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Kliment Voroshilov

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Kliment Yefremovich Voroshilov
Marshal of the Soviet Union Kliment Voroshilov
Buried
Kremlin Wall Necropolis
Allegiance Soviet Union
Service / branchRed Army
Years of service1903 — 1953
RankMarshal of the Soviet Union
Battles / warsRussian Civil War
Polish-Soviet War
Winter War
Great Patriotic War
AwardsHero of the Soviet Union (3)
Hero of Socialist Labor
Order of Lenin (8)
Order of the Red Banner (6)
Order of Suvorov, 1st Class
Medal For the Victory Over Germany in the Great Patriotic War 1941-1945

Kliment Yefremovich Voroshilov (Template:Audio-ru, Template:Lang-uk, Klyment Yefremovych Voroshylov), popularly known as Klim Voroshilov (Template:Lang-ru) (4 February [O.S. 23 January] 1881 – 2 December 1969) was a Soviet military commander and bureaucrat.

Early life and Russian Revolution

Voroshilov was born in Lysychansk (now in Luhansk Oblast, Ukraine), in the Russian Empire, to a railway worker's family of Russian ethnicity.[1] He joined the Bolshevik faction of the Russian Social Democratic Labour Party in 1905. Following the Russian Revolution of 1917, Voroshilov was a member of the Ukrainian provisional government and Commissar for Internal Affairs. He was well known for aiding Stalin in the Military Council (led by Leon Trotsky), having become closely associated during the Red Army's 1918 defense of Tsaritsyn. Voroshilov was instrumental as a commander of the Southern Front during the Russian Civil War and the Polish-Soviet War while with 1st Cavalry Army. As Political Commissar serving co-equally with Stalin, Voroshilov was responsible for the morale of the 1st Cavalry Army, whose men were chiefly composed of peasants from southern Russia.[2] Voroshilov's efforts as Commissar did not prevent a resounding defeat at the Battle of Komarów, nor regular outbreaks of murderous anti-Semitic violence within the Cavalry army's ranks.[3]

Political career

Voroshilov was elected to the Central Committee in 1921 and remained a member until 1961. In 1925, after the death of Mikhail Frunze, Voroshilov was appointed People's Commissar for Military and Navy Affairs and Chairman of the Revolutionary Military Council of the USSR, a post he held until 1934. Frunze's position was Troika compatible (Zinoviev, Kamenev, Stalin), but Stalin preferred to have a close ally in charge (as opposed to Frunze, a "Zinovievite"). Frunze was urged to have surgery to treat an old stomach ulcer. He died on the operating table of an overdose of chloroform, an anesthetic. Stalin's critics charge that the surgery was used to disguise the assassination of Frunze. Voroshilov was made a full member of the newly formed Politburo in 1926, remaining a member until 1960.

File:Bukharin-Voroshilov.jpg
Kliment Voroshilov, cartoon by Nikolai Bukharin

Voroshilov was appointed People's Commissar for Defence in 1934 and a Marshal of the Soviet Union in 1935. As a confirmed sycophant of Joseph Stalin, Voroshilov played a central role in Stalin's Great Purge of the 1930s, denouncing many of his own military colleagues and subordinates when asked to do so by Stalin. He went so far as to write personal letters to exiled former Soviet officers and diplomats such as Mikhail Ostrovsky to return voluntarily to the Soviet Union, reassuring them that they would not face retribution from authorities (they did).[3] Voroshilov personally signed 185 documented execution lists, fourth among the Soviet leadership after Molotov, Stalin and Kaganovich.[4]

During World War II, Voroshilov was a member of the State Defense Committee. Voroshilov commanded Soviet troops during the Winter War from November 1939 to January 1940, but due to his poor planning and overall incompetence the Red Army suffered about 125,000 casualties compared to 48,000 Finnish losses. When the leadership gathered at Stalin's dacha at Kuntsevo Stalin shouted at Voroshilov who replied in kind, blaming the failure on Stalin for killing the Red Army's best generals in his purges. Voroshilov followed this by smashing a platter of roast suckling pig on the table. Khrushchev said it was the only time he ever witnessed such an outburst. Voroshilov still became the scapegoat for the initial failures in Finland. He was later replaced as Defence Commissar by Semyon Timoshenko. Voroshilov was then made Deputy Premier responsible for cultural matters.[5]

Voroshilov initially argued that thousands of Polish army officers captured in September 1939 should be released, but later signed the order for their execution. Vasili Blokhin of the NKVD personally shot 7000 of them in 28 nights using German Walther pistols.[6]

Voroshilov, Gorky, Stalin (left to right) 1931 photo

After the German invasion of the Soviet Union in June 1941, Voroshilov was made commander of the short-lived Northwestern Direction, controlling several fronts. Working alongside military commander Andrei Zhdanov as German advances threatened to cut off Leningrad he displayed considerable personal bravery, prancing around in defiance of heavy shelling at Ivanovskoye; at one point he rallied retreating troops and personally led a counter-attack against German tanks armed only with a pistol. Failing to prevent the Germans from surrounding Leningrad however, he was dismissed from that post and replaced by the far abler Georgy Zhukov on 8 September 1941.[7]

In an embarrassing incident at the 1943 Tehran Conference, during a ceremony to receive the "Sword of Stalingrad" from Winston Churchill, he took the sword from Stalin but then allowed the sword to fall from its scabbard onto his toes in the presence of the Big Three wartime leaders.[8]

In 1945-47 he supervised the establishment of the communist regime in Hungary.

During a visit to Turkey in 1933 he exchanges greetings with Mustafa Kemal

In 1952, Voroshilov was appointed a member of the Presidium of the Central Committee. Stalin's death prompted major changes in the Soviet leadership and in March 1953, Voroshilov was approved as Chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet (i.e. the head of state) with Nikita Khrushchev as First Secretary of the Communist Party and Malenkov as Premier of the Soviet Union. Voroshilov, Malenkov and Khrushchev brought about the arrest of Lavrenty Beria after Stalin's death in 1953.

Retirement

After Khruschev removed most of the old Stalinists, like Molotov and Malenkov, from the party Voroshilov's career begun to fade. On May 7, 1960, the Supreme Soviet of the Soviet Union granted Voroshilov's request for retirement and elected Leonid Brezhnev chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme Council (the head of state). The Central Committee also relieved him of duties as a member of the Party Presidium (as the Politburo had been called since 1952) on July 16, 1960. In October 1961, his political defeat was complete at the 22nd party congress when he was excluded from election to the Central Committee. A curious story surrounds Voroshilov's last days as the head of state. During one dinner meeting with the Central Committee, every one else present ignored Voroshilov and gave him the cold shoulder. Their snubs made Voroshilov realize that all his colleagues had already decided to fire him, so he decided to preempt them and retire by his own will. [citation needed]

Following Khrushchev's fall from power, Soviet leader Brezhnev brought Voroshilov out of retirement into a figurehead political post. Voroshilov was again re-elected to the Central Committee in 1966. Voroshilov was awarded a second medal of Hero of the Soviet Union 1968. He died in 1969 in Moscow and was buried in the Kremlin Wall Necropolis. The KV series of tanks, used in World War II, was named after Voroshilov. Two towns were also named after him: Voroshilovgrad in Ukraine (now changed back to the historical Luhansk) and Voroshilov in the Soviet Far East (now renamed Ussuriysk after the Ussuri river), as well as the General Staff Academy in Moscow. Stavropol was called Voroshilovsk from 1935 to 1943.

Family

Voroshilov was married to Ekaterina Davidovna, born Golda Gorbman, who came from a Jewish Ukranian family from Mardarovka. She changed her name when she converted to Orthodox Christianity in order to be allowed to marry Voroshilov. They met while both exiled in Arkhangelsk, where Ekaterina was sent in 1906. While both serving on the Tsaritsin Front in 1918, where Ekaterina was helping orphans, they adopted a four year old orphan boy who they named Petya.[9] They also adopted the children of Mikhail Frunze, following his death in 1925. During Stalin's rule they lived in the Kremlin at the Horse Guards.[10]

See also

References

  1. ^ http://www.warheroes.ru/hero/hero.asp?Hero_id=1089
  2. ^ Brown, Stephen. "Communists and the Red Cavalry: The Political Education of the Konarmiia in the Russian Civil War, 1918-20" The Slavonic and East European Review, Vol. 73, No. 1 (Jan., 1995), p. 88
  3. ^ a b Barmine, Alexander, One Who Survived, New York: G.P. Putnam (1945), footnote, p. 21
  4. ^ http://stalin.memo.ru/images/intro1.htm
  5. ^ Sebag Montefiore, Simon 2004 Stalin The Court of the Red Tsar, Phoenix London ISBN 0 75381 766 7 pp340-1
  6. ^ Sebag Montefiore, Simon 2004 Stalin The Court of the Red Tsar, Phoenix London ISBN 0 75381 766 7 pp337-9
  7. ^ Sebag Montefiore, Simon 2004 Stalin The Court of the Red Tsar, Phoenix London ISBN 0 75381 766 7 pp391-95
  8. ^ Winston Churchill, Closing the Ring, Vol. 5, p. 321.
  9. ^ Larissa Vasilieva, Kremlin Wives pp 83-5Retrieved 2009-10-23
  10. ^ Sebag Montefiore, Simon 2004 Stalin The Court of the Red Tsar, Phoenix London ISBN 0 75381 766 7 pp9-10
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Political offices
Preceded by Chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the Soviet Union
1953–1960 		Succeeded by
Preceded by People's Commissar of Defense
1925–1940 		Succeeded by
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