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Nova Iguaçu Volcano

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The Nova Iguaçu Volcano ("Vulcão de Nova Iguaçu" in Portuguese), is located in the state of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, in an area of volcanic rocks at the north-eastern border of the Mendanha massif. The nature of this structure has been disputed in geological academic communities. Klein & Vieira (1980a; b) proposed it to be an extinct volcano with a volcanic cone, volcanic crater, and volcanic bomb at Nova Iguaçu. Scientific journals have studied the volcanic geology of the area, identifying the rocks with volcanic appearance as constituting of subvolcanic intrusive rock bodies (Motoki et al., 2007a; b; c). The Nova Iguaçu volcano theory is now extinct in the academic communities, but the myth continues in sightseeing promotion groups. Recent research revealed that volcanic eruptions occurred in the Nova Iguaçu region. After the eruptions, an intense uplifting and consequent regional denudation took place. The cones, craters, lavas, pyroclastic flow deposits, and volcanic bombs have been washed away in the strong tropical erosion of this region, exposing the underlying geologic structure. The Municipal Park is underlain by the geologic bodies corresponding to the magma chamber, composed of syenite and trachyte, and subvolcanic conduit, made up of pyroclastic rocks, of a depth of 3 km, such as pyroclastic dykes. That is, no extinct volcano is present at Nova Iguaçu. The outcrops are world rare geological examples that expose the underground geologic structures of a volcanic area. The volcano myth continues to be spread by tour groups.

Representative scientific works favorable to the volcano hypothesis (all in Portuguese):
Klein & Vieira (1980b) [1] Klein et al. (2001) [2] Silveira et al. (2005) [3] Valente et al. (2005)[4]

Representative scientific works unfavorable to the volcano hypothesis (all in Portuguese):
Motoki & Sichel (2006) [5] Motoki et al. (2007a) [6] Motoki et al. (2007b) [7] Motoki et al. (2007c)[8]

The other scientific documents (all in Portuguese) are found at "Homepage do Vulcão de Nova Iguaçu".[9]

Locality

The debated volcano is in the Municipality of Nova Iguaçu, about 35 km to the west-northwest of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. It is a horseshoe shaped valley opening to the north at the north-east flank of the Mendanha Massif, about 2 km south-southeast of the Nova Iguaçu railway station. It is 800 m long, 700m wide, and 180 m deep, at S26°46’25”, W43°28’5”. This area is surrounded by peaks more than 400 m high, such as Contenda Rock, Austral Rock, Confeito Rock, and Contento Peak, which are underlain by pyroclastic rock. This rock originated from rock fragments created by a volcanic explosion. The valley is made up of trachyte, another igneous rock with massive texture. The pyroclastic rock was the main justification of the Nova Iguaçu Volcano hypothesis.

Proposal of the volcano hypothesis

The existence of a volcano at Nova Iguaçu was proposed by geologists Viktor Carvalho Klein and André Calixto Vieira in the 1980s.[1] Klein and Vieira based their discovery on the presence of pyroclastic rocks, including volcanic bombs, and the existence of a volcanic crater. They believed the pyroclastic rock to be pyroclastic flow deposits, constituting an “extraordinary well-preserved complete volcanic edifice”.[2] The bread-crust bomb was highlighted as further evidence.[3] Klein and Vieira's work led to a doctoral degree[4] and a pamphlet-style geological field excursion guide.[5] However, their work was not published in scientific journals, and therefore the Nova Iguaçu Volcano hypothesis did not receive the attention and scrutiny necessary to transform it into an academically accepted scientific theory.

Later development

In the early to mid-2000s, a research group composed of geologists from several Brazilian institutions conducted additional geological studies into the existence of a volcano at Nova Iguaçu. Some members of the group agreed with Vieira that a volcanic crater existed at Nova Iguaçu (Loc. 1)[6]. However, other members disagreed because the supposed crater is underlain by massive trachyte, not volcanic breccia.[7]

The group also proposed the existence of trachytic lava flows at Dona Eugênia Valley (Loc. 6) and the Vigné Quarry (Loc. 7).[8]

Based on these works, a masters-degree thesis was concluded[9] but, again, nothing was published in professional journals.

Public awareness

In 2004, the Rio de Janeiro State Department of Mineral Resources (DRM-RJ) started a public information campaign about the geology of Nova Iguaçu, with special attention to the Municipal Park and the theories concerning the extinct volcano. As a part of the project panel-plates with information about the hypothesis of the Nova Iguaçu Volcano[10] were placed in strategic locations around the area and included on the DRM-RJ homepage.[11]

Brazilian media began publicizing the hypothesis of a volcano at Nova Iguaçu based on interviews with a geologist who stated it was the only area in Brazil with clear morphology of a volcanic crater and a volcanic cone. Speeches about the hypothesized volcano were given at DRM-RJ and at the Rio de Janeiro Regional Counsel of Engineering and Agronomy (CREA-RJ). In 2004, the Nova Iguaçu Topshopping held the Volcano Exposition.[12] and the Rio de Janeiro State Financial Tribunary declared the volcanic crater to be a natural sightseeing attraction point of Nova Iguaçu and Mesquita.[13]. In 2005, the Nova Iguaçu Municipal Government and the Mesquita Municipal Government also helped to distribute the information. These non-academic sources had a special interest in the volcanic crater, commenting that an extremely long eruption occurring between 72 to 40 millions years ago, was incompatible with the scientific study of the Earth’s volcanoes.

In early 2005 numerous media, governmental and scientific sources reported that mining activity of the Vigné Quarry (Loc. 7) was destroying Brazil's only intact volcano.[14] A judicial process was sent to the Public Ministry of the State of Rio de Janeiro, requiring the immediate interdiction of the quarry. This started the TAC project (Instrument of the Adjustment Terms of Behavior Applied to Mining Companies of the State of Rio de Janeiro).[15] The last report confirmed the volcanic edifice, but denied the volcanic crater, recommending reopening mining on a reduced scale.[16]

During this period, the Nova Iguaçu Volcano theory expanded to become a social phenomenon. Sightseeing, commercial, artistic, administrative, and educational activities took place, as if the hypothesis was an established scientific theory.[17] The environmental education was a notable regional highlight.[18] The city of Nova Iguaçu adopted traffic signs with images. A movement began to register the Municipal Park to the UNESCO as “Geopark of the Nova Iguaçu Volcano”. Some scientific events[19] and the homepage of the DRM-RJ[20] referred to the Municipal Park as the Geopark. Certain newspapers printed, based on the interviews of another geologist, that the UERJ and Petrobrás (Brazilian National Petroleum Company) were investing one million dollars over two years in researching the oilfield by means of the Nova Iguaçu Volcano.[21]


Scientific doubts

The first scientific article concerning Nova Iguaçu geology, was published in 2006.[22] In the article, and at several scientific events, Akihisa Motoki presented the case against the existence of a volcano at Nova Iguaçu. Since that time, the hypothesis of the Nova Iguaçu Volcano has been discussed at scientific events and in academic journals. Rodrigo Soares, Marcela Lobato and Giannis Petrakis of UERJ, Susanna Sichel of UFF, José Ribeiro Aires of Petrobrás, Ana Maria Netto of UERJ[23], showing that the geology and morphology of Nova Iguaçu are incompatible with the volcano model. No article defending the volcano hypothesis has been published in a qualified scientific journal.

Geological discussion

The primary points of debate are the: 1) volcanic crater; 2) volcanic cone; 3) volcanic bomb; 4) lava flow; 5) pyroclastic flow; 6) regional denudation level.

Volcanic crater

A volcanic crater is a circular negative morphology formed by an explosive eruption.[24] The eruption forms breccia with large clasts, called explosion breccia. The DRM-RJ states the crater is present in a horseshoe-shaped valley situated about 2 km to the south of the urban zone. Vieira & Klein presented the N-S geologic cross-section of the supposed crater, showing a prominent volcanic cone.[25] However, the topographic map of this area does not exhibit morphologic characteristics. The inner walls of the valley are not sub-vertical, but have a shallow angle of 15 to 20°, comparable to a slope formed by erosion. Klein & Vieira inferred that the supposed crater area might be underlain by volcanic agglomerate, that is, volcanic breccia with large clasts.[26] The rock is trachyte and thus disproves the volcanic crater theory.

Volcanic cone

The volcanic cone corresponds to the cone-formed positive morphology originated from the accumulation of solid eruptive materials. Vieira & Klein presented an illustration of the Nova Iguaçu volcanic cone, of 1.7 km of diameter, 250 m of relative heights, and 27º of flank angle.[27] If so, the cone must appear prominently on the north-eastern flank of the Mendanha Massif, and be easily recognized from Nova Iguaçu and neighbouring cities, however, such a cone is not seen. The topographic map and satellite images do not confirm it.[28]

Volcanic bomb

A volcanic bomb is one type of essential fragment originating from a magma drop, launched from the crater in viscous semi-solid state. Indications of vesiculation, volume expansion, and plastic deformation are observed. In case of high viscosity magma, such as of andesite and dacite, the consolidated clast surface is cracked by the volume expansion originated from vesiculation. Such a bomb is called bread-crust bomb. Silveira et al. (2005) and Valente et al. (2005) proved that more than 50% of the clast present in the volcanic agglomerate of the Contenda Rock are volcanic bombs. Klein & Vieira (1980b) and Klein et al. (2001) commented on the presence of bread-crust bomb. However, Motoki et al. (2007b) revealed that these clasts are not porous, but composed of massive trachyte. In addition, no signs of plastic deformation are observed. The altered clast surface with porous appearance is attributed to weathering of fabrics, namely pseudovesicular structure. Therefore, it is concluded that no volcanic bomb is present at Nova Iguaçu.

Lava flow

Geraldes & Netto (2004a; b), Silveira et al. (2005) and Valente et al. (2005) concluded that the trachyte of this area was made up of lava flows which covered the erosion surface of the syenitic rock. If so, the trachyte must be younger than the syenite. However, field observation of the contact outcrops demonstrated that the trachyte intrudes into the metamorphic syenite, forming an intrusive body older than the syenite (Motoki et al., 2007a). Geraldes & Netto (2004a; b), Silveira et al. (2005) and Valente et al. (2005) considered that the trachyte is distributed only along the valley of the crater in a strip 2 km long and less than 100 m thick. This body has a horizontal extension larger than 15 km and stretches from the base to the top of the Mendanha massif, with more than a 800 m drop in elevation (Motoki et al., 2007a). Valente et al. (2005) show isolated occurrences of hexagonal fractures as evidence of trachyte lava flow. The trachyte does not have the characteristics of lava flow and lava dome (Motoki et al., 2007a). The hexagonal fractures were identified to be horizontal columnar joints of trachyte dyke. These geological observations indicate that the trachyte is an intrusive body, being the oldest body of the felsic alkaline magmatism of this area, and is clearly different from the lava flows overlying the eroded surface of the syenite.

Pyroclastic flow

Klein & Vieira (1980a; b), Klein et al. (1984), Geraldes & Netto (2004a), Silveira et al. (2005), Valente et al. (2005), etc., concluded the pyroclastic rocks present at the Contenda Rock and its' neighbours are pyroclastic flows, using the layered structure as proof. Motoki et al. (2007c) concluded the development degree and horizontal continuity of the pyroclastic textures are too poor for a pyroclastic flow deposit. The pyroclastic rocks along the Eugênia River are exposed forming pyroclastic dykes, presenting underground subvolcanic fissures. If the pyroclastic rocks originated from pyroclastic flows, the deposits should have been widely present in the Fluminense lowland, such as Mesquita, Nilopolis, Nova Iguaçu, and Duque de Caxias. Welded pyroclastic rocks resist weathering, and are therefore easily identified. Such volcanic deposits are not found in the Fluminense lowland. This confirms that these pyroclastic rocks were not created in pyroclastic flows.

Present conclusion of the scientific works

In recent years, the hypothesis of the Nova Iguaçu Volcano has been an ardent discussion in scientific events and geological journals, being a controversial theme of the local geology. Research has clarified the inexistence of crater, cone, bomb, lava, and pyroclastic flow, and the scientific problems of the previous works were pointed out one by one. In this situation, the research groups favourable to the volcano hypothesis maintain their silence in academic communities. In this way, the geological studies of Nova Iguaçu are arriving at a new paradigm, that is, the inexistence of Nova Iguaçu Volcano.

(This page is still under construction)

  1. ^ Klein & Vieira, 1980a; b
  2. ^ Klein et al., 1984
  3. ^ Klein et al., 2001
  4. ^ Klein, 1993
  5. ^ Vieira & Klein, 2004
  6. ^ Medeiros & Ragatky, 2004; Geraldes & Netto, 2004
  7. ^ Silveira et al., 2005; Valente et al., 2005
  8. ^ Geraldes & Netto, 2004; Silveira et al., 2005; Valente et al., 2005
  9. ^ Silveira, 2006
  10. ^ Mansur et al., 2004
  11. ^ Ghizi et al., 2004
  12. ^ Topshopping Nova Iguaçu, 2004
  13. ^ TCR-RJ, 2004
  14. ^ [[Folha de São Paulo; CPRM (2005), Brazilian Geological Survey; MTC (2005), Brazilian Ministry of Technology and Science; SBPC (2005), Brazilian Society of Progress of Science; FUNDEP (2005), Brazilian Foundation of Research Development; FAPERJ (2005), Rio de Janeiro State Foundation of Research Support; Nova Iguaçu (2005) Municipal Government
  15. ^ Erthal et al., 2004
  16. ^ Valente et al., 2005
  17. ^ GuiaCamp, 2006; Carioquinha 2006; Trilha a Pé, 2006; Tirus Baixada, 2007
  18. ^ Guedes & Mansur, 2004; Geraldes, 2006a; b
  19. ^ Geraldes & Netto, 2004a; b; Geraldes, 2006a; Mansur et al., 2004
  20. ^ Ghizi et al., 2004; Medeiros et al., 2004
  21. ^ Clipping UERJ, 2005; UERJ em Dia, 2005, ; Jornal do Brasil, 2005; Jornal Saber Ciência, 2005; Gaspet SC, 2005
  22. ^ Motoki & Sichel, 2006
  23. ^ Motoki et al., 2004; 2005
  24. ^ MacDonald, 1972; Motoki et al., 2007a
  25. ^ Vieira & Klein (2004)
  26. ^ Klein & Vieira (1980b)
  27. ^ Vieira & Klein (2004)
  28. ^ Motoki et al., 2007a

References

Carioquinha. 2006. Pontos Carioquinha 2006. http://www.carioquinha.com.br. Accesso: 20 de maio de 2006.

Clipping UERJ. 2005. Pesquisa da UERJ pode descobrir novas jazidas de petróleo. Entrevista do geólogo Mauro Geraldes. Rio de Janeiro, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro.

CPRM. 2005. Pedreira destrói único vulcão intacto do país. Entrevista do Geólogo André Calixto Vieira. ASSCOM, Boletim 001/2005, Companhia Brasileira de Prospecção Mineral. Rio de Janeiro. 3 de janeiro, 2005.

CREA-RJ. 2005. Entrevista do Geólogo André Calixto Vieira. Jornal CREA-RJ, edição 19, 2005. Rio de Janeiro.

Erthal, F., Mansur, K., Rocha, R.L.S., Nunes, H., Nogueira, G.S. 2004. O instrumento dos termos de ajustamento de conduta applicados a empreendimentos minerais no estado do Rio de Janeiro. Anais de 42°Congresso Brasileiro de Geologia, Araxá, SBG, CD, 1p

FAPERJ. 2005. Vulcão de Nova Iguaçu está sendo destruído por uma pedreira. Entrevista do Geólogo André Calixto Vieira. Boletim da FAPERJ, 19 de janeiro de 2005.

Folha de São Paulo. 2005. Pedreira destrói único vulcão intacto do país. Sérgio Torres entrevistando o geólogo André Calixto Vieira.

Folha de São Paulo, 3 de janeiro, 2005. (A página retirada)

FUNDEP. 2005. Pedreira destrói único vulcão intacto do país. Entrevista do Geólogo André Calixto Vieira. FUNDEP, Brasília, 4 de Janeiro de 2005.

GASPET SC. 2005. UERJ pesquisa jazida em vulcão de Nova Iguaçu. Programa da indústria catarinense fornecedora de bens e serviços para o setor de petróleo e gás natural. Entrevista do geólogo Mauro Geraldes, Gaspet. 2005.

Geraldes, M.C. 2006a. Eduacdores para a gestão ambienta: um projeto em aflabeticação ecológica para o Geoparque do Vulcão de Nova Iguaçu. 17º UERJ sem Muros, Rio de Janeiro, UERJ, Painel 54.

Geraldes, M.C. 2006b. Vulcânico de Nova Iguaçu: subsídios para a preservação de um monumento geológico. SIGEP - Comissão Basileira de sítios geológicos e paleobiológicos. http://www.unb.br/ig/sigep/propostas/complexovulcanico_nova_iguacu_rj.htm. Accesso: 31 de dezembro de 2006b.

Geraldes, M.C., Netto, A.M. 2004a. Elaboração de placas do Geoparque do Vulcão de Nova Iguaçu-RJ: a utilização de linguagem popular para explicar a construção de um edifício vulcânico. Anais de 42°Congresso Brasileiro de Geologia, Araxá, SBG, CD, 1p..

Geraldes, M.C., Netto, A.M. 2004b. O construtivismo no ensino de geologia para a população na área de preservação ambiental no Geoparque do Vulcão de Nova Iguaçu-RJ. Anais de 42°Congresso Brasileiro de Geologia, Araxá, SBG, CD, 1p.

Ghizi, A., Mansur, K., Vieira, A.C. 2004a. Geoparque do Vulcão de Nova Iguaçu. Homepage do Departamento de Recursos Minerais do Estado do Rio de Janeiro - DRM. http://www.drm.rj.gov.br/item.asp?chave=109, Accesso: 31 de dezembro de 2006.

Guedes, E., Mansur, K. 2004. O projeto Caminhos Geológicos no Parque Municipal de Nova Iguaçu - RJ: o caso do Poço do Escorrega. Anais do 42°Congresso Brasileiro de Geologia, Araxá, SBG, CD, 1p. Guia Camp. 2006. http://www.guiacamp.com.br/main.php?secao=20&item=9. Accesso: 20 de maio de 2006.

Jornal do Brasil. 2005. Pesquisa da UERJ pode descobrir novas jazidas de petróleo. Entrevista do geólogo Mauro Geraldes, Jornal do Brasil, Rio de Janeiro, 25 de abril de 2005.

Jornal Saber Ciências. 2005. Vulcão em Nova Iguaçu: Estudo indica possíveis jazidas de petróleo. Entrevista do geólogo Mauro Geraldes. Jornal Saber Ciências, Centro Brasileiro de Pesquisas Físicas, Ministério de Ciências e Tecnologia, Rio de Janeiro. 3 de outubro de 2005.

Klein, V.C. 1993. O Vulcão Alcalino de Nova Iguaçu (Estado do Rio de Janeiro): Controle Estrutural e Processo de Erupção. Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro. Tese de doutorado. (inédito).

Klein, V.C., Ávila, C.A., Dayan, H. 2001. Bombas “crosta de pão” (bread crust) no sepósitos piroclásticos do Vulcão de Nova Iguaçu, Rio de Janeiro. Boletim de Resumos do 7º Simpósio de Geologia do Sudeste, Rio de Janeiro, SBG, CD, 1p..

Klein, V.C., Valença, J.G., Vieira, A.C. 1984. Ignimbritos do vulcão de Nova Iguaçu e da “Chaminé do Lamego”, Rio de Janeiro. Anais do 33°Congresso Brasileiro de Geologia, Rio de Janeiro, SBG, p. 4346-4354.

Klein, V.C., Vieira, A.C. 1980a. Uma chaminé vulcânica na Serra de Madureira, Nova Iguaçu, Rio de Janeiro. Academia Brasileira de Ciências, comunicação breve, Rio de Janeiro, 52, p. 200, 1980a.

Klein, V.C., Vieira, A.C. 1980b. Vulcões do Rio de Janeiro: Breve geologia e perspectivas. Mineração Metallurgia, v. 419, p. 44-46.

Mansur, K., Erthal, F. 2004. Projeto Caminhos Geológicos e seus Desdobramentos no Estado do Rio de Janeiro. Anais do 43°Congresso Brasileiro de Geologia, Araxá, SBG, CD, 1p.

Mansur, K., Ghizi, A., Guedes, E., Medeiros, F., Nogueira, G., Barbosa, M. 2004. A transformação da linguagem científica em popular na elaboração de placas descritivas de pontos de interesse geológico: o caso do Geoparque do Vulcão de Nova Iguaçu-RJ. Anais do 42°Congresso Brasileiro de Geologia, Araxá, SGB, CD, 1p.

Medeiros, F., Ragatky, D. 2004. Geoparque de Nova Iguaçu - Falha do Poço das Cobras. Homepage do Departamento de Recursos Minerais do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, DRM-RJ. http://www.drm.rj.gov.br/item.asp?chave=106, 2004. Accesso: 31 de dezembro de 2006.

Motoki, A. 2007. Atividades magmáticas do Estado do Rio de Janeiro: divulgação para as escolas do ensino médio e fundamental. FAPERJ Edital no 04/2007, Programa “Difusão e popularização da ciência e tecnologia no Estado do Rio de Janeiro”, 16p. (inédito)

Motoki, A., Adriano, L., Melo, D.P., Freitas, A. 2004. Edifícios vulcânicos e corpos subvulcânicos, de accordo com os níveis de denudação: exemplos do Brasil e da Argentina. Anais 42°Congresso Brasileiro de Geologia, Araxá, SBG, CD, 1p.

Motoki, A., Sichel, S., Fonceca, L.G., Silva, M.S., Almeida, F.S.S., Corrales, F. 2005. Relação entre as texturas de rochas vulcânicas e estruturas de corpos vulcânicos e sub-vulcânicos: exemplos do Brasil, Argentina e Chile. Anais de 3º Simpósio de Vulcanismo e Ambientes Associados, Cabo Frio, p. 387-392.

Motoki, A., Sichel, S.E. 2006. Avaliação de aspectos texturais e estruturais de corpos vulcânicos e subvulcânicos e sua relação com o ambiente de cristalização, com base em exemplos do Brasil, Argentina e Chile. Revista Escola de Minas, v. 59, n.1, p. 13-23.

Motoki, A., Soares, R., Lobato, M., Sichel, E.S., Aires, J.R. 2007b. Feições intempéricas em rochas alcalinas félsicas de Nova Iguaçu, RJ. Revista Escola de Minas, v. 60-2. (in press)

Motoki, A., Soares, R., Netto, A.M., Sichel, E.S., Aires, J.R., Lobato, M. 2007c. Forma de ocorrência geológica dos diques de rocha piroclástica no Vale do Rio Dona Eugênia, Parque Municipal de Nova Iguaçu, RJ. Revista Geociências, Rio Claro, (in press).

Motoki, A., Soares, R., Netto, A.M., Sichel, S.E., Aires, J.R., Lobato, M. 2007a. Reavaliação do modelo genético do Vulcão de Nova Iguaçu, RJ: origem eruptiva ou intrusão subvulcânica ? Revista Escola de Minas, Ouro Preto, v. 60-3. (in press).

Motoki, A., Soares, S., Lobato, S., Petrakis, G.H., Netto, A.M., Sichel, S.E., Aires, J.R. 2007d. Ponto de virada da educação ambiental de accordo com os desenvolvimentos científicos sobre a hipótese do Vulcão de Nova Iguaçu, RJ. 8ª Semana do Meio Ambiente da UERJ. Rio de Janeiro, UERJ, 22p. 18 a 22 de junho de 2007.

Prefeitura Municipal de Mesquita. 2004. Homepage da Prefeitura Municipal de Mesquita, RJ. http://www.mesquita.rj.gov.br/semuam-p.htm, 2004. Accesso: 31 de dezembro de 2005. (A página foi retirada)

Prefeitura Municipal de Nova Iguaçu. 2004. Parque Municipal de Nova Iguaçu. Homepage da Prefeitura Municipal de Nova Iguaçu, RJ. http://www.abeunet.com.br/~midia/pmni/index_parque.htm, 2004. Accesso: 15 de junho de 2004. (A página foi retirada)

Rede Globo. 2004. Aventura, o vulcão carioca do esporte. Entrevista do Geólogo André Calixto Vieira. Jornal Hoje, 21 de março.

Rede Globo. 2004. Ele reina absoluta. Entrevista do Geólogo André Calixto Vieira. Jornal Hoje, 18 de junho, 2005.

SBPC. 2004. Pedreira destrói único vulcão intacto do país. Pedreira destrói único vulcão intacto do país. Entrevista do Geólogo André Calixto Vieira. Sociedade Brasileiro de Progresso em Ciências, http://www.jornaldaciencia.org.br/Detalhe.jsp?id=24457, 3 de janeiro 2005. Accesso: 31 de dezembro de 2006.

Silveira, L.S.S. 2006. Petrogênese das suítes alcalinas da porção oriental do Complexo Vulcânico de Nova Iguaçu, RJ. Dissertação de Mestrado, Faculdade de Geologia, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, 75p. (inédito)

Silveira, L.S., Dutra, T., Valente, S.C., Ragatky, D.C. 2005. Modelos eruptivos preliminares para o Complexo Vulcânico de Nova Iguaçu, RJ. Anais de 3º Simpósio de Vulcanismo e Ambientes Associados. Cabo Frio, p. 333-337, 2005.

TCE-RJ. 2004. Estudo sócio econômico 2004, Nova Iguaçu. Tribunal de Conta do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, relatório interno, 105p. (inédito)

Topshopping Nova Iguaçu. 2004. Exposição Vulcão. Homepage de Topshopping Nova Iguaçu. http://www.topshopping.com.br/aconteceu.htm, Aceso: 15 de junho de 2004. (A página foi retirada)

Trilha a pé. 2006. Trekking no vulcão. http://www.trilhaape.com.br/trekking/introducao05_07.php, 2007. Accesso: 20 de maio de 2006.

TURIS BAIXADA. O seu portal do turismo na Baixada Fluminense. http://www.turisbaixada.com.br/caracteristicas.htm, 2007. Accesso: 20 de maio de 2006.

Valente, S.C., Mello, E.F., Palermo, N. 2005. Geologia de uma porção do complexo vulcânico de Nova Iguaçu limítrofe à área de lavra da pedreira Vigné, Nova Iguaçu, RJ. Relatório técnico do Projeto TAC. Ministério Público, Nova Iguaçu, 72p. (inédito)

Vieira, A.C., Klein, V.C. 2004. Vulcão de Nova Iguaçu, o vulcão brasileiro. CREA-RJ, 10p. (inédito)

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