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Life (2009 TV series)

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Template:Infobox nature documentary

Life is a nature documentary series made for BBC television, currently airing in the UK on BBC One and BBC HD. [1] The series takes a global view of the specialised strategies and extreme behaviour that living things have evolved in order to survive; what Charles Darwin termed "the struggle for existence". Four years in the making, the series has been shot entirely in high definition.[2]

The UK broadcast of Life consists of ten 50-minute episodes. The opening programme gives a general introduction to the series, a second looks at plants and the remainder are dedicated to the major animal groups. They aim to show common features that have contributed to the success of each group, and to document intimate and dramatic moments in the lives of selected species chosen for their charisma or their extraordinary behaviour. A ten-minute making-of feature Life on Location airs at the end of each episode, taking the total running time to 60 minutes.

Life is produced by the BBC Natural History Unit in association with the Discovery Channel, Skai TV and the Open University. The original script, used in the British and Canadian versions of the series, was written and narrated by David Attenborough. In the USA, the series will be shown in an 11-part run beginning in March 2010, with narration by Oprah Winfrey.[3]

The series is marketed internationally under the BBC Earth brand and is distributed by BBC Worldwide. It has already been acquired by several Latin American broadcasters[4] and by Discovery Channel Canada, where it made its North American première on 15 November 2009.[5]

Production

Production team

Life was the first series commissioned by the then Network Controller of BBC One, Peter Fincham, just weeks after he took up the post in March 2005.[6]. It was reportedly one of the most expensive documentaries ever ordered by the broadcaster, with a budget of £10 million (though the BBC have never confirmed this figure).[7] The commissioning also tied in with the bicentennial of Darwin's birth and the 150th anniversary of the publication of On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection, his major work.

The Natural History Unit's production team includes series producer Martha Holmes (Life in the Freezer, The Blue Planet) and executive producer Michael Gunton (Galápagos, Life in the Undergrowth). Individual episodes were produced by Rupert Barrington, Adam Chapman, Martha Holmes, Neil Lucas, Patrick Morris and Ted Oakes. The specially-commissioned score was composed by George Fenton and performed by the Band of Life. The opening titles and brand imaging were created by Burrell Durrant Hifle.

In February 2007, Gunton revealed that the BBC were looking for a new narrator for the series owing to Attenborough's imminent retirement.[7] However, later that year it was announced that the veteran narrator would be collaborating on both this series and the forthcoming Frozen Planet.[8]

Filming

The first year of production was spent researching possible stories for the series. The Life team contacted scientists and experts around the world in search of new discoveries to film, and new approaches to familiar subjects. Nearly three years of filming followed, involving 150 shoots on all seven continents, many of them full-scale expeditions to remote wilderness areas.[9]

New camera technology was used to build on the cinematic techniques first employed in Planet Earth, notably the pioneering use of stabilised helicopter-mounted cameras. The Life crew succeeded in using gyroscopic stabilisation to create steady shots from moving vehicles, even on rough terrain, allowing the cameras to track alongside reindeer and elephant herds for the first time. Miniature high-definition cameras were used extensively for the "Insects" programme. In the forests of Mexico, the crew erected a spider's web of cables in the canopy to give the sense of flying alongside millions of monarch butterflies. In Zambia, they filmed from a hot air balloon to avoid disturbing the huge flocks of straw-coloured fruit bats.[10]

Following recent debate[11][12] about the use of artifice in natural history programmes, the BBC were more candid about sequences which had not been filmed in the wild. Close-ups of wild clownfish would have disturbed their natural behaviour, so captive animals were filmed in an aquarium at a Welsh university.[13]

Despite the best efforts of the film-makers, some sequences ended up on the cutting room floor. Scientists in Arctic Scandinavia had accumulated enough evidence to suggest that golden eagles were the main predators of reindeer calves, but an attack had never been witnessed. After two summers tracking the herds in Finland, cameraman Barrie Britton finally filmed a hunt in full. However, the attack had taken place nearly a mile away, and the footage was too distant to be considered for broadcast.[14]

Television firsts

The budget and timescale for the series enabled the producers to set ambitious filming challenges, and expedition crews brought back several sequences which have never been shown before.

Some involved highly-specialised hunting behaviour that has only recently been discovered. In the shallow, muddy waters of Florida Bay, one pod of bottlenose dolphins have learned a unique hunting technique called mud-ring feeding. Aerial photography shows the lead dolphin circling a shoal of mullet, flicking its tail flukes to disturb mud on the seabed. The fish trapped inside the mud ring panic and leap out of the water to escape the trap, straight into the waiting mouths of the pod.[15] In Kenya's Lewa Wildlife Conservancy, three cheetah brothers have learned to take on prey many times their own size. They are filmed bringing down an ostrich, but also hunt zebra, eland and oryx.[16] A film crew travelled to the Falkland Islands to follow up reports of an orca that had learned to take elephant seal pups from a nursery pool. On the Indonesian island of Rinca, the first footage of komodo dragons hunting a water buffalo corroborated new scientific evidence suggesting the dragons used venom to kill their prey.[17]

Other sequences had previously proved too difficult to film. The humpback whale heat run has been dubbed "the biggest battle on Earth", but the whales move so fast that underwater cameras struggle to keep up. The Life crew used cameras mounted on helicopters and boats along with a team of free-divers to follow the action.[10] The biggest filming challenge was to show a year in the life of an oak woodland using timelapse photography. After capturing real-world footage of a Devon wood, the crew rebuilt the entire scene in a studio in Exeter and digitally superimposed 96 separate layers of footage to create the final one-minute sequence. The whole project took two years.[18]

Super high-speed cameras capable of shooting up to 8,000 frames each second were used to slow down dramatic action. For the first time, these were used underwater to reveal the hunting behaviour of sailfish.[19] They were also used to show Jesus Christ lizards running on water, the courtship flight of the marvellous spatuletail and flying fish leaving the water.

Episodes

"Our planet may be home to 30 million different kinds of animals and plants, each individual locked in its own lifelong fight for survival. Everywhere you look, on land or in the ocean, there are extraordinary examples of the lengths living things go to to stay alive."

— David Attenborough's opening narration

1. "Challenges of Life"

"Challenges of Life" documents the capture of a young chinstrap penguin by a leopard seal (pictured).
UK broadcast 12 October 2009[20], 6.84 million viewers[21] (26.4% audience share)[22]

The opening episode introduces the series by showing examples of extraordinary feeding, hunting, courting and parenting behaviour from across the animal kingdom and around the globe. In Florida Bay, bottlenose dolphins catch leaping fish as they attempt to escape a corral of encircling mud, whipped up with the lead dolphin’s tail. Other unusual collaborative hunting techniques include three cheetahs combining to bring down an ostrich and Antarctic killer whales attacking a crabeater seal. In Brazil, tufted capuchins have learned to crack open palm nuts by smashing them with rocks. High speed cameras reveal flying fish taking an aerial route to avoid predatory sailfish, Venus flytraps ensnaring their unwitting victims and two male hippos clashing over the territorial rights to a stretch of river. In some species, parents go to great lengths to protect their young. A mother strawberry poison-dart frog carries each of her six tadpoles high into the rainforest canopy to the safety of a bromeliad pool, then provides them with nutritious unfertilised eggs. A female Pacific giant octopus makes the ultimate sacrifice, starving to death as she guards her eggs. On Deception Island, young chinstrap penguins are trapped on a beach by ice-strewn seas. Abandoned by their parents, they must reach open water to feed. A lone chick fights its way through the ice, only to be ambushed by a leopard seal. Life on Location shows how the filmmakers collaborated with a French yachtsman and the Royal Navy to film Antarctica's top predators.[20]

2. "Reptiles and Amphibians"

"Reptiles and Amphibians" documents how a group of komodo dragons (pictured) kill and eventually eat a water buffalo using venom.
UK broadcast 19 October 2009[23], 4.93 million viewers[21] (18.9% audience share)[24]

In the opening sequence, an aerial camera zooms in on a solitary Komodo dragon from afar. This, states Attenborough, is the last place on Earth still ruled by reptiles. Though they may seem primitive, reptiles and amphibians still thrive thanks to diverse survival strategies. In Venezuela, a pebble toad evades a tarantula by free-falling down a steep rock face. The basilisk, nicknamed the Jesus Christ lizard, can literally run on water and the Brazilian pygmy gecko is so light it does not break the surface. Reptiles are cold-blooded, and some have developed unusual strategies to absorb heat. Namaqua chameleons darken the skin of the side of their body facing the sun. A male red-sided garter snake masquerades as a female using fake pheromones, attracting rival males which help raise its body temperature and thus its chance of breeding. Malagasy collared lizards conceal their eggs by burying them, but egg-eating hognose snakes stake out their favourite laying sites. Niue Island sea kraits lay theirs in a chamber only accessible via an underwater tunnel. Other reptiles guard their eggs. Horned lizards drive off predators, but larger adversaries such as coachwhip snakes prompt a different reaction – the lizard plays dead. Komodo dragons prey on water buffalo in the dry season. They stalk a buffalo for three weeks as it slowly succumbs to a toxic bite, then strip the carcass in four hours. In Life on Location, the Komodo film crew tell of the harrowing experience of filming the dragon hunt.[23]

3. "Mammals"

A breaching humpback whale, a species featured in "Mammals"
UK broadcast 26 October 2009[25], 5.55 million viewers[21] (21.9% audience share)[26]

Intelligence, warm blood and strong family bonds have made mammals the most successful group of animals on the planet: they can even survive the Antarctic winter. Here, a Weddell seal leads her pup on its first swim beneath the ice. In East Africa, a rufous sengi uses a mental map of the pathways it has cleared to outwit a chasing lizard. A young aye-aye takes four years to learn how to find and extract beetle grubs, food no other mammal can reach. Reindeer move through the Arctic tundra, making the longest overland migration of any animal. Other mammals have evolved different ways of travelling long distances: ten million fruit bats congregate at Zambia's Kasanka swamps to gorge on fruiting trees. Mammals employ different strategies to find food. At night on the African savannah, hyenas force lions off a kill through sheer weight of numbers, whilst in the melting Arctic, dozens of polar bears take advantage of a bowhead whale carcass. Raising young is another important factor in mammals' success. Coatis and meerkats form social groups to share the burden of childcare. A first-time African elephant mother needs the experience of the herd's matriarch to get her young calf out of trouble. The largest animals in the ocean are also mammals. The seas around Tonga are both a nursery and mating ground for humpback whales. A female leads her potential suitors on a chase, the males battling for dominance behind her. Life on Location follows the never-before filmed humpback heat run.[25]

4. "Fish"

"Fish" documents the breeding cycle of a clownfish, pictured hiding amongst the tentacles of an anemone
UK broadcast 2 November 2009[27], 4.56 million viewers (18.1% audience share)[28]

Fish, the most diverse group of vertebrate animals, thrive in the world’s rivers, lakes and oceans. Slow-motion footage reveals the behaviour of some of the fastest fish in the sea, sailfish and flying fish. The latter gather in large numbers to lay their eggs on a floating palm frond, which sinks under the weight. The eggs of weedy sea dragons, found in the shallow waters off southern Australia, are carried by the male. In the fertile seas of the western Pacific, competition is fierce. A sarcastic fringehead defends its home, an old shell, from a passing octopus and a rival. In Japan, mudskippers have carved a niche on the rich mudflats. Freshwater fish are also featured. Tiny gobies are filmed climbing Hawaiian waterfalls to colonise the placid pools upstream, while in East Africa, barbels pick clean the skin of the resident hippos and feed on their rich dung in return. Wrasses perform the cleaning duties on coral reefs, but jacks also remove parasites by scratching against the rough skin of silvertip sharks. Clownfish, whose life cycle is filmed in intimate detail using macro cameras, are protected by the fronds of an anemone, but other species seek safety in numbers. A shoal of ever-moving anchovies proves too difficult a target for sea lions. Sometimes, predators have the edge: ragged tooth sharks are shown attacking sardines trapped in shallow waters off South Africa. Life on Location looks at the efforts of underwater cameramen to capture the sailfish and flying fish sequences.[27]

5. "Birds"

"Birds" shows how lammergeiers in the Simien Mountains collect bones from animal carcasses and smash them by dropping them on to rock slabs
UK broadcast 9 November 2009[29], 4.33 million viewers (17.6% audience share)[30]

Birds, whose feathers have made them extremely adaptable and enabled them to fly, are the subject of programme five. The courtship flight of the marvellous spatuletail hummingbird is shot at high speed to slow down its rapid wing beats. The male must rest every few seconds due to the energy needed to display his elongated tail feathers. Lammergeiers, by contrast, soar on mountain thermals with a minimum of effort. A red-billed tropicbird bringing a meal back to its chick uses aerial agility to evade the marauding magnificent frigatebirds. Some birds nest in extreme locations to avoid threats from predators. Kenya's caustic soda lakes are a perilous environment for a lesser flamingo chick, while chinstrap penguins breed on a volcanic island off the Antarctic Peninsula. In South Africa, declining fish stocks force Cape gannets to abandon their chicks to search for food, presenting great white pelicans with the chance to snatch an easy meal. Feathers can also be used for display. Male sage grouse square up to one another at their leks, courting Clark's grebes perform an elaborate ritual to reaffirm their bond and thousands of lesser flamingos move in a synchronised display. In West Papua, the small, drab Vogelkop bowerbird uses a different strategy. The male decorates his bower with colourful jewels from the forest, and uses vocal mimicry to attract the attention of a female. Mating is filmed for the first time, the end result of a long and difficult quest featured in Life on Location.[29]

6. "Insects"

Two billion monarch butterflies (pictured) hibernate in a small area of high altitude forest in Mexico.
UK broadcast 16 November 2009[31]

The sixth episode enters the world of insects. By assuming a variety of body shapes and incorporating armour and wings, they have evolved diverse survival strategies and become the most abundant creatures on Earth. In Chilean Patagonia, male Darwin’s beetles lock horns and hurl their rivals from the treetops in search of a mate. A damselfly’s chance to mate and lay eggs can be cut abruptly short by a leaping frog. Monarch butterflies use their wings to power them on an epic migration to their hibernating grounds in the forests of Mexico’s Sierra Madre. Many insects carry chemical weapons as a form of defence. High-speed cameras show oogpister beetles squirting formic acid into the face of an inquisitive mongoose and bombardier beetles firing boiling caustic liquid from their abdomens. Some insects gain an advantage through co-operation. When an American black bear destroys a bee’s nest, the colony survives by carrying their honey to a new site. Japanese red bug nymphs will move to a different nest if their mother fails to provide sufficient food. In the Australian outback, male Dawson’s bees fight to the death over females emerging from their nest burrows. As a result, all will die, but the strongest mate most often. Argentina’s grasscutter ants form huge colonies five million strong. They feed on a fungus which they cultivate underground, in nest structures which have natural ventilation. Life on Location documents the Mexico crew’s attempts to rig up aerial camera shots of the awakening monarch butterflies.[31]

7. "Hunters and Hunted"

A Killer Whale's unique hunting methods in the Falklands.
UK broadcast 23 November 2009[32]

The seventh installment centered around methods and tatics used by predators as well as prey. Filming for the first time a female Killer Whale's unique strategy to catch Elephant Seal pups in rock pools by the Falklands. No other Killer Whale in the world has learnt to do this and the knowledge is passed on to her calf who shadows her moves. This method of catching food is dangerous as the whale has to swim into shallow pools of water where she could easily become beached. Florida Bay, Bottlenose dolphins use their tails to beat sand from the sea bed to create a net in which the fish are trapped. The dolphins line up as the fish jump to escape and catch them. Chital deer use the ability of the Langur Monkeys which see further from their treetop vantage points, so that, when a predatory Tiger is spotted by the monkeys, they sound an alarm call, thereby alerting any nearby prey.[32]

8. "Creatures of the Deep"

UK broadcast 30 November 2009.

Marine invertebrates are some of the most bizarre and beautiful animals on the planet, and thrive in the toughest parts of the oceans.

Divers swim into a shoal of predatory Humboldt squid as they emerge from the ocean depths to hunt in packs. When cuttlefish gather to mate, their bodies flash in stroboscopic colours. Time-lapse photography reveals thousands of starfish gathering under the Arctic ice to devour a seal carcass.

A giant octopus commits suicide for her young. A camera follows her into a cave which she walls up, then she protects her eggs until she starves.

The greatest living structures on earth, coral reefs, are created by tiny animals in some of the world's most inhospitable waters. (BBC. (2009). Available:http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b00p4rl4)

9. "Plants"

UK broadcast 7 December 2009[33]

Plants' solutions to life's challenges are as ingenious and manipulative as any animal's.

Innovative time-lapse photography opens up a parallel world where plants act like fly-paper, or spring-loaded traps, to catch insects. Vines develop suckers and claws to haul themselves into the rainforest canopy. Every peculiar shape proves to have a clever purpose. The dragon's blood tree is like an upturned umbrella to capture mist and shade its roots. The seed of a Bornean tree has wings so aerodynamic they inspired the design of early gliders. The barrel-shaped desert rose is full of water. The heliconia plant even enslaves a humming bird and turns it into an addict for its nectar. (BBC. (2009). Available: http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b00p90d6.)

10. "Primates"

Inside Life

Main article: Inside Life

A complementary children's TV series, Inside Life, will air on the CBBC Channel and will follow young volunteers as they go behind the scenes with the Life production team and accompany the film-makers on expeditions in the field.[34] It began airing on 13 October 2009.

DVD, Blu-Ray and book

The series is due to be released in the UK as Region 2, four-disc DVD (BBCDVD3068) and Blu-Ray (BBCBD0055) box sets by 2Entertain on 30 November 2009.[35][36]

A hardcover book written by producers Martha Holmes and Michael Gunton accompanies the television series. Life was published in the UK by BBC Books (ISBN 9781846076428) on 1 October 2009.[37]

References

  1. ^ "Life Press Pack – Introduction". BBC Press Office. 2009-09-18.
  2. ^ Khan, Urmee (2009-07-10). "David Attenborough Life series goes deeper than ever into world of the wild". The Daily Telegraph. {{cite news}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
  3. ^ Stelter, Brian (2009-11-02). "Oprah to Narrate Nature Series on the Discovery Channel". New York Times. {{cite news}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
  4. ^ "BBC Worldwide brings Life to Latin America". BBC Press Office. 2009-10-06.
  5. ^ Daswani, Mansha (2009-10-23). "BBC Worldwide announces Canadian slot for Life". Worldscreen.com.
  6. ^ "Peter Fincham: The reluctant controversialist". The Independent. July 14, 2007. {{cite news}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
  7. ^ a b "Is anyone a natural to replace Attenborough?". The Times. February 5, 2007. {{cite news}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
  8. ^ "Attenborough is back - again". The Guardian. September 21, 2007. {{cite news}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
  9. ^ Barrington, Rupert (November 2009), "Life", BBC Wildlife, vol. 27, no. 12 {{citation}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |newspaper= (help)
  10. ^ a b "BBC "Life" – Mammals". WildlifeExtra.com. Retrieved 2009-11-15.
  11. ^ Nikkhah, Roya (2007-11-11). "New TV scandal as BBC foxes viewers again". The Daily Telegraph. {{cite news}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
  12. ^ Foggo, Daniel (2008-01-07). "Nature film not entirely natural". The Australian. {{cite news}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
  13. ^ "BBC is finding Nemo... in Swansea". BBC News Online. Retrieved 2009-11-17.
  14. ^ "Eagles filmed hunting reindeer". BBC Earth News. Retrieved 2009-11-17.
  15. ^ Clarke, Tom (November 2009), "Life: Dolphin Genius", BBC Wildlife, vol. 27, no. 12 {{citation}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |newspaper= (help)
  16. ^ Chapman, Adam (November 2009), "Life: Cheetahs hunting Ostriches", BBC Wildlife, vol. 27, no. 12 {{citation}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |newspaper= (help)
  17. ^ Fothergill, Alastair (2008-06-10). "Should we really be scared of the Komodo dragon?". Daily Mail. {{cite news}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
  18. ^ Collins, Fergus (November 2009), "Life: A Year in a Minute", BBC Wildlife, vol. 27, no. 12 {{citation}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |newspaper= (help)
  19. ^ Blakeney, Simon (November 2009), "Life: Delicate Sword-work", BBC Wildlife, vol. 27, no. 12 {{citation}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |newspaper= (help)
  20. ^ a b Produced by Martha Holmes (2009-10-12). "Challenges of Life". Life. BBC. BBC One.
  21. ^ a b c "Weekly Top 30 Programmes". BARB. Retrieved 2009-11-14. (data available for Life broadcast weeks by searching archive)
  22. ^ "TV ratings: Life begins with 6.5m viewers". The Guardian. 2009-10-14. {{cite web}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
  23. ^ a b Produced by Rupert Barrington (2009-10-19). "Reptiles and Amphibians". Life. BBC. BBC One.
  24. ^ "ITV1's 'Murderland' dents 'FlashForward'". DigitalSpy.co.uk. 2009-10-20.
  25. ^ a b Produced by Ted Oakes (2009-10-26). "Mammals". Life. BBC. BBC One.
  26. ^ "2.7 million see latest 'FlashForward'". DigitalSpy.co.uk. 2009-10-27.
  27. ^ a b Produced by Adam Chapman (2009-11-02). "Fish". Life. BBC. BBC One.
  28. ^ "Poor start for Pamela Anderson series". DigitalSpy.co.uk. 2009-11-03.
  29. ^ a b Produced by Patrick Morris (2009-11-09). "Birds". Life. BBC. BBC One.
  30. ^ "1.2 million see Gary Glitter 'hanged'". DigitalSpy.co.uk. 2009-11-10.
  31. ^ a b Produced by Rupert Barrington (2009-11-16). "Insects". Life. BBC. BBC One.
  32. ^ a b Produced by Adam Chapman, Martha Holmes (2009-11-23). "Hunters and Hunted". Life. BBC. BBC One.
  33. ^ Produced by Neil Lucas (2009-12-07). "Plants". Life. BBC. BBC One.
  34. ^ "BBC Press Pack - Inside Life - Introduction". BBC Press Office. 18 September 2009.
  35. ^ "David Attenborough: Life (DVD)". bbcshop.com. Retrieved 5 October 2009.
  36. ^ "David Attenborough: Life (Blu-Ray)". bbcshop.com. Retrieved 5 October 2009.
  37. ^ "Life (hardcover), by Martha Holmes and Mike Gunton". Amazon.co.uk. Retrieved 2009-03-23.
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