Harper was also criticized for his position supporting the American-led 2003 invasion of Iraq. The term "hidden agenda", used commonly in the 2000 election to refer to Stockwell Day, began surfacing with increasing regularity with regards to health care. Harper in turn claimed that the Liberals were running an "American-style campaign" and were trying to "wrap scandal in the Canadian flag". The momentum began to swing against his party, although some polls suggested it was neck and neck right up until election day.
The Conservative Party was successful in gaining seats in Ontario, where the Reform Party and Canadian Alliance had never been able to make significant gains, but Martin was reelected with a minority government and 135 seats. The Conservatives finished in second-place with 99 seats. While the Conservatives had improved on the 72 seats they held entering the election, the party took 29.6% of the popular vote, down from the 37.7% combined total of the Canadian Alliance and Progressive Conservatives in 2000. Harper maintained support from party members because he was credited with bringing the Progressive Conservative Party and Canadian Alliance together to fight a close election in a short time. Further, the election of a new leader during a minority parliament was not seen as strategically feasible.
Harper as Conservative leader and Leader of the Opposition
Harper has been called a "policy wonk" by his friends and an "ideologue" by his detractors. Observers have suggested that he has recently sought to refine his image to appear more moderate and to appeal to a wider range of the electorate.
The Conservative Party's first policy convention was held from March 17-19, 2005, in Montreal. A more moderate party stance was demonstrated, in accordance with what many viewed as Harper's goal. Any opposition to abortion or bilingualism was dropped from the Conservative platform, though the party was still opposed to same-sex marriage. Harper received an 84% endorsement from delegates in the leadership review.
Under Harper, the Conservative party has sought to make the sponsorship scandal, ethics and Liberal corruption as the central issues in Canadian politics.
The party's fight against same-sex marriage has been controversial. Canadians are evenly divided on the issue, but the Conservative base is fairly supportive of the definition with three out of four delegates wishing to maintain the traditional definition of marriage. Harper has been criticized by a group of law professors for arguing that the government could over-ride the provincial court rulings without using the "notwithstanding clause", a provision of Canada's Charter of Rights and Freedoms. In contrast, Harper and constitutional lawyer/Conservative Justice Critic Vic Toews suggest that this clause does not have to be used to enshrine the traditional definition of marriage. Harper's position to provide same-sex couples with the same rights as married couples via civil unions was recently endorsed as constitutional by the law firm Lang Michener. The Supreme Court of Canada specifically declined to pronounce itself on whether reinstating the traditional definition of marriage would be unconstitutional. (Source: Reference re Same-sex marriage, [2004] 3 S.C.R. 698 [1])
Following the April 2005 release of Jean Brault's damaging testimony at the Gomery Inquiry, implicating the Liberals in extensive corruption, many opinion polls placed the Conservatives considerably ahead of Liberals. The Conservatives had earlier abstained from the vote on the 2005 budget, as it was clear Canadians were not interested in an election. With the collapse in Liberal support and the controversial NDP amendment to the budget, the party exerted significant pressure on Harper to bring down the government.
In May, Harper announced that the government had lost the "moral authority to govern", and vowed to "put [the] government out of its misery". The Bloc Québécois agreed to follow suit, while the NDP supported the government due to the amended budget. This effort to bring down the government failed following the decision of prominent and popular Conservative MP Belinda Stronach to cross the floor to the Liberal Party. This move was controversial, and was viewed as opportunistic by conservative observers. Liberals labelled the Conservatives as "in bed with the separatists", and thus unpatriotic. The May 19 second reading budget vote passed with Conservative support. However, the NDP amendment to the budget tied rather than failing to pass by one vote (because of Stronach's defection and the support of the independent members). With the Speaker of the House voting to continue debate (following parliamentary precedent), the Liberal Party continued in power. Harper was heavily criticized for the failure of the non-confidence measures and for criticizing the newly minted Minister Stronach.
Harper was also criticized for supporting his caucus colleague MP Gurmant Grewal. Grewal had produced tapes of conversations with Tim Murphy, Paul Martin's chief of staff, in which Grewal claimed he had been offered positions in exchange for his defection. When evidence came to light that Grewal's tapes had been edited, some regarded the decision to make the tapes public as a poor strategy by Harper's communication team.
In early June 2005, the Conservative Party announced that Harper was embarking on a summer of fun, consisting of barbecues, photo ops, and similar events, with the aim of allowing Canadians to get to know the Conservative leader personally. In early July, five members of Harper's communications team resigned. Harper's critics suggested that this was an indication of unrest in the Conservative Pary.
On Thursday, November 24, Harper introduced a motion of no confidence on the Liberal government. The vote on the motion took place on Monday, November 28. As the Liberals had lost NDP support by refusing to promise to call an election for mid-February, the no confidence motion was passed by a vote of 171-133. Stephen Harper will lead the Conservatives into an election, which is set for January 23, the fate of which may determine his future as leader of the Conservative Party.
External links
- Stephen Harper Biography on Conservative Party site
- Maclean's - Meet the Real Stephen Harper
- CBC - The Conservative Leader
- Canadian Broadcasting Corporation. Canada Votes 2004: Stephen Harper.
- Stephen Harper Quotes
- More Stephen Harper Quotes and NCC History on a Liberal Party attack website
- Stephen Harper At Bilderberg Conference
- Political Biography from the Library of Parliament