Tunnelling shield
A tunnelling shield is a protective structure used in the excavation of tunnels through soil that is too soft or fluid to remain stable during the time it takes to line the tunnel with a support structure of concrete, cast iron or steel. In effect, the shield serves as a temporary support structure for the tunnel while it is being excavated.
History
The first successful tunnelling shield was developed by Sir Marc Isambard Brunel, and patented by him and Lord Thomas Cochrane in January 1818. Brunel and his son Isambard Kingdom Brunel used it to excavate the Thames Tunnel, beginning in 1825 (though the tunnel would not be opened until 1843).[1] Brunel is said to have been inspired in his design by the shell of the shipworm Teredo navalis, a mollusc whose efficiency at boring through submerged timber he observed while working in a shipyard.[1] The shield was built by Maudslay, Sons & Field, of Lambeth, London, who also built the steam pumps for de-watering the tunnel.
Brunel's original design was substantially improved by Peter W. Barlow in the course of the construction of the Tower Subway under the River Thames in central London in 1870. Probably the most crucial innovation of Barlow's design was that it had a circular cross-section (unlike Brunel's, which was of rectangular cross-section), which at once made it simpler in construction and better able to support the weight of the surrounding soil.
The Barlow design was enlarged and further improved by James Henry Greathead for the construction of the City & South London Railway (today part of London Underground's Northern Line) in 1884. To this day, most tunnelling shields are still loosely based on the Greathead shield.
Manual shield tunneling
In early shield tunneling, the shield functioned as a way to protect manual labourers who performed the digging, and moved the shield forward, progressively replacing it with pre-built sections of tunnel wall. The early deep tunnels for the London Underground were built in this way. The shield also divided the workface into overlapping portions that each worker could dig at.
Modern tunnel boring machines
A tunnel boring machine (TBM), consists of a shield (a large metal cylinder) and trailing support mechanisms.
At the front end of the shield a rotating cutting wheel is located. Behind the cutting wheel there is a chamber where, depending on the type of the TBM, the excavated soil is either mixed with slurry (so-called slurry TBM) or left as-is (earth pressure balance or EPB shield). The choice for a certain type of TBM depends on the soil conditions. Systems for removal of the soil (or the soil mixed with slurry) are also present.
Behind the chamber there is a set of hydraulic jacks supported by the finished part of the tunnel which are used to push the TBM forward. Once a certain distance has been excavated (roughly 1.5-2 meters), a new tunnel ring is built using the erector. The erector is a rotating system which picks up precast concrete segments and places them in the desired position.
Behind the shield, inside the finished part of the tunnel, several support mechanisms which are part of the TBM can be found: dirt removal, slurry pipelines if applicable, control rooms, rails for transport of the precast segments, etc.
Lining
The tunnel lining is the wall of the tunnel. It usually consists of precast concrete segments which form rings. Cast iron linings were traditionally used in the London Underground tunnels, while steel liners were sometimes used elsewhere.
Shields in Japan
In Japan there are several innovative approaches to shield tunneling, e.g. the Double-O-Tube or DOT-tunnel. This tunnel looks like two overlapping circles. There are also shields with computerized arms which can be used to dig a tunnel in virtually any shape.
References
- ^ a b Becket, Derrick (1980). Brunel's Britain. Newton Abbot: David & Charles. ISBN 0-7153-7973-9. Chapter 10: "Tunnels".
External links
- Herrenknecht, TBM manufacturer
- A picture of manual tunneling using a Greathead shield