Barbara Leonard Reynolds
NOTE: This Barbara Reynolds, although an author, is NOT the English author Barbara Reynolds (born June 13, 1914) famous for her literary translations from the Italian, the god-daughter of Dorothy L.Sayers and author of Sayer's biography. [1]
Barbara Leonard Reynolds (June 12, 1915 - February 11, 1990), author, Quaker, peace activist and educator, was born Barbara Dorrit Leonard in Milwaukee, Wisconsin. She was the only child of Dr. Sterling Andrus Leonard, [2] a Professor of English and Education at the University of Wisconsin and prolific author of books on English composition and literature [3] and Minnetta Florence Sammis,[4][5] an educator who evaluated the safety of new toys for children. Barbara's paternal grandmother, Eva Leonard, was a syndicated daily columnist in over 200 newspapers during World War II and later wrote advice to the lovelorn under the name Elizabeth Thompson.[6]
Coming from a family of writers, Barbara, her husband Earle, all three of their children and two of their nine grandchildren would become published authors[7] Books were a large part of her life and the books she read in childhood were the most formative in Barbara's attitude toward life. After reading Lucy Fitch Perkins' The Japanese Twins (1912), she played at carrying a baby on her back and eating with chopsticks. Years later, after World War II, when her husband was assigned to an American government post in Japan, she had no anti-Japanese prejudices to overcome in moving there with him, only an eager anticipation to know the people and culture firsthand. When she and Earle gravitated toward pacifism and became Quakers, it was a natural outgrowth of having read and imbibed the values of Frances Hodgson Burnett's book Editha's Burglar (1888).
Barbara was fifteen and one month from graduating when her father, 43, a popular English teacher at (the high school) she attended, drowned in Lake Mendota. A colleague from Cambridge University, Dr. I.A. Richards[8] [9], 38, had come to Madison to meet Dr. Leonard and learn more of Leonard's original perspectives on English usage. Dr. Richards had spoken at the University of Wisconsin the night before and the two were spending the afternoon canoeing together. The canoe capsized and after two hours in the cold water, Leonard lost his grip on the canoe and sank. Dr. Richards tried in vain to grab his bald friend. He himself was later rescued exhausted and in shock. Dr. Leonard's death was the top story in both The (Madison, WI) Capital Times[10] and the Chicago Daily Tribune [11]. The failure of lifeguards on shore to see the overturned canoe and save the two professors became a local scandal, resulting in an investigation. (Dr. Leonard's body was never recovered.)
In 1935, Barbara married Earle L. Reynolds [12]-- secretly because she was teaching at New College, Columbia, an undergraduate adjunct of Teacher's College, which forbade women teachers to marry. They were joined again in a public ceremony in 1936.
Their son Tim was born in Vicksburg, MS (1936), Ted in Madison, Wisconsin (1938) while Earle was earning his doctorate in Physical Anthropology at the University of Wisconsin. In 1943 they moved to Yellow Springs, Ohio, so Earle could work at Fels Research Institute and teach at Antioch College. Their daughter Jessica was born in Xenia in 1944.
Barbara's writing closely mirrored her family's adventures. After her first book, a murder mystery, Alias for Death, she wrote children's books for each of her children: Pepper, about Tim and his raccoon; Hamlet and Brownswiggle, about Ted and his hamsters; and Emily San, about an American girl living with her family in Japan. She wrote Cabin Boy and Extra Ballast about a brother and sister sailing with their family from Japan to Honolulu. After the family had sailed around the world in a yacht designed and built by her husband, Barbara switched back to adult non-fiction to co-author All in the Same Boat with him.
Earle and Barbara were at a writers' retreat when news came that the United States had dropped a uniquely devastating bomb on Hiroshima and another on Nagasaki. They remembered feeling relieved because it meant the war was almost over. In 1951 Dr. Reynolds was sent by the Atomic Energy Commission to Hiroshima to study the effects of radiation on children exposed to the first atomic bomb. Barbara and the family went with him. They lived on an Army occupation base near Kure. During their three years there, he designed and built a 50-foot yacht, Phoenix of Hiroshima [13] in order to realize his dream of sailing around the world. Barbara, recalling the horror of finding out that her father, who had gone canoeing for the day, had drowned, insisted Earle "build the boat big enough for all of us. I don't want to be left behind." Tim, 18, chose to go back to the States for college so Earle picked three young Japanese yachtsmen to sail with them.
In 1958, the family and one remaining crew member, Niichi (Nick) Mikami, (the other two had flown back to Japan from Panama) pulled once again up to a dock in the Ala Wai Yacht Harbor in Honolulu. After 645 days, 1222 ports and 54,000 nautical miles, Earle had realized his dream. They had sailed around the world--but they still wanted to complete the voyage in Hiroshima.
Across the dock was a 35-foot yacht, the Golden Rule, in which four Quaker men had attempted to protest American nuclear testing in the Pacific. They were arrested under an injunction put into effect while they were at sea, forbidding American citizens to enter the 390,000 square mile area of the ocean where the weapons were being tested.[14]
In the end, the Reynolds family and Nick sailed the Phoenix into the test zone in their stead. They crossed the invisible line on July 2 and were stopped 65 miles inside the zone by the American Coast Guard ship Planetree. Dr. Earle Reynolds, as captain, was put under arrest. He was ordered to sail the Phoenix to Kwajalein, from which he, Barbara and Jessica were flown back to Honolulu by MATS plane for Earle's trial. Unable to find a third man to help Ted and Nick, who had stayed with the Phoenix, Barbara flew back to Kwajalein and the three sailed the 30-ton yacht against the wind back to Hawaii, a trip which took sixty days.
Dr. Reynolds was convicted of entering the forbidden zone but after a two year appeal, during which he was never incarcerated, the conviction was overturned on a technicality and, the nuclear tests long over, the family were free to complete their circumnavigation, which made Mikami the first Japanese yachtsman to sail around the world.
On arriving in Hiroshima to an enthusiastic welcome from friends and strangers alike, the Reynolds family were surprised at the appreciation expressed by hibakusha (fire-exploded people)for their protest against nuclear weapons. Walking along a Hiroshima street one day, Barbara was stopped by a hesitant woman in full kimono. The woman pulled up her sleeve to show her gnarled keloid scars typical of atomic bomb burns. With tears in her eyes she thanked Barbara for giving her a voice to share the cry of her heart, "No More Hiroshimas," with the world. Barbara often mentioned this in talks, saying, with tears in her own eyes, "it had never occurred to us to represent anyone but ourselves."
That was a turning point for Barbara. She committed herself to speaking out against nuclear weapons and for disarmament, so that Hiroshima and Nagasaki would never again happen to anyone.
Many who had openly reacted against their unpopular anti-nuke actions had told the family, "Go tell it to the Russians!" In 1961, when the USSR resumed their own nuclear testing program, the family did. In October, they sailed to Nakhodka, as the nearest Soviet port to Vladivostok, which was iced in. They were stopped within the 12-mile limit claimed by the USSR by a Soviet Coast Guard boat. The captain and several other officers jumped aboard the Phoenix and the Reynolds family had a two-hour discussion about peace with him. Captain Ivanov would not accept the hundreds of letters from Reynolds supporters, many of them from Hiroshima and Nagasaki, begging for peace.
The family returned to Japan, feeling they had failed.
Barbara spent that cold Christmas Day in the Peace Park, at the foot of the monument to the () children killed by the A-bomb, praying for wisdom to know what to do with the hopes and entreaties of all those who looked to the Reynolds family for an end to war.
From that time of introspection, Barbara believed someone from Hiroshima ought to take the letters to leaders around the world. Offering to advance her inheritance from her mother, who had died in 1960, to cover expenses, she let a committee of Hiroshima leaders choose two survivors to represent the city. The committee chose a 29-year old woman, Miyoko Matsubara, and 18-year old student, Hiromasa (Hiro) Hanabusa. Miyoko had been 12 at the time of the bomb and had watched her best friend, her body in flames, throw herself into one of the city's rivers and disappear. Hiro had not been in the city when the bomb fell but both his parents were killed. His grandmother had raised him, carrying him on her back as she sold soap door to door. Hiro remembered his pride when at the age of four he could help support the two of them by scavenging scrap metal to sell for food.
The committee asked Barbara to accompany them. Over five months, the three Peace Pilgrims traveled through 13 countries, including the Soviet Union, appealing for nuclear disarmament and receiving a warm and open reception from public leaders, churches, schools and the media. During their six weeks in the United States, they spoke to 187 groups and met with many leaders in Washington D.C. and at the United Nations. In Geneva the three attended the 1962 Disarmament Conference.
In 1964 Barbara organized an even more ambitious world tour, the World Peace Study Mission. Twenty-five survivors from both Hiroshima and Nagasaki, with 15 interpreters, visited eight countries, including all the (then) nuclear nations. Teachers went to meet with teachers, doctors with doctors and at the UN they appealed to the U.S. government to return the documentary film of the atomic bombing to the Japanese, who had made it (It had been impounded and classified by the U.S. military forces soon after the occupation of Japan.)
The group returned via the Trans-Siberian Railroad. Barbara was exhausted, broke and dreading what she knew she would be facing next, divorce by her husband, although it would be by mutual consent. Earle then married his secretary, a graduate of Hiroshima Women's College, where he was a guest lecturer in anthropology. Tim was still in the States. Ted had just married a young Japanese woman, Mio Kawamura. Jessica had given her life to Jesus Christ and left Japan for Multnomah Bible School in Portland, Oregon. Devastated and feeling abandoned, Barbara sought a place to think and pray and was offered a room in a Buddhist temple near Kobe. Committed to resolving world conflict, she wrestled with why she and Earle had not been able to resolve the conflict in their marriage. Alone, sick, running out of food and unable to go buy more, she surrendered her broken life to Jesus Christ. Step by step he led her to call for help and get to a hospital, then go back to Hiroshima, despite her sense of humiliation, and devote her life to the hibakusha. In 1965, she founded the World Friendship Center in Hiroshima, a bed-and-breakfast where foreigners can meet survivors of the bomb and find out what they had lived through. There are English classes for local Japanese and discussions about peace.
She spent the next 13 years getting to know the people who had experienced the bomb, the real experts on radiation. They lived in shacks overhanging Hiroshima's seven rivers. They were self-conscious about their scars and never appeared in public during the day, ostracized by newcomers to the city who wanted to forget the past. Barbara developed "Hibakusha Handcrafts," finding people to teach them to make simple coin purses and other things which she would bring to the States to sell for them. She often visited the Hiroshima A-Bomb Hospital where the survivors were still succumbing to lethal radiation sickness years after the war had ended. When one hibakusha died with no family member left to bury him, Barbara went to the mortuary and with long ceremonial chopsticks moved pieces of his cremated bones to an urn for burial.
On the death of Hiro Hanabusa's grandmother, Barbara "morally adopted" him. An orphan and a survivor of Hiroshima, Hiro's prospects for marriage were slight. Barbara went to bat for him, negotiating with the parents of Atsuko (), to arrange a marriage for Hiro with the woman he loved. Her parents accepted on the condition that he take their family name (they had no sons) and become a dental surgeon, which he did. Hiro, himself an orphan, fathered seven children.
Hiro, now Dr. Hiromasa (Hanabusa?) helped Barbara translate an important book into English. The first was Testimony of Hiroshima, an anthology of selections from primary sources in all areas of the 1945-1970 Hiroshima experiences, sociological, psychological, first person accounts of the ages, the orphans, the reconstruction of the city, the peace movement, peace education, etc. Another important work Barbara had translated, this time by four bi-lingual young people over a period of one year, was a bibliography of the more than 350 titles in Japanese which had been donated to Hiroshima and Nagasaki. In addition to the bibliography, the group translated three other books from the Japanese. Efforts to find U.S. publishers for these significant collections have not succeeded to date. (Check)
In 1969 Barbara was presented with a key to the city of Hiroshima and in 1975 she was made an honorary citizen by Mayor Hamai (?), the first woman so honored and only the second American, the first being Norman Cousins for his funding to get the Hiroshima Maidens brought to the States for surgery for their severe injuries from the atomic bomb.
In August 1975, she found a home for all the books and documents she had gathered regarding Hiroshima, Nagasaki, nuclear weapons and peace in both Japanese and English. She founded the Peace Resource Center at Wilmington College in Wilmington, Ohio to house the largest collection of materials related to the bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki outside of Japan and to teach peace skills to new generations.
The World Friendship Center was now under Japanese management, with American couples from Mennonite and other peace-focused churches serving as voluntary hosts for two-year terms.
Barbara moved to Long Beach, California in 1978 to be near her daughter's family. Almost immediately she was caught up in the needs of waves of Cambodian refugees fleeing the "killing fields" of Pol Pot (?). She helped them get settled in what they hoped would be their temporary country, finding them apartments, jobs, schooling and giving them moral support. When one mother died, leaving her young family stunned with grief and unable to read or deal with the requirements for release of the body, Barbara helped them fill out the paperwork and make all necessary arrangements. She arranged for them to spend time with their mother before the body was removed and even loaned them her own lipstick to touch up the corpse.
During this time she was also working to get a young Vietnamese woman out of communist-dominated HoChiMinhville. Barbara had met Dao Angh (?) Mai in Japan, while Dao was receiving a series of surgeries on her face. Scarred by French bombing, the surgeries enabled her to open her mouth and eat again. Dao had returned to her work in an orphanage in HoChiMinhville. With the pull-out of American troops, communists took over the orphanage. Dao, fearing for the life of the half-American orphans, one of whom was black, escaped with the two of them and a baby of her own.
Barbara began appealing to senators and congressmen to make an exception so Dao and these orphans could be brought to the States. Cutting red tape took from 1978 until 1983 but Barbara doggedly kept at it until Dao and the children received exit visas. She arranged their flight to their new country, met them at the Los Angeles airport and, without any common language, took all four into her own one-bedroom apartment for a year, until Dao was able to move to a place of her own. She got the children into school and arranged with a thrift shop to hire Dao and let her help support herself with a sewing business on the side.
Indignant at having to pay taxes for war, Barbara deliberately lived below the poverty level so she wouldn't owe taxes.[15]
Wonder Woman award, 1984.[16]
Taken suddenly by cardiac arrest during extended visit to Wilmington, Ohio. Memorial services were held in Wilmington, in Long Beach and in Hiroshima. Every Japanese TV network and major newspaper covered her life and passing. NHK-TV covered the memorial service in Long Beach. Afterwards, noting that the term most often used to describe her was "saint," Barbara's son Tim commented privately that "Barbara would have been embarrassed by all this praise and adulation--but I think a teensy-weensy part of her would have enjoyed the attention."
Since her passing, her children's book Emily San has been translated and published in Japanese. Hibakusha proposed and designed a monument to be erected in Peace Park in Barbara's honor. They hope to raise funds to have it built and dedicated in 2010.
BOOKS BY BARBARA LEONARD REYNOLDS:
Adult Fiction: Alias for Death (mystery). New York: Coward-McCann, Inc., 1950 and Frederick Muller Ltd, London.
Children's Fiction: Pepper. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1952. (Jr. Literary Guild selection)
Hamlet and Brownswiggle. Ibid, 1954. (Jr. Literary Guild selection)
Emily San. Ibid, 1955. (Also published in Japanese translation by Chugoku Shimbun, 1995.)
Cabin Boy and Extra Ballast. Ibid, 1958.
Adult Non-fiction: (with Earle Reynolds), All in the Same Boat. New York: David McKay Co., Inc, 1962.
The Story of Leopons (with Dr. Hiroyuki Doi). New York: G.p. Putnam's Sons, 1967.
The Phoenix and the Dove. Japan: Nagasaki Appeal Committee, 1986. Barbara's personal spiritual journey.
Cry to Your Heart's Content (unpublished)
Dear My Mother (unpublished)
Upwind (unpublished)
A Walk Through the Peace Park (unpublished)
CHAPTERS BY BARBARA IN BOOKS BY OTHERS:
"Sailing into Test Waters," in Reweaving the Web of Life: Feminism and Nonviolence, ed. by Pam McAllister. New Society Publishers, 1982.
Quoted extensively in "The King's Treasury," in Something More by Catherine Marshall. New York: McGraw-Hill Book Company, 1974.
Reynolds, Barbara, with Shaver, Jessica Reynolds. "A Little Toad Shall Lead Them?" Long Beach (CA) Press-Telegram (date).
Articles by Barbara in (magazines) Parents Magazine, Woman's Day, Christian Century, The Asian-American Journey, Friends Journal, Quaker Life, Mature Years, The Dial, The Rainbow Generation and (newspapers) Long Beach (CA) Press-Telegram, Mainichi Daily News (Japan).
BOOKS AND ARTICLES REGARDING BARBARA BY REYNOLDS FAMILY MEMBERS:
Reynolds, Earle. "We Crossed the Pacific the Hard Way," Saturday Evening Post, May 7, 14 and 21, 1955.
Reynolds, Jessica, Jessica's Journal. New York: Henry Holt & Co., 1958. Eleven-year old's diary account of sailing from Hawaii to New Zealand in the Phoenix.
Reynolds, Earle, "The Forbidden Voyage," The Nation, 15 Nov. 1958.
Reynolds, Ted. "Voyage of Protest," Scribble, Winter, 1959.
Reynolds, Earle, The Forbidden Voyage. New York: David McKay Company, Inc., 1961. Non-fiction. The Reynolds family's protest voyage against American nuclear testing in the Pacific and aftermath, 1958-1960.
Reynolds, Jessica. To Russia with Love (Japanese translation). Tokyo: Chas. E. Tuttle Co., 1962. The Reynolds family's protest voyage against Soviet nuclear testing in the U.S.S.R.
Shaver, Jessica Reynolds. "After the flood, a mission to 'rescue' Dad," (Long Beach, CA) Press-Telegram, Jan. 14, 1982.
Shaver, Jessica Reynolds. "Healing Wounds and Playing Games," Moody Magazine, Feb. 1982.
Shaver, Jessica Reynolds. "Let us spare children our nuclear fears," (Long Beach, CA) Press-Telegram, Dec. 1, 1983.
Reynolds, Jessica Shaver (sic). "Amer-Asians: a call for compassion," Long Beach (CA) Press-Telegram, Oct. 21, 1984.
Shaver, Jessica Reynolds. "IRS quietly moves on a white-haired woman of peace," Long Beach (CA) Press-Telegram, Aug. 13, 1986.
Shaver, Jessica. "To the man who mugged my mother," The Orange County Register, Mar. 17, 1988.
Shaver, Jessica Reynolds. "An Education I Wouldn't Trade," Home Education Magazine, May-June, 1991.
Shaver, Jessica Reynolds. "A Little Toad Shall Lead Them?" Quaker Life, June 1991.
Shaver, Jessica. "Breaking the Bitterness Barrier," Friends Journal, August 1991.
Shaver, Jessica Reynolds. "Hiroshima: August 6, 1990 in memory of my mother" (poem), Japan Times, May 2, 1995.
Shaver, Jessica. "Growing up in Hiroshima," The Orange County Register, Aug. 6, 1995.
Renshaw, Jessica Shaver, New Every Morning. Enumclaw, WA: Pleasant Word 2006.
Reynolds, Jessica. To Russia with Love (English original): Wilmington, OH: Peace Resource Center, Wilmington College, due out in 2010.
ARTICLES ABOUT BARBARA:
Sherman, Kris. "Longtime pacifist: Spotlight has dimmed, but Barbara Reynolds still working for peace in her own quiet way," Independent Press-Telegram (Long Beach, CA) Dec. 12, 1979
Mehren, "Winners of Wonder Woman Awards: Profiles in Courage." Los Angeles Times, Nov. 15, 1984.
Totten, Sam and Totten, Martha Wescoat. "Barbara Reynolds," in Facing the Danger: Interviews with Twenty Anti-Nuclear Activists. Trumansburg, New York: The Crossing Press, 1984.
Linner, Rachelle Linner. "The Symbolic American: Barbara Reynolds," in City of Silence: Listening to Hiroshima. Maryknoll, New York: Orbis Books, 1995.
Parrish, Beth. "Barbara Reynolds: Friend of the Hibakusha," in Lives That Speak: Stories of Twentieth-Century Quakers. Quaker Press of Friends General Conference, 2004
BOOKS ABOUT BARBARA IN JAPANESE:
Harada, Tomin, MD. Moments of Peace: Two Honorary Hiroshimans: Barbara Reynolds and Norman Cousins. Keiso-shobo Publishers, 1994. (Translated into English by Robert L. Ramseyer but unpublished (?).)
Kotani, Mizuhoko. Pilgrimage to Hiroshima. Chikuma-shobo Publishers, 1995.
Harada, Tomin, MD. Haha-to-Kodemiru (A6): Hiroshima-ni-Ikite, Aru Geka i no Kaiso (Meditations of a Surgeon), (Publisher?),1999.
Yamakawa, Takeshi. Kibo-o-Katari, Kibo-o-Manabu: Korekara-no Heiwa Kyoiku (Talking Hope, Learning Hope). Kai-sho-sha Publishers, 2005.
References
- ^ en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbara_Reynolds
- ^ 1888-1931; Ph.D. Philosophy, Columbia, 1928, taught English at the University of Michigan for 12 years
- ^ (1888-1931) English Composition as a Social Problem, (editor, 1917); Poems of the War and of the Peace, (New York: Harcourt, Brace & Co. 1921); Essential Principles of Teaching Reading and Literature (1922); The Atlantic Book of Modern Plays, (Boston: The Atlantic Monthly Press, 1921); Leonard and Cox?, General Language (Rand McNally & Co. 1925); Leonard and Cox, An Answer Book for General Language (New York: Rand McNally and Company, 1926); The Doctrine of Correctness in English Usage, 1700-1800, (Madison, 1929); Leonard and McFadden, Juniors Own Composition Book (New York: Rand McNally & Co., 1928); Theisen and Leonard, Real Life Stories, 4 volumes (Real Life Stories: Real Adventures; Real Life Stories: Heroic Deeds; Real Life Stories and Literary Selections; Real Life Stories: Open Spaces, Macmillan Company, 1930-35); Leonard and Moffett, Junior Literature (3 volumes, The Macmillan Company, 1930); What Irritates Linguists, (1930); Current English Usage, The Inland Press, 1932
- ^ The Home Educator. Editor, Minnetta Sammis Leonard; associate editor, Patty Smith Hill. (The Foundation library) © 29Sep23, A760377. R81873, 9Aug51, Field Enterprises, inc. (PWH); Best Toys for Children and Their Selection, self-published, 1925<Jessica Reynolds. "Date with Terror," Teen, Jan. 15, 1967.
- ^ Barbara's beloved Uncle John Sammis, 1846-1919, who wrote the well-known hymn "Trust and Obey," died on her fourth birthday. en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_H._Sammis
- ^ Jessica Reynolds Shaver. "Joyful memories of a gentle, creative feminist," (Long Beach, CA) Press-Telegram, July 27, 1989.
- ^ Besides books by Reynolds family members listed here as "relevant to Barbara's life" her son Tim wrote seven books of poetry: Ryoanji (New York: Harcourt, Brace & World, Inc. 1964; Halflife (Cambridge: Pym-Randall Press, 1964; Catfish Goodbye (San Francisco: Anubis, 1967); Slocum (Santa Barbara: Unicorn Press, 1967); Que (Cambridge:Halty-Ferguson, 1971); The Women Poem (New York: Phoenix Book Shop, 1973); Dawn Chorus (New York: Ithaca House, 1980 and had two plays produced: The Tightwad (translation of L'Avare by Moliere) and Peace (musical: translation of "Peace" by Aristophanes). Ted wrote a novella, Can These Bones Live? and a short story, Ker-Plop, both of which were nominated for Hugo awards in 1980 and a novel, Tides of God (New York: Ace Books, 1989). Jessica (under Shaver) wrote Gianna: Aborted and Lived to Tell About It and Compelling Interests and (under Renshaw) New Every Morning. Grandson Allan Roeder wrote Danske Talemader (G.E.C. Gads Forlag, 1998)and grandaughter Margot Gayle Backus has written to date The Gothic Family Romance: Heterosexuality, Child Sacrifice and the Anglo-Irish Colonial Order (Durham: Duke University Press, 1999). All of the above, plus grandchildren Ben and Becky Shaver have had multiple articles, stories and/or poems published.
- ^ en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I._A._Richards
- ^ From Grant Application for David Beard. Proposed paper: I. A. Richards: The Meaning of the New Rhetoric David Beard, Assistant Professor Department of Writing Studies, College of Liberal Arts, UM-Duluth: Chapter Two: American Influence on Richards and the New Rhetoric: A second chapter explores an influence on Richards that is ignored by other scholars: his relationship with American composition scholar Sterling Leonard. Most research effaces the impact of Americans on Richards’ work, focusing instead on the influence of British figures (Leavis, Empson, Eliot, Ogden, and Lewis). Americans are understood as having been influenced by Richards. In fact, Richards read Leonard’s monograph on usage in 18th century rhetorics shortly before delivering his lectures on The Philosophy of Rhetoric. Uncovering Leonard’s influence is an important first step in exploring the impact of American thinkers on the central figure of the New Rhetoric. This chapter was drafted in Summer 2007 under a McKnight summer research fellowship, will be presented at the November 2007 National Communication Association, and is presently being revised as an article for submission to the composition journal Rhetoric Review. davidbeard.v2efoliomn.mnscu.edu/Uploads/F2008gia_application.pdf
- ^ "Prof. S.A. Leonard is Drowned: Companion is Saved as Canoe Tips on Mendota"
- ^ "Boat Upsets; Educator Dies," May 16, 1931
- ^ en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earle_L._Reynolds
- ^ en.wikipedia/wiki/Phoenix_of_Hiroshima
- ^ Hardtack series of 35 atmospheric tests near the Marshall Islands, 1958)
- ^ Shaver, Jessica Reynolds. "IRS quietly moves on a white-haired woman of peace," Long Beach (CA) Press-Telegram, Aug. 13, 1986
- ^ "Winners of Wonder Woman Awards: Profiles in Courage," by Elizabeth Mehren, Los Angeles Times, Nov. 15, 1984.
External links
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earle_L._Reynolds
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phoenix_of_Hiroshima
Peace Monuments, Japan http://peace.maripo.com
World Friendship Center, (Hiroshima, Japan) was founded on August 6th, 1965 (exactly 20 years after the Atomic Bombing of Hiroshima), by Barbara Reynolds, to provide a place ... http://wfchiroshima.net/
Peace Resource Center, Wilmington College, Wilmington, OH was founded by Barbara Reynolds in August 1975 to house the largest collection of materials related to the bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki outside of Japan and to teach peace skills to new generations. http://drcdev.ohiolink.edu/handle/123456789/8331
In Pursuit of Peace: An Exhibit from the Earle and Akie Reynolds Collection. "It is not only the story of Earle and Akie Reynolds, but also of Barbara. . . www.clrn.org/weblinks/details.cfm?id=2101
1954-1964 letters, newspaper clippings, brochures, postcards, from Earle & Barbara Reynolds & family including information on the Yacht Phoenix and the Hiroshima-Nagasaki World Peace Study Mission (Folder 47) (Folder 80) "The Growth and Development Program of the Atomic Bomb Casualty Commission: Analysis of Body Measurements and Observations Taken in 1952 on 4,200 Hiroshima Children" by Earle L. Reynolds, Ph.D., Nov. 15, 1953 (later published as NYO-4473 which can be found in the Tessmer Collection), TS. http://mcgovern.library.tmc.edu/data/www/html/collect/manuscript/Tessmer/Tess_series2.html
Swarthmore College Peace Collection: Committee for Non-Violent Actions Records, 1958-1968 http://www.swarthmore.edu/library/peace/DG001-025/dg017/dg017cnvamain.htm
Earle L. Reynolds Phoenix of Hiroshima Hiroshima Nagasaki peace anti-nuclear protests Marshall Islands World Friendship Center Peace Resource Center citizen of Hiroshima Norman Cousins Peace Pilgrimage peace monuments yachts wooden boats 1915 births 1990 deaths USSR Nakhodka authors children's books Golden Rule Quakers Kwajalein Wisconsin Hawaii travel sailing Ohio Wisconsin Sterling A. Leonard syndicated columnist Trust and Obey hibakusha WonderWoman award I. A. Richards John Sammis citizen of Hiroshima