ANDRILL
77°53′20″S 167°5′0″E / 77.88889°S 167.08333°E ANDRILL (ANtarctic DRILLing Project)[1] is a scientific drilling project in Antarctica gathering paleoclimatological information about past periods of global warming and cooling. The project, formed with lead funding from the National Science Foundation, involves scientists from New Zealand, Italy, Germany, and the United States. Over two Antarctic summers, spanning 2006 - 2008, team members drilled through ice, seawater, sediment and rock to a depth over more than 1,200 meters and recovered a nearly continuous core record from the present to nearly 20 million years ago.[2] The project is based at McMurdo Station in Antarctica[3]
In studying the cores, ANDRILL scientists are gathering paleoclimatological information about past periods of global warming and cooling. Their goal is to significantly improve the understanding of Antarctica's impact on the world's oceans currents and the atmosphere by reconstructing the behavior of Antarctic sea-ice, ice-shelves, glaciers and sea currents over the past 65 million years.[4] Initial results imply rapid changes and dramatically different climates at various times on the southernmost continent.[5]
The $30 million project has achieved its operational goal of retrieving a continuous core record of the last 17 million years, filling crucial gaps left by previous drilling projects.[6] Making use of knowledge gained through prior Antarctic drilling projects, ANDRILL employed novel techniques to reach record depths at its two drilling sites. Among the innovations deployed were a hot-water drilling system that allowed for easier ice-boring and a flexible drill pipe that could accommodate tidal oscillations and strong currents. On December 16, 2006, ANDRILL broke the previous record of 999.1 m (3,277.9 ft) set in 2000 by the Ocean Drilling Program's drill ship, the Joides Resolution.[5] Over the 2006-2007 summer season at its offshore site on the McMurdo Ice Shelf, ANDRILL pulled out an Antarctic-record 1,285 m (4,216 ft) of rock core, representing geologic time to about 13 million years ago. In the 2007-2008 summer season, drilling at the Southern McMurdo Sound, ANDRILL scientists recovered 1138 meters (3733.6 ft) of core.
ANDRILL's scientific research agenda remains underway. One goal in 2006 was to look at a period of around 3 to 5 million years ago in the Pliocene, which scientists know to be warmer. The team’s sedimentologists identified more than 60 cycles when ice sheets or glaciers advanced and retreated across McMurdo Sound.[2] The results of over 50 research projects on the core sediments recovered from the Southern McMurdo Sound are to be discussed and integrated at an international ANDRILL conference in Erice, Italy, in early April 2010.
During the initial season (summer 2006-2007), ANDRILL pulled out an Antarctic-record 1,285 m (4,216 ft) of rock core, representing geologic time to about 13 million years ago. On December 16, 2006 ANDRILL broke the previous record of 999.1 m (3,277.9 ft) set in 2000 by the Ocean Drilling Program's drill ship, the Joides Resolution.[7] One goal in 2006 was to look at a period of around 3 to 5 million years ago in the Pliocene, which scientists know to be warmer. The team’s sedimentologists identified more than 60 cycles when ice sheets or glaciers advanced and retreated across McMurdo Sound.[3]
Objective of ANDRILL
Scientists on the ANDRILL project will be looking for evidence in their sediment cores that will tie together decades of paleoclimate research to get a more complete picture of how the Antarctic ice sheets acted in past times of global warmth. The target is the warmest part of the middle Miocene, a time between 14 million and 15 million years ago, when the Earth was much warmer than today.
The geological target for 2007-2008 is the past 17 million years of Earth history, including the 4 million-year gap between the earlier projects, especially during the warm middle Miocene period.
According to geologist David Harwood of the University of Nebraska–Lincoln, understanding what happened in the warm period is especially important as Earth's climate continues to warm. In the past, scientists working in different parts of the world noted changes in their data, they often deduced that these must be due to changes in the ice on Antarctica. with this seasons drilling scientists will be able to make those connections with more certainty.
"If we can identify time periods in Antarctica when we had minimal ice and minimal ocean freezing, we can then look at that particular interval of time -- and hopefully several examples from those intervals of time — and see how the rest of the world responded. This will provide evidence to confirm or reject a lot of interpretations that have been suggested and linked to Antarctica," he said.
When sea ice forms, it pushes the salt out, creating a mass of cold, salty, dense water that sinks to the bottom of the ocean, creating deep ocean currents that affect ocean circulation and the distribution of heat worldwide.[8]
Virtual Field Trip
The New Zealand online education programme, LEARNZ, conducted a virtual field trip to the Ross Sea drill site in late 2007. Over 3500 New Zealand school students joined LEARNZ teacher Darren on this trip. Telephone conferences were held between students and ANDRILL scientists from the drill site and the Crary Laboratory at McMurdo station.[9]
Media coverage
NBC's news anchor Ann Curry reported from the ANDRILL camp at the U.S. McMurdo Base beginning October 2, 2007. [10] The Today Show with anchor Ann Curry, reporting for a series called "Ends of the Earth," had hoped to tape at the South Pole, was held up at McMurdo due to severe weather conditions. The weather broke and about 1 a.m. local time on Friday, Nov. 9, Curry and crew finally touched down at the South Pole. It is not unusual for there to be Flight delays to South Pole in the early part of the austral summer. [11]
References
- ^ Antarctic Research Centre (ARC) (2007-09-27). "What is ANDRILL?" (Web). Victoria University of Wellington, New Zealand. Retrieved 2007-11-12.
- ^ David Harwood and Richard Levy, "ANDRILL's Time Machine," Prairie Fire, Feb. 2008, v.2, no.2
- ^ a b Rejcek, Peter (2007-11-01). "ANDRILL returns to Antarctica" (Web). News article. The Antarctic Sun. Retrieved 2007-11-12.
- ^ "Andrill From Greenhouse to Icehouse" (Web). A Science, Technology, Social Studies virtual field trip to Ross Ice Shelf, Antarctica. LEARNZ (New Zealand Ministry of Education). November 2006. Retrieved 2007-11-12.
- ^ Quirin Scheirmeier, "Sediment cores reveal Antarctica's warmer past," Nature News, April 24, 2008.
- ^ Alexandra Witze, "School of Rock," Nature, v.446, no.7132, p. 129, March 8, 2007.
- ^ Office of University Communications; University of Nebraska-Lincoln (2006-12-19). "ANDRILL project breaks Antarctic drilling record, reaches 1,000 meters" (Web). News Release. University of Nebraska–Lincoln. Retrieved 2007-11-12.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ Office of University Communications; University of Nebraska-Lincoln (2007-10-01). "2nd ANDRILL season seeking 'Rosetta Stone' for climate history". News Release. University of Nebraska–Lincoln. Retrieved 2007-11-12.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ "Andrill - Term 4, 2007" (web). A Science, Technology, Social Studies virtual field trip to Antarctica 26 Oct - 6 Nov 2007. The LEARNZ programme is provided by Heurisko Ltd. 2007. Retrieved 2008-03-06.
{{cite web}}:|first=missing|last=(help) - ^ Ziegler, Adam (2007-11-07). "NBC's 'Today' visits ANDRILL station in Antarctica" (Web). News article. Daily Nebraskan. Retrieved 2007-11-12.
- ^ Rejcek, Peter (2007-11-08). "Weather delays Pole flights: Last effort to reach 90 degrees south for report on climate change pays off for Today Show crew" (Web). News Article. The Antarctic Sun. Retrieved 2007-11-12.