British Indian Ocean Territory

"BIOT" redirects here. For other uses, see Biot.

British Indian Ocean Territory
Flag Coat of arms of British Indian Ocean Territory Coat of arms
Motto: "In tutela nostra Limuria"  (Latin) "Limuria is in our charge"
Anthem: God Save the Queen
Capital and largest city	Diego Garcia
Official languages	English
Ethnic groups	95.88% British 4.12% other
Government	British Overseas Territory
• Queen	HM Queen Elizabeth II
• Commissioner	Colin Roberts
• Administrator	Joanne Yeadon
Created  1965
Area
• Total	60 km2 (23 sq mi) (n/a)
• Water (%)	0
Population
• Estimate	3,500 (n/a)
• Density	58.3/km2 (151.0/sq mi) (n/a)
Currency	U.S. dollar (USD)
Time zone	UTC+6
Drives on	Right
Calling code	246
ISO 3166 code	IO
Internet TLD	.io

The British Indian Ocean Territory (BIOT) or Chagos Islands is an overseas territory of the United Kingdom situated in the Indian Ocean, halfway between Africa and Indonesia. The territory comprises the six atolls of the Chagos Archipelago with over 1,000 individual islands.

The largest island is Diego Garcia, the site of a joint military facility of the United Kingdom and the United States.

History

The ancient Sanskrit name Lakshadweepa referred to the Islands of Lakshadweep, Maldives, Suvadives and the Chagos Archipelago as well. They were ruled from India originally, although never settled.

Maldivian mariners knew the Chagos Islands well. In Maldivian lore they are known as Fōlhavahi or Hollhavai (the latter name in the closer Southern Maldives). According to Southern Maldivian oral tradition, traders and fishermen were occasionally lost at sea and got stranded in one of the islands of the Chagos. Eventually they were rescued and brought back home. However, these islands were judged to be too far away from the Maldives to be settled permanently by them. Thus for many centuries the Chagos were ignored by their northern neighbors.

The Islands of Chagos Archipelago were charted by Vasco da Gama in the early sixteenth century, then claimed in the eighteenth century by France as a possession of Mauritius. They were first settled in the 18th century, by African slaves and Indian labourers brought by Franco-Mauritians to found coconut plantations. In 1810, Mauritius was captured by the United Kingdom, and France ceded the territory in the Treaty of Paris.

In 1965, the United Kingdom split the Chagos Archipelago from Mauritius, and the islands of Aldabra, Farquhar and Desroches (Des Roches) from the Seychelles, to form the British Indian Ocean Territory. The purpose was to allow the construction of military facilities for the mutual benefit of the United Kingdom and the United States. The islands were formally established as an overseas territory of the United Kingdom on 8 November 1965. On 23 June 1976, Aldabra, Farquhar and Desroches were returned to Seychelles as a result of it attaining independence. Subsequently, BIOT has consisted only of the six main island groups comprising the Chagos Archipelago.

In 1966, the British Government purchased the privately owned copra plantations and closed them down. Over the next five years, the British authorities forcibly and clandestinely removed the entire population of about 2,000 people, known as the Chagossians (or Ilois), from Diego Garcia and two other Chagos atolls, Peros Banhos and Salomon, to Mauritius (see Depopulation of Diego Garcia). In 1971, the United Kingdom and the United States signed a treaty, leasing the island of Diego Garcia to the American military for the purposes of building a large air and naval base on the Island. The deal was important to the United Kingdom, as the United States agreed to give them a substantial discount on the purchase of Polaris nuclear missiles in return for the use of the islands as a base. The strategic location of the island was also significant at the centre of the Indian Ocean, and to counter any Soviet threat in the region.

View of Diego Garcia, showing military base.

Work on the military base commenced in 1971, with a large airbase with several long range runways constructed, as well as a harbour suitable for large naval vessels. Although classed as a joint UK/US base, in practice it is mainly staffed by the American military, although a British garrison is maintained at all times, and Royal Air Force long range patrol aircraft are deployed there. The United States Air Force used the base during the 1991 Gulf War and the 2001 war in Afghanistan, as well as the 2003 Iraq War.

During the 1980s, Mauritius asserted a claim to sovereignty for the territory, citing the 1965 separation as illegal under international law, despite their apparent agreement at the time. The UK does not recognise Mauritius' claim, but has agreed to cede the Territory to Mauritius when it is no longer required for defence purposes. The Seychelles also launched a sovereignty claim on several of the islands.

The islanders, who now reside in Mauritius and the Seychelles, have continually asserted their right to return to Diego Garcia, winning important legal victories in the English High Court in 2000, 2006 and 2007. However, in the High Court and Court of Appeal in 2003 and 2004, the islanders' application for further compensation on top of the £14.5 million value package of compensation they had already received was dismissed by the court.

On 11 May 2006 the High Court ruled that a 2004 Order in Council preventing the Chagossians's resettlement of the islands was unlawful, and consequently that the Chagossians were entitled to return to the outer islands of the Chagos Archipelago. On 23 May 2007, this was confirmed by the Court of Appeal. In a UK Government-sponsored visit, the islanders visited Diego Garcia and other islands on 3 April 2006 for humanitarian purposes, including the tending of the graves of their ancestors. On October 22, 2008, the British government won a case in the House of Lords regarding the royal prerogative used to continue excluding the Chagossians from their homeland.

Politics and law

View of East Point, Diego Garcia from air.

Main article: Government of British Indian Ocean Territory

As a territory of the United Kingdom, the head of state is Queen Elizabeth II. There is no Governor appointed to represent the Queen on the territory, as there are no longer any native inhabitants. The head of government is the Commissioner, currently Colin Roberts (since July 2008, replacing Leigh Turner) and Administrator Joanne Yeadon (since December 2007, replacing Tony Humphries), all of whom reside in the UK. The Commissioner's representative in the Territory is the officer commanding the detachment of British forces.

The laws of the territory are based on the constitution, set out in the British Indian Ocean Territory (Constitution) Order 2004, which gives the Commissioner full powers to make laws for the Territory. Applicable treaties between the United Kingdom and the United States govern the use of the military base. The United States is required to ask permission of the United Kingdom to use the base for offensive military action.

Geography and communications

British Indian Ocean Territory (B.I.O.T.) prior to Seychelles independence in 1976. The land at bottom left is the northern tip of Madagascar. (Desroches is not labelled, but is a part of the Amirante Islands.)

Map of the British Indian Ocean Territory since 1976

Main article: Geography of British Indian Ocean Territory

The territory is an archipelago of 55 islands, the largest being Diego Garcia, accounting for almost three-quarters of the total land area of the territory, which is 60 km². The terrain is flat and low, with most areas not exceeding 2 metres above sea level. The climate is tropical marine; hot, humid, and moderated by trade winds.

With the exception of one two-lane motorway, most of the islands in the territory have no roads of any sort. Diego Garcia has a short stretch of paved road between the port and airfield; otherwise most transport is by bicycle.

Diego Garcia's military base is home to the territory's only airport (one paved runway over 3000 metres long), capable of operating very heavy USAF bombers like the B-52, and only one major seaport.

Economy

All economic activity is concentrated on Diego Garcia, where joint UK-US defence facilities are located. Approximately 2,000 native inhabitants, known as the Chagossians or Ilois, were forcibly relocated to Mauritius before construction of UK-US military facilities; in 1995, there were approximately 1,700 U.K. and U.S. military personnel and 1,500 civilian contractors living on the island.

Construction projects and various services needed to support the military installations are carried out by military and contract employees from the U.K., Mauritius, the Philippines, and the U.S. There are no industrial or agricultural activities on the islands. The licensing of commercial fishing provides an annual income of about $1 million for the territory.

Separate telephone facilities for military and public needs are available, providing all standard commercial telephone services, including connection to the Internet. International telephone service is carried by communications satellite. The territory has three radio broadcast stations, one AM and two FM, and one television broadcast station. Because of its extreme equatorial location, Diego Garcia can use geosynchronous satellites over the Indian Ocean and also some over the eastern Atlantic Ocean. Fairly active amateur radio operations occur from Diego Garcia, using the British callsign prefix VQ9.

Postage stamps have been issued for British Indian Ocean Territory since January 17, 1968.

See also

• Chagos Archipelago
• Chagossians
• List of island countries and territories in the Indian Ocean

External links

• The Chagos Conservation Trust - A non political charity whose aims are to promote conservation, scientific and historical research, and to advance education concerning the archipelago.
• Let Them Return - The Chagos People's Homeland Campaign
• Diego Garcia Online: Information for the Diego Garcia, BIOT population.
• UK Foreign Office- profile
• "British Indian Ocean Territory". The World Factbook (2025 ed.). Central Intelligence Agency.
• Diego Garcia timeline posted at the History Commons
• US Military Site on Diego Garcia
• A Return from Exile in Sight? The Chagossians and their Struggle, from the Northwestern Journal of International Human Rights
• EU Relations with British Indian Ocean Territory