User:Rlandmann/WIP
| S.45 | |
|---|---|
| Role | Seaplane trainer[1] |
| National origin | United Kingdom |
| Manufacturer | Short Brothers |
| First flight | 24 May 1912 |
| Primary user | Royal Navy |
| Number built | 4 |
| Developed from | Short S.36 |
The Short S.45 — also known as the Short T.5 after its naval serial number[1] — was a training biplane built for Britain's Royal Navy by Short Brothers in 1912. It was the forerunner of another three identical aircraft (designated S.48, S.49, and S.50 by Shorts) delivered to the Royal Navy the following year.
Design and Development
The design was similar[2] to that of the Short S.36, a sporting biplane built for Frank McClean that he lent to the Navy Flying School, Eastchurch for evaluation. Cdr Charles Rumney Samson and Capt Eugene Gerrard test flew the aircraft early in 1912. The pleasing performance of the S.36 led to an order by the Admiralty for two aircraft of similar configuration but differing in detail in March that year. Shorts delivered these as the S.41 and the S.45.
As delivered, the S.45 was a conventional design for its day, with a fuselage of square-cross section and two seats in open cockpits in tandem. The wire-braced wings had two bays and were unstaggered, and the fuselage was mounted part-way between them. The upper wing had a larger span than the lower, and carried large ailerons at its tips. The tail was cruciform in shape and the undercarriage was designed to be interchangeable to allow the S.45 to be flown as a seaplane or landplane. The machine was powered by a single rotary engine in the nose, turning a two-blade propeller. In seaplane configuration, the undercarriage consisted of a single pontoon mounted beneath the fuselage, with airbags on short struts under each wing. A third airbag was later fitted under the tail to keep it out of the water while the aircraft was under tow.
Operational history
The S.45 flew for the first time on 24 May 1912 as a landplane with Lt Spencer Grey at the controls and was accepted for Navy service with the serial number T.5 ("T" signifying "tractor"). Together with the S.41, the aircraft participated in the Naval Review at Portsmouth in July. It was soon joined in service by the S.48 (serial 413), which Capt Gerrard delivered to the Central Flying School at Upavon on 10 October. Although evaluated by Capt John Salmond as underpowered, it flew regularly until damaged beyond repair in a landing accident on 4 December when it stalled on approach.
Meanwhile, the S.45 underwent considerable modification, including a new engine cowling, a built-up coaming around the cockpits, revised ailerons, and upper wings of greater span. The wing extensions were braced with a kingpost and wires. Its serial was changed from "T.5" to simply "5" when army and navy aircraft serials were merged into one system in late 1912.
At the start of 1913, the Central Flying School received two further examples of the type: Capt Gerrard delivered the S.50 (serial 424) on 17 February and the S.49 (serial 423) on 22 February. Not long after, these aircraft disappeared from the records when their serial numbers were re-assigned to two Royal Aircraft Factory B.E.8s.[3] Eventually, stripped of their engines and identities, the War Office declared the two airframes to be surplus to requirements, and transferred them to the Admiralty in August 1914. In Royal Naval Air Service hands, the aircraft were re-engined with 100-hp (75-kW) Clerget rotary engines and assigned serial numbers 1268 and 1279. The RNAS operated them at the Navy Flying School and they remained in service at the outbreak of World War I.[1]
Specifications (S.45)
Data from Jane's All The World's Aircraft 1913, p.55 and Barnes p.87
General characteristics
- Crew: Two, pilot and instructor
Performance
Notes
- ^ a b c Taylor 1989, p.801
- ^ indeed, so similar that at least some sources such as Jane's Fighting Aircraft of World War I (p.78) and Thetford's British Naval Aircraft Since 1912 (p.455) treat the S.36 and S.45 types as one and the same.
- ^ Barnes (p. ???) describes these reassignments as examples of an accounting trick perpetrated by the War Office. The ruse was intended to disguise how few serviceable aircraft were actually available to the Royal Flying Corps when "Colonel" Seely, Secretary of State for War, was questioned on this topic by his political opponents in parliament.
References
- Barnes, C. H. (1967). Shorts Aircraft since 1900. London: Putnam.
- Bruce, J.M. (14 December 1956). "The Short Seaplanes: Historical Military Aircraft No. 14 Part I". Flight: 921–26. Retrieved 2010-02-13.
- The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Aircraft. London: Aerospace Publishing. p. 2912.
- Taylor, Michael J. H. (1989). Jane's Encyclopedia of Aviation. London: Studio Editions. p. 801.
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