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Mafia (party game)

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Template:Two other uses

Mafia
A game of Mafia being played at EuroOSCON 2006
Players4 or more1
Age range9 and up
SkillsStrategic thought
Team play
Social skills
Roleplay
1See Basic gameplay below.
2Varies greatly with setting; see online play.

Mafia (also known as Werewolf or Assassin) is a party game modeling a battle between an informed minority and an uninformed majority. Players are secretly assigned roles: either "mafia", who know each other; or "townspeople", who know only the number of mafia amongst them. During the night phase of the game, the Mafia choose an innocent to kill. During the day phase, all players debate the identities of the Mafia and vote to kill someone whom the majority suspect. Players are eliminated until either all mafia are killed or the mafia outnumber the innocents. Mafia is rarely played in groups of fewer than five, and must always start with more innocents than mafia.

History

Mafia was created in the spring of 1986 by Dimma Davidoff (Template:Lang-ru, Dmitriy Davydov) at the Psychological Department of Moscow State University, and the first players were playing in classrooms, dorms, and summer camps of Moscow University.[1] The game became popular in other Soviet colleges and schools and in the 1990s it began to be played in Europe (Sweden, Germany, Romania, Slovakia, Czech Republic, Hungary, Poland, England, Norway) and then the United States. Mafia was called one of "the 50 most historically and culturally significant games published since 1800" by a writer for about.com.[2]

Andrew Plotkin gave the rules a Werewolf theme in 1997[3] - Looney Labs have sold a derivative as Are You a Werewolf?, as have Asmodée Éditions under the title Werewolves of Millers Hollow, Mayfair Games as Lupus in Tabula (Latin for Wolves at the Table), Bézier Games as Ted Alspach's Ultimate Werewolf: Ultimate Edition, Alliance Games as Mafia Gameplay Cards and Bullet Hole Games as Mafia: Death and Deception.

Mafia and a variant called Thing[4] have been played at science fiction writers' workshops since 1998,[5] and have effectively become an integral part of the annual Clarion[6] and Viable Paradise[7] workshops.

David and Jon Huston created the first licensed version in the theme of H. P. Lovecraft's Cthulhu Mythos called Do You Worship Cthulhu, published by Toy Vault, Inc. in 2005. The main card art was completed by Ron Spencer, and Walt Howington designed the instruction graphics.

A variation of Mafia was used to promote the film Cry Wolf (2005), having one wolf, one shepherd, and a number of sheep, with no day and night phases.

Adam Gopnik devotes a chapter to describing the game in Through the Children's Gate.[8]

In 1998 the Kaliningrad Higher school of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Russian Federation for a course "Visual psychodiagnostics" published the methodical textbook "Nonverbal communications. Developing role-playing games 'Mafia' and 'Murderer'". Purposes of the text-book defined development of personal qualities of cadets and mastering of various receptions and methods of reading of a sign language in the game form.[9]

In June 2006, a Rockingham school inquiry was launched after parents complained of the traumatic effects classroom Mafia was having on their fifth-grade children.[10]

Ernest Fedorov runs a "Mafia Club" in Kiev, using his own patented variation of the rules. The club organizes games, rates players, and awards prizes, with the victor of the tournament grand final winning a trip to Sicily.[11]

Basic gameplay

Players make themselves comfortable in a space such that every player can see every other player.

Roles

Roles are assigned by a method which is both confidential and verifiable, often by dealing cards; a red or black card signifies the role as either:

  • Mafia (alternatively, Werewolves, Worshippers, Wolves, or Scum)
  • Sheriff (alternatively, Police, Commander, Informant, Detective, Leader or King)
  • Nurse (alternatively, Doctor, Healer, Medic, or Angel)
  • Townspeople (alternatively, Citizens, Villagers, Innocents, Sheep, or Civilians)

Other, individual roles within each faction are possible.

Generally, gameplay also requires a Narrator (alternatively: Mayor, God, Host or Moderator), a person not playing, but moderating the game. The Narrator knows the roles of each player and effectively narrates game play.

Night

The Narrator' tells everyone to close their eyes and lower their heads ("It is now nighttime and all the villagers are asleep...") This can optionally be accompanied by all players tapping gently to mask any giveaway sounds of player movement. Each night, the Narrator tells the Mafia to open their eyes and acknowledge their fellow Mafia members. The Mafia may then kill off one of the Innocents by silently gesturing to indicate their target and to show unanimous agreement. Then the Narrator instructs the Mafia members to close their eyes and the Sheriff opens his or her eyes, points to someone they want to know if they are a mafia, and the narrator will give a gesture of yes or no. Then the Narrator instructs the Sheriff to close his or her eyes and the Nurse will open his or her eyes, and point to someone to heal. The person they heal cannot be killed by the mafia that round.

Other variant characters may have turns to open their eyes to do "business" during the night (before or after the Mafia).

Day

The Narrator tells everyone to wake up and announces the Mafia's victim, sometimes with a little narrative detail. These stories can contain humor and comical irony for the townspeople's entertainment. For example, "The police chief said, 'Bob was shot seven times, stabbed three times, and drowned in the river. This is the worst case of suicide I've ever seen.'" This player is "dead" and may no longer participate in the game in any way, and is thus permitted to keep their eyes open at night.

The Narrator may not reveal the identity of dead players, dead players may not reveal themselves by flipping their cards face up, thus the alignment of the dead may remain hidden.

During the daytime phase, the players deliberate over which suspected Mafia member they wish to nominate for execution. The Innocents want to execute a Mafia member but all players are allowed to vote. Generally, The Narrator will administer the election, the nominee may be given a chance to defend themselves and a majority is required for the execution to be carried out, although voting variants abound. The same rules apply to players who are executed by the Innocents as to players killed by the Mafia. In some variants, multiple players may be killed during the same day. Usually, each player must vote, can only vote once and cannot vote for themselves.

Phase duration

Daytime and nighttime can move quickly in live play, as daily executions and nightly decisions are communicated in real time. Daytime phases usually require a majority to be reached in order for a lynch (execution) to occur and effectively end the round. A set time limit may also be applied to this condition. At night, the evil factions have more information, and less to deliberate. Because of that, night is considerably shorter than day.

When playing online, more time is needed to reach decisions. Players aren't usually available in unison, so forum-based phases tend to last longer than live phases. Online "turbos" replicate live games in requiring all players' continuous participation; the day phase is typically 20 or 25 minutes long and the night phase is usually 5 minutes long. In long online games, days usually run from 9am to 9pm and nights from 9pm to 9am.[12]

Win condition

The game ends either when the last Mafia member is killed (Innocent victory) or the Mafia members outnumber or equal the Innocents during the day (Mafia victory). At this point, if no player has a special role, it is impossible for the innocents to vote off all Mafia members before all innocents are killed. Some games do not mention this technicality, often because of some other mechanic of the game that could allow the innocents to win (i.e. protection or resurrection of innocents), or provides for a third outcome (i.e. "Cupid and the Lovers"); in these cases the game is played until a definite outcome is reached.

Other variants have different victory conditions. For example, if a game has a card assigned "Head Mafia" or Don role, a variation has the Innocent members win when they vote successfully for the execution of the Don, regardless if there are other surviving Mafia members remaining.

Number of Mafia

A game with just one more innocent player than Mafia players during the day phase will be won by the innocents if they always kill mafia (otherwise, they lose). A game starting with a night kill must begin with at least two more innocents than mafiosi to permit an innocent victory.

The optimal number of each type of character depends on players' preferences for game length and Mafia win percentage. A good rule of thumb is about one mafia for every two non-mafia members.[original research?] So one mafia member for three players, two mafia for six players, three mafia for nine players, and so on. In "reveal killed role" versions, it can add excitement to conceal how many mafia are playing (narration: "either two or three mafiosi are amongst you"), but may this leaves the balance of power between the teams up to chance. [original research?]

Generally, fewer players result in fewer turns and thus less time to determine the identity of the mafia. The inclusion of "variant" characters typically decreases the Mafia's chance of victory. For example, the addition of a Sheriff or Doctor will decrease the expected Mafia win percentage.

Allowing the Townspeople to abstain from killing on certain turns can decrease or increase the Mafia win percentage as can variants which make it more difficult for the Mafia to achieve a kill (e.g., requiring them to agree on a victim independently). The "no kill" variant compensates to some extent for the disadvantage given to odd numbers of Townspeople. Otherwise, 2n+1 Innocents are less likely to win than 2n Innocents (for n>2) because they have decreased their odds of voting for a Mafia each turn without increasing their number of turns (resulting in ties rather than Mafia majorities).

Variations

Over the years, players have created Mafia variants which utilize alternative names for characters, additional characters, and different methods for conducting deliberation, voting and killing.

Optional roles

These additional roles are named differently in the many versions of Mafia, for thematic flavor, or historical reasons. Also, the same role-name can have differing functions across different versions of the game.[13] What follows is a general list of role types found in Mafia variants; since the specific names vary by milieu it must be non-exhaustive.

  • Investigative roles (Standard)—"Detective", "Seer", "Angel", "Sheriff",[14] "Commandant", "Knight Commandant", "Cop", "Inspector", etc.
Allied with the Innocents, the "Detective" can detect whether a player is a Mafia. They will typically "wake up", and point at one person, at which point the Narrator will silently indicate to the Detective whether that player is Mafia or Innocent. In some versions of the game, the Detective's investigation result is announced publicly by the Narrator, for example "the Detective found a Mafioso!". In other versions, the narrator makes no such announcement and the Detective must convince the other players that he or she is the Detective. This leaves anyone the option of pretending to be the Detective, and additionally the Detective (and any impersonating him) must avoid raising suspicion among the Mafia when trying to convince other players that a player is a Mafia. A "Detective" is usually included in modern games. For example, somebody is always assigned this role in all commercial card game versions,[15] and almost all internet-based, and most face-to-face games start with at least one detective.[16] In some games, there are Mafia Detectives, who have the power of a normal detective but are on the Mafia side. The "Super Commandant" in games featuring it, has the standard power of a "Detective", while also protecting the investigated from night-time attack.
  • Investigative roles (Less common)—"Spy", "Psychic", "Wizard", "Little Girl", "Oracle", etc.
"Psychic", "Psychologist", or "Sorcerer"-type investigators can determine other players' roles, rather than their alignments.[13] Roles which detect other roles are usually implemented in the same way as the Detective's ability to determine alignment. For example: the Psychologist points to a player (at night) for a "Thumbs-up" from the moderator if the "Vigilante" is pointed to.[17] A "Tracker" may see what someone's night action was, or the target of their action. The Devil is the Detective's Mafia counterpart, with the night-time ability to identify empowered Innocents.[18] The "Little Girl" in Werewolf and Werewolves of Miller's Hollow is allowed to secretly peek and watch as the werewolves choose their victim; if discovered doing so by the Werewolves, she dies of fright.[19] Information revealed to investigators is fallible (in more complicated variants). Online versions can give information with a confidence level, and in other variants the Narrator deceives the Detective by showing all players as Innocent, all as Guilty, giving reversed results, or random information (these can be termed as "Naïve",[20] "Paranoid", "Insane", or "Random" respectively). Additionally, some Alignment roles give immunity to successful investigation.[21]
  • Protective roles—"Guardian Angel", "Doctor", "Healer", "Archangel", "Bodyguard", etc.
Allied with the Innocents, the "Doctor"-type role defends others at night.[22] Typically, they will "awaken" at night after the "Mafia" have "gone back to sleep" and point at one person to protect; that person will survive any night-time attack.[23] In small games (under 10 people) they are allowed to protect themselves once, otherwise they are not able to self-protect. (A "Guardian Angel" has the doctor's powers without the ability to self-protect in any sized game.) The "Nurse" gains the Doctor's abilities if the Doctor dies.[24] The Firefighter,[25] or the Herbalist can protect from some night-time attacks but not others. (In Werewolf, for example, they choose one person to protect with wolfsbane, but that person may still be killed by the Serial Killer.) Other games limit this ability to a certain number of times; the Witch in Werewolves of Miller's Hollow has only one use of her protective potion, but is allowed to see who was killed by the werewolves (minimizing the chance it will be "wasted" on someone not harmed).
  • Killing roles—"Vigilante", "Rambo", "Hunter", "Bomb", "Woodcutter", etc.
Aside from Mafia, Werewolves, and Serial Killers (solitary guilty parties), the Innocents may have some roles with the ability to kill at night. The Vigilante is an "innocent" who kills every night, in his own night-time phase,[26] in some variations, having a limited "bullet" supply for the entire game. Some variations introduce a time limit of two nights before the player in the Killing Role can exercise his right to kill again. The Bomb may only trigger if targeted at night (not necessarily for death) by another role. Variants exist where this person can kill during the daytime cycle (e.g., the Terrorist / Gravedigger), sometimes only if executed during the daytime (e.g., the Hunter / Village Bicycle). One killer can have the ability to kill several other people at once. For example, Rambo can kill three adjacent victims.[27] And, if killed in the night, the Human Torch can kill the two surviving players closest to them in the morning. The "Woodcutter" or "Hunter" can take one other person with them when they die.[28]
  • Alignment roles—"Miller", "Godfather", "Alpha Wolf", "Master Werewolf", etc.
Some roles can fool investigations to determine their alignments: the Miller is an Innocent who appears guilty (usually because they are an outsider); the Godfather, on the other hand, appears innocent despite being the Mafia leader.[29] The "Alpha Wolf" or "Master Werewolf" have the same role as the Godfather in Werewolf settings.
  • Double-agent roles—"Godfather", "Traitor", "Possessed", "Undercover Cop", etc.
There is an alternative definition of "Godfather" role from the Alignment role Godfather (who is immune to alignment-detection). This "Godfather" behaves as a standard mafioso, but wakes again (after the Mafia sleep) for an extra kill. This Godfather-role wins only if he survives. The Traitor is not a mafioso, but works with their vote during the day cycle to protect Mafia and hamper the town (he wins only with a Mafia victory).[30] Conversely, "The Rat" or "Undercover Cop" is a mole within the Mafia group (winning with the innocents). "Judas" is an innocent who converts into a "Traitor" (and survives) when lynched (or vice versa, becoming a "Rat").[31]
  • Role manipulators—"Role-blocker", "Bus Driver", "Thief", "Barman", etc.
These roles can stop or alter the night actions of others; for instance, they may prevent a protection or investigation from occurring, or they may change the target. The "Role-blocker" can block the Vigilante for a night,[32] while the "Thief", "Prostitute" or "Hypnotizer" might be able to disable the powers of any selected target.[33] When the "thief" is used in Werewolves, an additional townsfolk card is added before dealing, and the Thief may choose on the first night to "steal" the role of another player or to take the unused role card. The player whose role was stolen gets the unused role card and the Thief card is discarded.
  • Recruitment Roles—"Godfather", "Psychiatrist", "Cult Leader and Followers", etc.
Cult Leaders recruit at night instead of kill; they act as an independent faction, usually with the ability to talk at night. The Mafia Godfather may be able to recruit innocent players into his faction under certain circumstances. The Psychiatrist is an innocent with the ability to convert the Serial Killer into a normal innocent.[34]
  • Association roles—"Freemasons (Masons)", "Siblings", "Cupid"/"Lovers”,etc.
Possessors of these roles know one another and what their roles are.[35] On the innocent's side, a "Mason" usually has no special abilities, but knows the identity of all other Masons and that all Masons are also innocent.[36] There are, however, sometimes Mafia Masons, who look like Masons, but are actually part of the Mafia. Innocent Masons all believe that the Mafia Mason is innocent. Sibling pairs typically consist of one Mafia and one Innocent; if one dies, both die. Cupid in Werewolves chooses a pair of "Lovers" on the first night.[37] In this variant, the Lovers can also win the game (regardless of whether they are Mafia, Innocents, or both) by being the last two standing. In most versions, if one "Lover" is killed the other dies as well.
  • Power roles—"Mayor", "Judge", "Sheriff", "President", etc.
This role is taken in addition to the assigned role, and it endows the player with additional, overt, powers (particularly during the daytime). Empowerment can be random, but is usually made by vote. For instance, the "Mayor" or "Sheriff" can be elected each morning, and gain two lynching votes, or a Judge could moderate discussion in parliamentary fashion (to the advantage of their "team"). The elected "President" has the sole lynching vote.[38]
  • Handicapped roles—"Murr", "Village Drunk", etc.
This role is, much as the power roles, taken in addition to the assigned role. However, it has the opposite effect, giving the bearer a handicap, like speaking only gibberish in the case of the Village Drunk, etc.
  • Mafia Team Variant Roles—"Silencer", "Yakuza", etc.
The "Silencer" can 'silence' anyone each day (except whoever was silenced yesterday). The silenced individual wakes in the morning and is immediately instructed not to talk until the end of the day (They may vote and be executed though). The Silencer does not participate in the mafia killing, and the mafia do not know who their silencer is, but he is typically aligned with them and knows their identities. The Yakuza is a regular mafia player with an extra power: they may sacrifice themselves from the second night (during the night) and choose an innocent to join the mafia team.[39]
  • Post-mortem roles—"Dark Background", "Priest", "Medium", "Forensic Expert", "M.E.", etc.
The "dark background" roles are standard (mafia or innocent) except for revealing a deceptive alignment when killed. The "M.E." gathers information from the killings that can help the innocents,[40] while the "Priest" learns about the alignment of the dead in the same way that the Detective learns about the living.[41] The Medium can interrogate dead players.[42]
  • Reanimation roles—"Reviver", "Master Reviver", "Governor", "Martyr", "Witch", "Mr. Mac", etc.
Revivers & "Master Revivers" are able to resurrect dead players, Master Revivers can bring the revived into their association (e.g., the Masons: see Association roles). The players resurrected by a Necromancers are converted to the Necromancer's alignment. The "Governor" can reprieve those killed during the daytime,[43] as can the "Martyr"-role if he sacrifices himself.[44] The Witch has a (single-use) revival potion. At night, she's shown who will die in the morning, and can choose to save them.[45]
  • Rule-immune Roles—"Bulletproof", "Oracle", etc.
A variant on receiving protection is the "Bulletproof" innocent, who becomes invulnerable to night-time attack.[46] The Oracle has an investigative role similar to a "Seer" but also has the power to talk when inactive (talking in a "sleep" phase is usually a rule infraction).
  • Special roles—"Baker", "Village Idiot", "Cobbler", "Doublevoter", "Priest", "Lawyer", "Survivor", etc.
The baker is on the side of the innocents. During the night, the baker chooses one player to be the recipient of a loaf of bread. If the baker dies, the innocents have just three nights to dispose of the mafia, or the innocents starve, and the mafia win. The Cobbler, "Village Idiot", or Jester has the objective of convincing the town to kill him, or is required to vote in favor of all proposed lynchings. Sometimes, successful lynching of the "Village Idiot" results in the mafia being able to kill two people that night. Also, in some games there are players who can change the vote count. Some players have 2 votes (Doublevoter); some players can only "hammer" vote, or vote the final vote to kill a player (Actor); cannot place the final vote (Priest); cannot vote to lynch (Voteless Innocent);[47] or require one fewer vote to lynch (Hated Innocent). The lawyer has the ability to represent any person, the person is selected during the night. If that person would be voted guilty instead they are saved. The survivor is a neutral player, and wins when any other team or player wins. There are endless special roles, and many moderators make up their own roles for games.

Additional variations exist, sometimes with even more specialized or complicated abilities.[48]

Optional rules

  • Mafia killing methods - some variants require all Mafia members to choose the same victim independently for a kill to succeed. This can be achieved either by waking the Mafia members up separately,[49] or by having them write their kills. Under this variant, Innocent players write the word 'honest' on a piece of paper; Mafia members write the name of a player for elimination. If all the mafia notes have the same name on them, that player is considered killed by the Mafia. In some online versions of the game, a particular player (the Godfather or a designated mafioso) must send in the kill.
  • Voting variants - some variants have a more complicated process of selecting players to be executed. Davidoff's original 'Mafia' allowed multiple day-time executions (per day), each needing only a plurality to action. Another variant requires the night-time vote to be secret and unanimous, but allows multiple players to be added to the execution queue to ensure unanimity.
  • "No lynch" or "No kill" - the Innocents can choose not to kill anybody during the day. Although commonly unsure of Mafia identities, the Innocents are more likely to randomly kill a mafioso than are the Mafia (at night). Therefore, "No kill" may favor the Mafia. (Furthermore, a player's role is generally revealed at death, providing reliable information to the Innocents.) However, when the number of survivors is even, "No Kill" may help the Innocents; for example, when three Innocents and one mafioso remain, "No kill" gives a 1/3 chance of killing the mafioso the next day, rather than a 1/4 chance today (assuming random lynching). Lynching an innocent either day gives a Mafia win (a daytime killing which leaves 2 innocents alive will leave one innocent and one mafioso alive the next morning, usually ruled a win for the Mafia).
  • Timed Days - An open and public timer is set to a pre-determined length at the beginning of each day. If the players lynch someone, then the day ends immediately. If time runs out, the day is over and there is no lynching, or the person with the most votes is lynched.
  • Random narrator - to eliminate the inconvenience of being killed first, this variant has the Innocent killed on the first night become the Narrator. The Mafia must inform this victim of their death without revealing themselves. The writing variant works best.
  • Multiple families - (or a Mafia group and a Werewolf group) act and win independently, giving faster gameplay and the potential for "cross-fire" between the factions.
  • Imprisonment - allows players to be sent to prison as an alternative to execution. They can either be sent there by vote or at the discretion of an optional character. Imprisoned players move to a separate room, possibly with a separate narrator. Murders can happen in prison and certain roles or events can liberate players.
  • Kidnapping - like imprisonment, this variant allows for a Kidnapper character to remove individuals from the game temporarily. If the kidnapper is killed (or, in some cases, investigated by an Investigative role), the kidnapped return. While kidnapped, players are inactive, and can not watch night-time events.
  • Plague - this variant allows the Narrator to select in a random and verifiable manner one player who dies of plague in the morning. A player who targets the plagued player at night may contract the plague as a result.
  • Punishment - this variant is generally used as a drinking or risk based game. When a person is killed in the game they are made to take a punishment. In drinking circles this may be a shot of Gin or Vodka.
  • Lives - this variant requires the Narrator to keep track of the players' lives on a piece of paper, because every player has two or more lives. This extends the game when there are too few players for the standard rules. Kills (in the night & day phases) reduce these lives, until a player reaches zero lives and is eliminated. Mafia 'kills' which reduce lives are usually not announced to the innocents.
  • Attributes - in this variant, players are given two cards: the first contains their role, the second an attribute. Attributes are originally derived from roles that could apply to both Mafia and Innocent alignments: currently including Bulletproof (cannot be killed at night), Mayor (has two votes in the lynch), and Siamese Twins (more commonly known as Siblings or Lovers).[50]
  • Ultimate Werewolf - The day time rounds remain the same as players sit around a table or in a circle in the candlelit "base". The night time rounds are played roaming around the house in complete darkness. Innocents are "killed" by the werewolf tapping the victim on the shoulder in the dark. The victim must wait fifteen seconds until screaming in order to allow the werewolf to get away. Once an innocent is killed by the werewolf, everyone re-assembles in the base for the day time round. This variant of the game includes the "Little Girl" character who is allowed to collect a flash light from a prearranged place (e.g. at the bottom of the stairs) at the beginning of each night time round. Innocents who have been killed in the game become "zombies" and roam around in the dark (after a 30 second advantage on the innocents) in each night time round. Lovers need to find each other in the dark and protect each other from the werewolf.
  • Quantum Werewolf - This variant was developed by Steven Irrgang and used for a puzzle in the 2008 CISRA Puzzle Competition. He later published more formal rules so that it could be a fully playable variant. The difference from a standard game of Mafia is that players are not initially assigned roles, but rather on each day are given the probabilities describing the games current quantum state. Each player with a non-zero probability of being a seer or a werewolf performs the appropriate night actions (which may not be effective if it is later determined that the player did not have that role). When a player is killed, the wave function collapses and the players are given updated probabilities.[51]
  • Cut throat Mafia - In this variant the game has no night or day time phases, but instead is played moving around (Best played somewhere dark). The Mafia are assigned by cards and are permitted to open their eyes while the townspeople's are closed to identify each other. After everybody opens their eyes, the townspeople (and Mafia) spread out. The Mafias role is to kill people by cutting the townpeoples throat (using two fingers) and the killed townsperson is forced to lie down where killed (in some variations the Mafia is allowed to tap a dead person on the head and the dead body is forced to follow him until tapped on the head again, so as to hide the body. A dead person cannot talk and cannot sign that he is dead.) At this point anybody is allowed (if they find the body) to yell "Dead Body!" and all of the people playing (unless dead) come to the meeting/court. The person who found the body then accuses somebody providing an explanation on why he believes so. Then the accused can counter-accuse and provide an explanation; however, the counter-accused cannot defend themselves. A vote is then taken and the person with the most votes dies. The game ends when Mafia kill everyone or the townspeople vote off the Mafia in court. The last Mafia to die states that he was the last Mafia. Dead bodies cannot talk, signal who the Mafia is, kill, or vote, but can wander around the game-play area.

Online play

Although Mafia is usually played face to face, online play is also common. These games last longer, and allow player's votes and words to be reviewed more easily. There are many forms of online play: the film Cry Wolf was promoted through a wolves vs sheep variant, played over AOL Instant Messenger. Online play typically means Internet forum-play, with early games including those in the forum of mathematical puzzle site Grey Labyrinth in 2000.[52] The standard human-moderated games require one or two moderators: a sign up thread is created announcing the game, and once the game has sufficient players, play can begin. It usually starts in the night phase with mafiosi communicating via email before submitting their kill (to the moderator). The moderator then writes the appropriate death scene for those that were eliminated, and posts a dawn scene. Software can automate the moderator function, but this is rarer. All players can now discuss (in the forum) whom they should execute, followed by an execution vote. Innocents are usually forbidden in-game communication outside of the public forum.

Mafia is also played on IRC (Internet Relay Chat) using private messages to send votes and channel modes to allow private communication during the night. There's a lot of variety in IRC mafia channels.[53] An email version was invented by a group of programmers and players on Richard's PBEMserver, and the end result was written down as a ruleset.[54] Most of the times the Werewolf variant is played, but it has the same rules as Mafia and in some cases both Mafia and Werewolf groups are trying to kill the village. The games take mostly one week and every month three games are started and finished. Versions of Mafia have also been created on BYOND and Facebook.

Fictional reality themes are common in online play, which will work with any group of well known characters. The Simpsons, Hanna Barbera, The Lord of the Rings, Lost have been used, for example, because of their extensive character sets. Players are assigned characters from the theme, with matching roles. Generic themes are also popular - such as the Werewolf-theme.

See also

Notes

  1. ^ Andrew Plotkin's "Werewolf page History section". quotes a 2005 email in which Davidoff explains that he brought Mafia into the Psychology department classrooms for research and it spread (as a meme) from there to dormitories and "likely over next summer, through student summer camps". He credits this game-based methodology to pioneering 1920s psychologist Lev Vygotskiy.
  2. ^ Arneson, Erik. "Board and Card Games Timeline".. About.com also includes Mafia in the "Top 5 Best Voting Games". The reason it is significant is given: "Werewolf / Mafia". Retrieved 2007-11-25. Werewolf is a favorite at game conventions and has been written about in several mainstream articles.
  3. ^ "Werewolf A Mind Game". is Plotkin's own description of the original Werewolf version
  4. ^ Macdonald, James D. "Making Light: Comment on "Home Again"". Thing is much like Mafia, except that the scene is an isolated Antarctic research station. The game starts with one Thing, a shape-shifter who looks and acts exactly like one of the scientists. Each night, if the Thing (soon to be Things) aren't caught, they make a new Thing, until the Things outnumber the scientists, and the game is over and the Things win. (If the scientists manage to identify all the Things, the game is also over and the scientists win.) Every day the scientists can test two of their number. If the second one they test is a Thing, they can test a third. If that one is a Thing, they can test a fourth, and so on. For a more detailed description, see: Silverthorne, Lisa. "The VP Experience".
  5. ^ Kaufman, Jerry (2000-01-01). "Corflatch Progress Report #3". John Aegard is running another event, to take place Friday at 8 p.m. John says, "Come play the game that's paralyzed two straight Clarions – MAFIA!" Since the Clarion workshops take place during the summer, the game must have first been played at a Clarion workshop in 1998, most likely Clarion East -- see David Levine's account of Clarion West 2000, "David Levine's Clarion Journal: Week 6". Mafia and Thing were first taught to the annual Viable Paradise workshop by James Patrick Kelly and Steven Gould in 2001; see Silverthorne, Lisa. "The VP Experience".
  6. ^ See "Clarion, Day 33: She's mafia, I know she is!".; Wilson, Alex. "Clarion Week 6: Always Bet on Black (in Mafia)!".; Wilson, Alex. "Clarion_Mafia".
  7. ^ See "Making Light: Home Again".; "Making Light: Traditional diversions".; Azure, Chris. "Viable Paradise - Day 1".; Griffith, Eric. "A week in paradise".; and Gordon, Barbara. "Viable Paradise, day one".. Quoting Dvorin, Julia. "Viable Paradise: A Travelogue (Part 1)". After the introductions and instructions for the next day, I thought that perhaps we'd be released and I could go see the room I was to be staying in for the week and chill out a little from the travel. But such was not to be, for the agenda now turned to the important bonding activity of playing "Mafia" and "Thing". So I pushed away the cranky traveler's whininess that was stalking me, and sat down in a circle with a bunch of strangers and began to accuse them of lying and murder. Also: Gould, Steven. "Photo: semi-mandatory Mafia".
  8. ^ Gopnik, Adam (2006). Through the Children's Gate: A Home in New York. ISBN 18472432X. {{cite book}}: Check |isbn= value: length (help)
  9. ^ Петров С.В., Холопова Е.Н. «Невербальная коммуникация. Развивающие ролевые игры „Мафия“ и „Убийца“». Учебно-методическое пособие - Калининград: КВШ МВД России, 1998
  10. ^ Davis, Aaron (2006-08-04). "School officials still investigating 'Mafia'". Seacoast Media Group. One parent, Nicole Hollenbeck told The Rockingham News in June, "My child has had sleepless nights, crying before bed because she's afraid that she'll sleep walk and relive the tragic events they talked about in class [...] We teach our kids right from wrong, and this is what they are being taught?". The Rockingham News story about investigation into the Mafia games at Iber Holmes Gove Middle School includes Davidoff's response: "I do understand the parents' concern, being a parent myself and having studied child psychology for 25 years. I want to reassure you that the positive message of the game would overcome any possible negative affects of an 'evil narrator.'"
  11. ^ Berest, Pavlo (2006-03-08). "Intellectuals playing mafia games". Now the rules of the game are the intellectual property of Fedorov. The club has its own rules, see: "Club "Империя Мафии"".
  12. ^ The USGamers "Werewolf Rules & Gameplay". section describes the way online Werewolf/Mafia games are played on many sites as well as on their own automatic, forum-integrated software.
  13. ^ a b For example, the "[[Bézier Games]]' Ultimate Werewolf Sorcerer". {{cite web}}: URL–wikilink conflict (help) has the ability to detect the "Seer" role. (The "sorcerer" is granted different powers in other rule-sets, like Princeton University's, in which the "Wizard" has the ability to detect the Seer.) Whatever name this role is known by, the "Detective-detector" is typically aligned with the Mafia (for example, see: "9 Player Werewolf "Evil" team". 2005.)
  14. ^ "Mafia (con)". Retrieved 2007-12-20. Knight Commandant / Sheriff – a townsperson who investigates mafia members
  15. ^ As of November 2007, five card-based versions of this game are sold, and all require one player to becomes a "Seer". The "Do you worship Cthulhu Deck Setup". specifies that a "Seer" card be dealt to someone even with the (minimum) five players. Similarly, the Lupus in Tabula "Preparation" calls for the "Seer" card to be dealt to somebody even if the game is played with the minimum number of players (eight). "Getting Started with Ultimate Werewolf Role Selection" (PDF). advises that even the "introductory game" should include the Seer (with further optional roles being added in addition to the seer in later games). Werewolves of Millers hollow uses the "Fortune Teller" name for the "Detective" but the role is identical to the standard "seer"/"angel"/"detective", and is again mandatory, having its own phase of the night in the basic rules. (As does the Seer in Are You a Werewolf? - though it is after the werewolves' phase.)
  16. ^ For example, "The Mafia rules ([[MIT]])". {{cite web}}: URL–wikilink conflict (help) are very simple, and specify roles for 7-20 players, always including at least one "Detective". Andrew Plotkin's original Werewolf always includes a "Villager (Seer)", and he mentions that in 1997 "Mafia" was played in the National Puzzlers' League convention with a "Knight Commandant". (The role of the "Knight Commandant" or "Knight" is described in detail as having the standard "Detective" powers in: "National Puzzlers' League -- 1997 Convention Reports". Retrieved 2007-11-24.) Plotkin describes Davidoff's original game (which had no Detective) as "well off the current average". A rare modern rule-set with "No Inspector" is: Engstrøm, Vegard (1999). "The Game Player Constellations". but only when starting with five, larger groups get at least one inspector.
  17. ^ For example, "Vigilante" in the "Princeton rules".
  18. ^ The Devil role is usually given to a non-Mafioso traitor. See: "Variants of Mafia Rules: Devil and Wizard".
  19. ^ For example: "Ultimate Werewolf Little Girl Card".
  20. ^ "Name: Naive Cop". Retrieved 2007-12-16. Description: A type of cop that always gets innocent results regardless of who they investigate
  21. ^ For example, "The Oracle" in Werewolf chooses one person to investigate every night, and are shown their card, unless they pick the "Master Werewolf" – when the Oracle is shown an (innocent) villager card.
  22. ^ Depending on the variant, they may know the identities of the Mafia, but this isn't required; they usually indicate the player to protect in a separate phase of gameplay (a separate part of the night) than the Mafia's killing phase. The "Mafia-Doctor" is a mafioso, and a more obscure variant role, with the opposite power (from the Doctor) of protecting the guilty from attack during the day.
  23. ^ The protected player gains complete invulnerability during the night they are visited by the "Doctor" or "Bodyguard". The Mafia don't usually know the identity of the protected player, nor get a chance to select another victim, so this attack is wasted if the Mafia target a protected player (e.g., "Bodyguard, Lupus in Tabula". Retrieved 2007-11-13.).
  24. ^ For example, see the 2+2 rule-set describing the Nurse: "Mafia rules".
  25. ^ "Various Mafia Roles: Third Party Roles: Arsonist & Firefighter".
  26. ^ "Do you worship Cthulu Roles and Quick Reference Script". Retrieved 2007-11-21.. This makes the vigilante as lethal as the entire Mafia, potentially overbalancing the game, which has led to the introduction of roles that limit his effectiveness, such as the Walrus role-blocker.
  27. ^ "Variants of Mafia Rules: Rambo". which the old Princeton University guide classifies as an uncommon variant.
  28. ^ The Hunter appears in Werewolves of Miller's Hollow, for example. The "Woodcutter" is a (less common) equivalent name for the role.
  29. ^ The Godfather role is played differently between variants. If immunity to detection is the Godfather's only power, his leadership of the Mafia need only be nominal: "Name: Godfather".
  30. ^ A typical Traitor-type role is the "Possessed" Special Character from "The LUPUS IN TABULA (2nd edition) rules".
  31. ^ The "Variants of Mafia Rules Judas/Saulus". role is described as original to Albert Ziegler jr. by the Graduate Mafia Brotherhood of Princeton. This role requires that other variations be in play to give alternative explanations for a failed day-time lynching. The name for the mafioso-to-innocent role is usually "Saul".
  32. ^ "Mafia vs Werewolves" (PDF).
  33. ^ The thief's action usually applies for a single night, as in: "Mafia Game: IRC Version".. The thief sometimes has a purely investigative function - being only able to determine the roles from stolen items."Thief".
  34. ^ The Psychiatrist can 'cure' the Serial Killer according to the Pub Game rules: "Serial Killer".. When 'the psychiatrist' is in play, the Serial Killer may be "The Psychopath", as in: "Name: Pyschiatrist (Various Mafia Roles: Third Party at MafiaScum.net)".
  35. ^ For example, Ultimate Werewolf Masons recognize one another from the first night: "Mason Card".
  36. ^ "Princeton's Variants of Mafia Rules Masons".
  37. ^ "Cupid card". in Bezier Game's Ultimate Werewolf, for example.
  38. ^ "Mafia variant: President". described by MafiaSpiel.de, for example.
  39. ^ Other than the Yakuza, the mafia can't kill anyone else on the night this power is used. The potential existence of a Yakuza makes innocents with protective roles less inclined to reveal their roles for fear of being converted (or more inclined to reveal themselves if they expect the Mafia to win and wish to be converted).[citation needed]
  40. ^ "Medical Examiner".
  41. ^ The Priest alone knows whether the dead were innocent in the World Boardgaming Championships game described by Bruno Wolff in "Werewolf rules". Retrieved 2007-11-19.
  42. ^ The Medium function varies, for example see summarized 'Medium-enabled séance' rules from Werewolf at: "boredgamegeeks". Retrieved 2007-11-14., as opposed to the Lupus in Tabula Medium, who alone can uncover the alignment of the deceased (see: "Lupus in Tabula (English rules) Special Characters".).
  43. ^ The Princeton University "Mafia vs. Werewolves" rules grant the Governor the power to pardon execution victims (in effect, after the lynching) for example: ("The Powers (page 2), Governor" (PDF). Retrieved 2007-11-15.).
  44. ^ "Martyr". Retrieved 2007-11-16.
  45. ^ The "Witch" was introduced as a special character in The Werewolves of Millers Hollow, she also has a single-use killing potion.
  46. ^ The "bullet proof" effect typically applies to night-time killings and is usually temporary, for example, the Ultimate Werewolf "Amulet of Protection" (bulletproof vest equivalent) protects over only a single night. Rare optional roles do give permanent protection from "mafia" attack, such as the Lupus in Tabula Werehamster
  47. ^ Alternatively, they may have a vote, but be mandated to always vote against lynching, as is the Village Ethicist
  48. ^ For example see the lengthy variant role list at "MafiaWiki The roles".
  49. ^ The 'separate waking' method of designating victims is used in the official "Mayday". rules, for example. (This is a Soviet Union-themed variant with other expanded rules, released under Creative Commons licensing.)
  50. ^ 7-0-7, Jon Bennett "Mafia Advanced Rules" (PDF). Additional rules created by Jon Bennett, accepted in local Mafia circles.
  51. ^ "CISRA Puzzle Competition - Quantum Werewolf". Puzzle.cisra.com.au. 2008. Retrieved 2009-06-16.
  52. ^ "The Grey Labyrinth :: View topic - Mafia!". 2008-02-16.
  53. ^ "Chat Mafia".
  54. ^ "Werewolf! on Richard's PBeM Server". Gamerz.net. Retrieved 2009-06-16.
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