Earle L. Reynolds
Earle L. Reynolds (October 18, 1910 - January 11, 1998), born into a circus family, became a physical anthropologist, educator, author, Quaker, and peace activist. In 1951 the Atomic Energy Commission sent Dr. Reynolds to Hiroshima to study the effects of the first atomic bomb on the growth and development of exposed children. His professional discoveries concerning the dangers of radiation later moved Reynolds into a life of anti-nuclear activism. In 1958 he sailed with his wife Barbara, two of his three children and a Japanese yachtsman in a ketch he had designed himself into the American nuclear testing zone in the Pacific. In 1961 the family sailed to the USSR to protest Soviet nuclear testing. During the Vietnam War Reynolds and his second wife Akie sailed the Phoenix to Haiphong to deliver humanitarian and medical aid to victims of American bombing.
EARLY LIFE AND EDUCATION Earle Landry Reynolds, an only child, was born Earl Frederick Schoene to William and Maude Schoene as the circus of which they were a part passed through Des Moines, Iowa. Earle's father and uncle Frederick performed as The Landry Brothers, trapeze artists and tightrope walkers for the John T. Wortham Shows[1](also known as John T. Wortham Carnival[2]). Billboard[3]noted, "The Landry Brothers work a neat and classy rope acrobatic turn for six minutes, in full stage, which brought the brawny lads one legit." [4]. Before WWI made German names unpopular, according to Reynolds, the pair were billed as Schoene Brothers Aerial Artists. Depending on the season and the family's financial status, their circus acts alternated with vaudeville, possibly the Fred Karno Company (Karno Pantomime Troupe/Circus).
When Earl was eight, Maude told him his father had been killed falling off a trapeze. She married circus electrician Louis Haviland Reynolds on the condition that he leave the circus (she had broken her back falling from a trapeze) and they settled in Mississippi. Earl took his stepfather's surname, added an "e" to his first name, earned the rank of Eagle Scout and graduated from Vicksburg High School in 1927. He went on to earn his BA and MA from the University of Chicago and his Ph.D. from the University of Wisconsin, all in Anthropology. "It was either anthropology or gem-cutting and the anthropology teacher was more interesting," he told his daughter. He married Barbara Leonard[5]in 1936 and they had three children: Tim (1936), Ted (1938), and Jessica (1944). From 1943 to 1951 Reynolds was Associate Professor of Anthropology at Antioch College and Chairman of the Physical Growth Department at the Fels Research Institute for the Study of Human Development, also at Antioch College [6] During this time he wrote plays: Solitude, No Pace for a Lady, Americana, Bite the Dust and I Weep for You, and directed them at the Little Theatre in Yellow Springs, Ohio. His plays met with local success, and even attracted attention from Broadway producer, Jose Ferrer[7] He also won a tri-state tennis championship in (year?)
RESEARCH
In 1951 Earle joined the Atomic Bomb Casualty Commission (ABCC), [8] established under the direction of the National Research Council's Division of Medical Sciences in March 1947. He was sent to Hiroshima to research the effects of radiation from the first atomic bomb on the growth of Japanese children. Dr. Reynolds and his family, their "Woody" station wagon and dog Cappy took the President Wilson to Tokyo and drove south to Hiroshima. They spent three years (1951-54)in Nijimura, an American (and for the first year) Australian occupation base near Kure, Japan while Earle completed the first of a series of longitudinal studies meant to be resumed after a one-year sabbatical. He wrote up his findings as a 4-inch-thick volume, "Report on a Three-Year Study, 1951-2-3, of the Growth and Development of Hiroshima Children Exposed to the Atomic Bomb, 1954." In summary he had found children exposed to radiation to be smaller than their counterparts with lowered resistance to disease and a greater susceptibility to cancer, especially leukemia. Because strontium-90 (produced by the atomic bomb) seeks the same areas of the bodies of growing children as calcium, such as the thyroid gland, children exposed to the bomb were also subject to thyroid cancer.
Despite the fact that he had never sailed in anything larger than a 16-foot boat, Earle took advantage of his free time in Hiroshima to design a 50-foot yacht, the Phoenix, [9] and supervise its building at nearby Miyajima-guchi. Having sold the Woody as a hearse and traded Cappy in for a cat, Earle, Barbara, son Ted,16, daughter Jessica, 10, three young Japanese men from Hiroshima, Niichi ("Nick") Mikami, Motosada ("Moto") Fushima and Mitsugi ("Mickey") Suemitsu, moved aboard. Earle's elder son Tim, 18, opted to enter return to the States and enter Tufts University. [10]
From 1954-1958 Earle was able to fulfill his lifelong dream of sailing around the world, inspired by Joshua Slocum's autobiography. [11]. During this trip he acquired the nickname "Skipper." The first leg of the voyage, from Japan to Hawaii, took 48 days (with an 18-hp kerosene engine, stove and lamps; electricity wasn't installed until Honolulu). [12] Ted, using measurements from a hand-held sextant, navigated the 30-ton yacht to Honolulu in 1954 and again, after circling the globe, in 1958. [13] [14] [15]
As they traveled to major cities, Dr. Reynolds visited public libraries to stay abreast of new scholarship on the effects of radiation. He checked for references to his own report and found no mention of it, either in ABCC publications or in any other. One doctor told him he had had difficulty finding a copy of the report and a former ABCC secretary told him in Washington in 1957, "that report of yours was put in a closet." But at that point he had no way to verify the information.
In Honolulu for the second time, what had been a pleasure cruise took a serious turn. Across the dock from the Phoenix was a 30-foot ketch, the Golden Rule. [16] [17] Its crew, four Quaker pacifists, Albert Bigelow, [18], George Willoughby, Bill Huntington and Orion Sherwood were attempting to sail to the Marshall Islands to protest the United States' testing of 35 nuclear devices there. [19] An injunction against American citizens entering the test zone was passed after the Golden Rule left port and it was brought back by the Coast Guard. Impressed by the reasoning and character of these men, Earle and Barbara joined the Society of Friends (Quakers) and considered taking over their protest in the Phoenix.
Dr. Reynolds was at that time one of the world's experts on the effects of radiation. In determining whether to deliberately enter the test zone, he considered a number of factors, such as the effects the radiation from the series of nuclear tests would have on the world environment, specifically increasing incidents of cancer, and the effects of this additional radiation on the Hiroshima and Nagasaki population, since both wind and ocean currents from the test site would carry radiation that direction. He considered unconstitutional the United States government's injunction declaring 390,000 square miles of ocean off-limits to American personnel during the series. Also, the forbidden zone blanketed any route by which the Reynolds family could conveniently sail back to Japan, as they had hoped to do as soon as possible to complete the circumnavigation. In addition, as the Marshall Islands were a Trust Territory of the U.S., Reynolds objected to the forced removal of Marshallese from their home islands for the purpose of detonating weapons which would almost certainly render their islands uninhabitable for years to come.
PROTESTS
Earle, Barbara, Ted (20), Jessica (14) and Mikami cleared "for the high seas" on June 11, 1958. The family had not decided whether or not to enter the forbidden zone but Mikami, whose mother and brother had been in the bombing, never wrestled with the question. For days after the A-bomb was dropped, his mother had crawled through the radioactive rubble, searching for her brother-in-law. She never found his body. By July 1, at the edge of the invisible perimeter of the zone, everyone came to a consensus. Earle announced by radiotelephone, on the international frequency for ships at sea, "The United States yacht Phoenix is sailing today into the nuclear test zone as a protest against nuclear testing. . ."
The next morning, 65 miles inside the forbidden zone, the Phoenix was intercepted and stopped by the American Coast Guard cutter Planetree.[20] Two armed Coast Guard officers jumped aboard and put Earle (only) under arrest. Reynolds pointed out that Mikami was a Japanese citizen and was not subject to the injunction. The officers did not discuss Mikami's rights or any possible abridgement thereof. Reynolds was ordered to sail the Phoenix to Kwajalein with Navy cruiser Collett as escort.
On the way there, at 0430 in the darkness of July 3rd, Barbara and Ted were startled by a brilliant light which briefly lit the entire sky. Ted described it as "like a gigantic flash bulb, oval in shape and at about five to fifteen degrees above the horizon." A Japanese newscast later confirmed the explosion of an American nuclear device in the Hardtack series.
From Kwajalein, Earle, Barbara and Jessica were flown by MATS plane back to Honolulu for trial. Barbara later flew back to Kwajalein to help Ted and Nick sail the Phoenix back to Honolulu. That trip took 60 days and Judge J. Frank McLaughlin refused to extend the trial either for the arrival of Earle's boat, holding all the research and documentation for their decision to enter the zone or for the arrival of the rest of his crew as witnesses. Nor would he delay the trial one month until the lawyer Earle had retained could be present. The judge would not admit any testimony concerning Dr. Reynolds' motives for violating the injunction. Because he was an American citizen and had entered an area off-limits to Americans, a jury convicted Reynolds. [21][22]
The appeal took two years. During this time Dr. Reynolds was free to travel, lecture and write but he lost his title and his standing in the academic community. ABCC had already decided not to reactivate the research he had been involved in due to a change in research emphasis.
When the decision of the lower court was overturned, a small announcement atypical of the publication appeared in The Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists, Feb. 1961.[23] It read, "The conviction of Dr. Earle Reynolds, who sailed into the US nuclear test area of the South Pacific as a protest during the 1958 tests, was reversed December 29 by the U.S. Circuit Court of Appeals in San Francisco. The court held that Reynolds was wrongly convicted of a felony because he had committed no more than a trespass, a misdemeanor"(NYT, 12/30)
With the court case closed, Dr. Reynolds flew to Japan on business, part of which involved a visit to ABCC, his former employer in Hiroshima. He took with him a copy of his book-length findings from his three years of research on the effects of radiation on Hiroshima children. He found the new director unfamiliar with the report and was stunned when statistician Dr. Beebe said casually, "Oh, yes, that's the report that was suppressed, isn't it?" Dr. Maki, Japanese co-director of ABCC since soon after its creation, confirmed the fact.
Dr. Reynolds was concerned that the scientific results of his study might have been delayed for political reasons, due to a possible conflict of interest--the Atomic Energy Commission funding ABCC had the two-pronged responsibility of researching the effects of radiation, reporting any potential dangers from it, and of promoting American nuclear testing. He contacted Dr. W.W. Greulich, who had done the original growth survey of Hiroshima children in 1947. Dr. Gruelich, who had become president of the American Association of Physical Anthropologists, did not deny that the report had never been released. But he pointed out, "It would be difficult, if not impossible, to find out precisely why they refused to approve it" and urged him to "write it off" and seek "an academic or other post that will give you the opportunity for economic security which we all need for our families and ourselves. . ." The report was subsequently released--with a publication date of 1959.
Far from seeking economic security for his family, within 19 months Earle and his family were involved in another protest voyage. With the Pacific Ocean again open to American citizens, they sailed without incident back to Hiroshima [24] with Mikami, who became the first Japanese yachtsman to sail around the world. Suemitsu and Fushima had left the crew and returned to Japan from Panama in 1957. To the family's surprise, Japanese newspapers and individual hibakusha ("fire-bombed people") thanked them for sailing into the nuclear test zone "on their behalf" and for giving them a voice by telling the world, "No more Hiroshimas--for anyone, anywhere." They and an increasing number of people around the world began to mail the Reynolds family letters to deliver to world leaders on their behalf, appealing for peace through disarmament.
In October, 1961, the USSR resumed its own nuclear testing. The Reynolds family plus Tom Yoneda[25] sailed to Nakhodka in protest. (The nearest military port, Vladivostok, was inaccessible in winter.)They carried with them the hundreds of letters they had received. Soviet Coast Guard officers intercepted and boarded the Phoenix well offshore. Capt. Ivanov wrote a page in Jessica's diary echoing the desire for peace but he would not accept the letters. Before ordering the yacht to return to Japan, he had his crew bring aboard legs of mutton, fill every available container with sauerkraut and two 55-gallon drums with diesel fuel, for which they had no use. In her book about the trip, Earle's 17-year old daughter Jessica called this encounter "surreal. Of all the scenarios we had envisioned, this had not been one of them!" [26]
In 1962, Reynolds was invited to captain the Everyman III, on which members of A Quaker Action Group (AQAG) sailed from London to Leningrad via Belgium, Holland, Germany, Denmark, and Sweden. This 48-foot boat, too, was stopped at sea by armed soldiers. This time the crew were tied up with ropes. That same year, Dr. Reynolds and Professor Tatsuo Morito of the University of Hiroshima co-founded the Hiroshima Institute of Peace Science (HIPS). Reynolds became a spokesman for the Japanese peace movement and attempted to work with its Gensuikyo branch until he found it too political for his taste, reporting to the press, "Peace cannot be achieved in an atmosphere of hatred."
Meanwhile Barbara, with two survivors of the Hiroshima bomb, was taking the letters refused by the captain of the Soviet ship around the world to appeal for peace before congressional hearings, in churches and in schools.
Divided on approaches to peace, among other things, Earle and Barbara divorced in 1964 and Earle married his secretary Akie Nagami, a citizen of Hiroshima and a graduate of Hiroshima Women's College where Earle was guest Professor of Anthropology. Together Earle and Akie continued his voyages in the Phoenix. In 1967 a multi-national crew delivered nearly a ton of medical aid to the Red Cross Society of North Vietnam for civilian victims of the Vietnam war. They spent eight days visiting hospitals in Hanoi and Haiphong and observing the effects of American bombing on outlying villages. [27] Two other voyages to Vietnam followed.
Earle and Akie made two attempts to sail the Phoenix to Shanghai as a gesture of "friendship and reconciliation" from an American and a Japanese citizen to the people of China, although the Japanese government refused to grant Akie a passport on the grounds China and Japan had no diplomatic relations. In 1968 the Phoenix was stopped on the high seas by a Japanese ship. Two years of litigation followed in Japanese courts. In 1969, with a crew of six Americans, the Phoenix was stopped 20 miles offshore by Chinese authorities and their entry was prohibited.
After these attempts to sail to China, the Japanese government passed a new immigration law cracking down on "undesirable aliens" (1970) and Dr. Reynolds was expelled from his adopted country of 13 years. He and his wife sailed to San Francisco and settled in Ben Lomond, California where they became the resident hosts of Quaker Center. Reynolds sold the Phoenix, giving the money from the sale to Quaker Center in exchange for a lifetime residence on the property. [28] He taught Peace Studies at the University of California at Santa Cruz and at Cabrillo College while Akie earned an MA in Peace Studies from Antioch College and worked as a career counselor at UCSC, specializing in peace-making careers and in placing students in overseas jobs. His seminar class founded the Peace Resource Center at Merrill College on the UCSC campus in 1975 but it became a casualty of financial cutbacks in the 1980s. For the next 24 years he continued an active schedule of teaching, writing, meetings, lecture tours, and protests against nuclear testing. Over a two-week period in 1981, 1,900 activists were arrested at Diablo Canyon Power Plant. It was the largest arrest in the history of the U.S. anti-nuclear movement and against nuclear weapons research. Dr. Reynolds was one of those arrested. [29]
After Akie's death from breast cancer in 1994, Earle Reynolds spent the last four years of his life in a home for Alzheimer's patients in Garden Grove, California. His daughter wrote a novella based on their relationship during those last years. [30]
In a 1986 interview, [31] Earle commented on his life work: "I've been a kind of a renegade scientist. As soon as I stepped over the boundaries, as soon as my findings became politically sensitive, I lost my credibility as a scientist. Now a scientist will stand on a podium and say what I was saying 30 years ago. I'm like a voice in the wilderness that finally begins to hear answering voices." [32]
Notes on Penny Arcade, Earle Reynolds' brief (8-page) memoir, by Earle's daughter Jessica Reynolds Shaver Renshaw, 2010: In his 80's, when Alzheimer's had stripped him of almost his entire memory, Skipper could still remember building a boat and sailing it around the world. Until the Alzheimer's he could also remember growing up in the circus, which alternated with vaudeville. He told of "sleeping in the lid of a wardrobe trunk," on which he remembered were pasted the pictures of his "best friends: the fat lady, the man with no arms and the Wild Man of Borneo." He said he cut his teeth on the corner of a resin box. He remembered proudly working out for an hour a day at the age of four on his "own miniature trapeze, hung a few feet from the ground," and at five being the "howler" in the den of the Wild Man of Borneo, "with a well-resined string, a tin can, a glove, and plenty of energy." He remembered singing the sentimental song of World War I, "Over There" as a toddler and having people throw him pennies; on rare occasions I could get him to sing it for me. His version was "He climbs upstairs in his underwears (instead of "all unawares"). Please tell my daddy to COME home. Just a baby's prayer at twilight for his DADDY over there." He still resented the memory of a "piddly little girl" who walked up and stood on her head once while he was singing. His parents made him split his earnings with her "and all she did was stand on her head. Anybody can stand on her head!"
Some of the stories he believed and told reporters and biographers about his childhood, however, and which he describes in his unpublished memoir, Penny Arcade, must be considered apocryphal. According to Earle's birth certificate, his mother's name was Maude Landry, not Madelaine Landre, and she was born in Prentice, Wisconsin, not in Canada. Although it has not been substantiated, Maude may have run away from a convent at 16 to join the circus when it passed through her hometown. She was certainly with the circus by the time she turned 17, when she gave birth to Earle.
If the circus or vaudeville troupe they were with in 1913 was the Fred Karno Company (Karno Pantimime Troupe[33])it is certainly likely the Schoenes and Charlie Chaplin spent a season together. Chaplin toured the United States and Canada with the Karno Company from 1910-1913. Earl remembered his parents telling him how Chaplin was about to leave vaudeville to produce a "moving picture" with a child lead and that he offered the part to Earl. In 1913 Earl was three. If, having found his lead, Chaplin had produced The Kid in 1915, Earl would have been five, the age Jackie Coogan was when The Kid actually came out (1921). But the question is moot. Earl's parents turned down the offer because they felt movies were "a fly-by-night scheme" compared to vaudeville.
Earl's father William was not blown to his death from a tightrope stretched between two buildings in downtown Dallas by a "gulf wind" while performing for WWI troops in August,1918, as Earle always believed and as he told other biographers. According to public records, William Schoene died of pneumonia in San Angelo on April 7, 1926 and was buried in public ground. William's obituary appeared in the May 8, 1926 issue of Billboard (p. 90). Maude had long since remarried.
RELEVANT WRITINGS BY REYNOLDS FAMILY:
Reynolds, E. L. Growth and Development of Hiroshima Children Exposed to the Atomic Bomb. Three Year Study (1951-3). Atomic Bomb Casualty Commission Technical Report 20-59, 1959. Cited in Adult Stature in Relation to Childhood Exposure to the Atomic Bombs of Hiroshima and Nagasaki JOSEPH L. BELSKY, MDWILLIAM J. BLOT, PhD http://ajph.aphapublications.org/cgi/reprint/65/5/489.pdf
Reynolds, Earle L., Penny Arcade (unpublished memoir) n.d., in Earle and Akie Reynolds Collection, UCSC: www.oac.cdlib.org/data/13030/99/tf6q2nb599/files/tf6q2nb599.pdf (See note by Reynolds' daughter above)
Reynolds, Earle and Barbara, All in the Same Boat. New York: David McKay Company, Inc., 1962 Family's trip around the world in the Phoenix, 1954-60.
Reynolds, Jessica, Jessica's Journal. New York: Henry Holt & Co., 1958. Eleven-year old's diary account of sailing from Hawaii to New Zealand in the Phoenix.
Reynolds, Barbara Leonard, Cabin Boy and Extra Ballast. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1958. Children's story of a family sailing from Japan to Hawaii.
Reynolds, Earle, "The Forbidden Voyage," The Nation, 15 Nov. 1958
Reynolds, Ted. "Voyage of Protest." Scribble, Winter, 1959
Reynolds, Earle, The Forbidden Voyage. New York: David McKay Company, Inc., 1961. Non-fiction. The Reynolds family's protest voyage against American nuclear testing in the Pacific and aftermath, 1958-1960.
Reynolds, Tim, "Slocum," poem dedicated to Earle in book of poems by the same name. Santa Barbara: Unicorn Press, 1967.
Reynolds, Barbara, The Phoenix and the Dove. Japan: Nagasaki Appeal Committee, 1986. Barbara's personal spiritual journey.
Reynolds, Jessica, To Russia with Love (in Japanese translation). Tokyo: Chas. E. Tuttle Co., 1962. The Reynolds family's protest voyage against Soviet nuclear testing in the U.S.S.R.
Shaver, Jessica Reynolds. "There was Dad, climbing the ladder at Diablo," (Long Beach, CA) Press-Telegram, Sept. 18, 1981.
Shaver, Jessica Reynolds. "After the flood, a mission to 'rescue' Dad," (Long Beach, CA) Press-Telegram, Jan. 14, 1982.
Shaver, Jessica. "Breaking the Bitterness Barrier," Friends Journal, August 1991.
Shaver, Jessica. "When a daughter and daughter-in-law is the caregiver," (Long Beach, CA) Press-Telegram, July 24, 1994.
Renshaw, Jessica Shaver, New Every Morning. Enumclaw, WA: Pleasant Word 2006
Reynolds, Jessica, To Russia with Love (English original). Wilmington, OH: Peace Resource Center, Wilmington College, due out in 2010.
SCHOLARLY ARTICLES BY EARLE REYNOLDS (Chronological):
SONTAG, LESTER WARREN, REYNOLDS, EARLE L. OSSIFICATION SEQUENCES IN IDENTICAL TRIPLETS: A Longitudinal Study of Resemblances and Differences in the Ossification Patterns of a Set of Monozygotic Triplets (1944) http://en.scientificcommons.org/earle_l_reynolds
Sontag, Lester W., M.D. and Reynolds, Earle L., Ph.D. The fels composite sheet. I: A practical method for analyzing growth progress J. Pediat. 26, p. 327 (1945) www.journals.elsevierhealth.com/periodicals/yjoos/article/.../abstract and
Sontag, Lester W., M.D. and Reynolds, Earle L., Ph.D. The fels composite sheet. II: Variations in growth patterns in health and disease J. Pediat. 26:4, pp. 336-354 (1945) linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0022347645801804
Reynolds, Earle L. Sexual Maturation and the Growth of Fat, Muscle and Bone in Girls (1946) http://www.jstor.org/pss/3181747
Reynolds, Earle L. and Schoen, Grace. Growth Patterns of Identical Triplets from 8 through 18 Years (1947) http://www.jstor.org/pss/1125470
Reynolds, Earle L. and Clark, Leland C. Creatinine Excretion, Growth Progress and Body Structure in Normal Children (1947) http://www.jstor.org/pss/1125479
Reynolds, Earle L. Distribution of Tissue Components in the Female Leg From Birth to Maturity The Fels Research Institute for the Study of Human Development, Antioch College, Yellow Springs, Ohio The Anatomical Record (1947 or 1948) http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/journal/109893616/abstract
Reynolds, Earle L., The appearance of adult patterns of body hair in man Department of Anthropology, Antioch College, and Physical Growth Department, Fels Research Institute for the Study of Human Development, Antioch College, Yellow Springs, Ohio The American Journal of Physical Anthropology (date?) http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/journal/119786495/abstract
Reynolds, Earle L. Degree of kinship and pattern of ossification: A longitudinal X-ray Study of the Appearance Pattern of Ossification Centers in Children of Different Kinship Groups The Samuel S. Fels Research Institute, Antioch College, Yellow Springs, Ohio The American Journal of Physical Anthropology (date?) doi.wiley.com/10.1002/ajpa.1330010411
Reynolds, Earle L., Toshiko Asakawa. The measurement of obesity in childhood. The Fels Research Institute for the Study of Human Development, Antioch College, Yellow Springs, Ohio The American Journal of Physical Anthropology (date?) www3.interscience.wiley.com/journal/110521161/abstract
Reynolds, Earle L., Ph.D., and Wines, Janet V., A.B. Individual Differences in Physical Changes Associated with Adolescence in Girls. Am J. Dis. Child. 75 (3):329-350 (March 1948) http://jdr.sagepub.com/cgi/content/refs/38/1/135 and from Archives of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine archpedi.ama-assn.org/content/vol75/issue3/index.dtl
STEINBERG, ARTHUR G., REYNOLDS, EARLE L. , FURTHER DATA ON SYMPHALANGISM (1948) http://en.scientificcommons.org/earle_l_reynolds
Earle Reynolds cited in Harpenden Growth Study: J.M. Tanner. "Long-term longitudinal study of the growth of children in Harpenden. . . There was an excellent normative study before, made by Earle Reynolds and Janet Wines at the Fels Research Institute, who took their descriptions from the German literature of the 1930s and earlier, and excellent studies since, both in Zurich and in Stockholm, but ours was the only one in the period 1950-1980." (1948) http://visibletime.ararchive.com/documentary.htm
Reynolds, Earle L. Anthropology and Human Growth. The Ohio Journal of Science, Vol. XLIX, No. 3 (May, 1949) From a speech given at the 57th Annual Meeting of the Ohio Academy of Science, University of Toledo, May 7, 1948. https://kb.osu.edu/dspace/bitstream/1811/3693/1/V49N03_089.pdf and at www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18152148 and at http://en.scientificcommons.org/earle_l_reynolds
Reynolds, E.L., and Wines, J.V. Physical Changes Associated with Adolescence in Boys, Am. J. Dis. Child. 82 (5):529-547 (Nov. 1951). http://jdr.sagepub.com/cgi/content/refs/38/1/135 and http://archpedi.ama-assn.org/content/vol82/issue5/index.dtl
Reynolds and Wines, cited in Garn, Stanley Marion. Changes in Areolar Size during the Steroid Growth Phase. In Child Development, Vol. 23, No. 1 (March, 1952) http://www.jstor.org/pss/1125890
Earle Reynolds cited in Garn, Stanley M., Growth Research in Medicine: Presented at the Symposium on Medical Anthropology, Thirty-first Annual Meeting of the American Association of Physical Anthropologists, 1962, page 1: "With the Grenlich-Pyle Radiographic Atlas of Skeletal Development ('59), Earle Reynolds' standards for sexual maturation (Reynolds and Wines, '48, '51) . . .we surely cover the normative front." http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/journal/110523347/abstract?CRETRY=1&SRETRY=0
Reynolds, Earle T. [sic] (June 12, 1952) The Growth and Development Program of the Atomic Bomb Casualty Commission: Analysis of Body Measurements Taken in 1951 on 4,800 Hiroshima children. Folder 7 NYO-4458 From Papers of Carl F. Tessmer Series II. M.D. http://mcgovern.library.tmc.edu/data/www/html/collect/manuscript/Tessmer/Tess_series2.html
Reynolds, Earle L. (Oct. 30, 1952) "Growth and Development Program of the Atomic Bomb Casualty Commission: Analysis of Observations on Maturation, Body Build and Posture taken in 1951 on 4,800 Hiroshima Children" later published as report NYO-4459 (Folder 100) from Papers of Wataru W. Sutow, M.D. http://mcgovern.library.tmc.edu/data/www/html/collect/manuscript/Sutow/Sutow_S3.htm
Growth & Development: Earle Reynolds Reports etc: 1952-1967 http://www7.nationalacademies.org/archives/abcc_series_3.html
Reynolds, E.L. The Distribution of Subcutaneous Fat in Childhood and Adolescence (1953) http://journals.lww.com/amjmedsci/Citation/1953/09000/The_Distribution_of_Subcutaneous_Fat_in_Childhood.25.aspx
Low, F.N., (Sept. 1953) Book Review of Earle L. Reynolds, The Distribution of Subcutaneous Fat in Childhood and Adolescence. The Quarterly Review of Biology, vol. 28, no. 3 DOI: 10.1086/399783 http://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/abs/10.1086/399783
Reynolds' paper presented at the 58th Annual Meeting of the American Anthropology Association in Mexico City, (Dec. 28th, 1959) revealed the unpopular truths to be found about the physical dangers of exposure to nuclear radiation. Report was published in The Processes of Ongoing Human Evolution, Gabriel W. Lasker, ed., Detroit: Wayne University Press, 1960.
Lectures by Earle Reynolds given at Jogakuin College, Hiroshima, Japan, edited and printed in Viriginia Naeve,ed. Friends of the Hibakusha. A Swallow Paperback (Alan Swallow, 2679 South York St., Denver, CO), 1964 The Place of Hiroshima in World History, November 7, 1960. Comments on Movie: Still, It's Better to Be Alive (produced by Japan A and H Bomb Council, 1955) n.d. Radiation and Human Evolution, Dec. 13, 1960. Man's Future, Feb. 14, 1961 Hiroshima, the Atom and the World, 1961
Alex F. Roche, Stanley M. Garn, Earle L. Reynolds (University of California, Santa Cruz, California 95064), Meinhard Robinow, Lester W. Sontag. The first seriatim study of human growth and middle aging. (1980) http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/journal/110519581/abstract?CRETRY=1&SRETRY=0
PUBLICATIONS REFERRING TO EARLE L. REYNOLDS
Ashkenazy, Elinor, "Nuclear Tests on Trial," The Progressive, c. Dec, 1959,
Bigelow, Albert, The Voyage of the Golden Rule: An Experiment with Truth. Garden City, New York: Doubleday & Co., Inc., 1959.
Cousins, Norman, "Earle Reynolds and His Phoenix," Editorial, Saturday Review, Oct, 11, 1958.
Cousins, Norman, "The Debate is Over," Editorial, Saturday Review, c. Oct, 1959.
Grabarek, Kristin, On the Cutting Edge: The Peace Activism of Earle Reynolds. Earle Reynolds performed daring acts of civil disobedience at the dawn of ... www.friendsjournal.org/issue/april-2009
Human Biology, May 1964: Review of: Reynolds, Earle L., The Growth and Development of Hiroshima Children Exposed to the Atomic Bomb, 1953.
Fontaine, Andre, "A Family's Voyage into Danger," Redbook, c. Aug, 1959
M. Susan Lindee, Suffering made real: American science and the survivors at Hiroshima (1994) ... for Neel and Schull should be the ABCC. rather than the University of Michigan 1this suggestion was followed in the published version). Earle Reynolds ...books.google.com/books?isbn=0226482375...
Lofton, John, (short account of Phoenix case), New Republic, Sept. 14, 1959.
Lundberg, Dan, (story about voyage of Phoenix from Kwajalein to Honolulu), The Spray, c. July 1959
PRICE, David H. (St. Martin's College), "Applied Anthropologist as Cold War Dissident: Earle Reynolds, An Informed Protester of Conscience.” ... homepages.stmartin.edu/fac_staff/dprice/reynolds.htm
Taylor, Richard K.S., Against the bomb: the British peace movement, 1958-1965 (1988) Two thousand took part, including Vanessa Redgrave and Earle Reynolds, the captain of the American 'peace boats', 'Everyman IIP and 'Phoenix'. ... books.google.com/books?isbn=0198275374...
Templin, Ralph, (story of Phoenix case), Journal of Human Relations, c. July 1959
Wittner, Lawrence S., "The Long Voyage: The Golden Rule and Resistance to Nuclear Testing in Asia and the Pacific," The Asia-Pacific Journal, 8-3-10, February 22, 2010. http://www.japanfocus.org/-Lawrence_S_-Wittner/3308
Wittner, Lawrence S., PhD,[34] "Preserving the Golden Rule as a Piece of Anti-Nuclear History," February 14, 2010, article about Golden Rule and Phoenix. http://www.truthout.org/preserving-golden-rule-a-piece-anti-nuclear-history56895
Wittner, Lawrence S., Resisting the bomb: a history of the world nuclear disarmament ... (1997) War Resisters League, A WRL ... books.google.com/books?isbn=0804729182..
As well as numerous articles in newspapers and magazines all over the world.
References
- ^ Billboard, Feb. 21, 1925, p.104, mentions William Schoene and a Mrs. William Schoene in connection with the John T. Wortham Shows wintering in Paris, Texas; on April 18, 1925, p. 98 mentions William Schoene as the Manager of the Trained Animal Show and on Nov. 28, 1925 mentions that the show was quartered in San Angelo, Texas and William Schoene was breaking in new acts.
- ^ en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_Lewiston
- ^ http://www.billboard.com/#/footer/about-us
- ^ Sept. 26, 1914, p. 15
- ^ en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbara_Leonard_Reynolds
- ^ The Ohio Journal of Science, May, 1949, p. 89 footnote https://kb.osu.edu/dspace/bitstream/1811/3693/1/V49N03_089.pdf.
- ^ http://movies.yahoo.com/movie/contributor/1800034002/bio
- ^ www7.nationalacademies.org/.../ABCC_1945-1982.html
- ^ en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phoenix_of_Hiroshima
- ^ www.Tufts.edu
- ^ Sailing Alone Around the World, New York: The Century Company, 1900
- ^ Earle Reynolds, "We Crossed the Pacific the Hard Way," Saturday Evening Post, May 7, 14 and 21, 1955.
- ^ Earle and Barbara Reynolds, All in the Same Boat, New York: David McKay Co., Inc. 1962
- ^ Barbara Reynolds, Cabin Boy and Extra Ballast, a children's fictional account of a family sailing from Japan to Hawaii, Chas. Scribner's Sons, 1958
- ^ Jessica Reynolds, Jessica's Journal, Henry Holt & Co., 1958, her diary account of the trip from Hawaii to New Zealand, written when she was 11, published as a book when she was 14.
- ^ Amazon.com: The Voyage of the Golden Rule: An Experiment with Truth: Albert Bigelow: Books. www.amazon.com/Voyage-Golden-Rule...Truth/.../B0007E4VWM -
- ^ Albert Bigelow papers www.swarthmore.edu/Library/peace/DG051.../DG076ABigelow.htm
- ^ Wikipedia - Albert Bigelow
- ^ http://www.archive.org/details/OperationHARDTACK_UnderwaterTests1958
- ^ Years later, in private correspondence, Capt. Bigelow wrote Earle that most people had never heard of the Phoenix and thought the Golden Rule had sailed into the area. Earle wrote back, ". . .Phoenix, in its trip, was the Golden Rule. I would be entirely happy if the entire world should think it was the Golden Rule which achieved its purpose, because it did!"
- ^ Norman Cousins, "Earle Reynolds and His Phoenix," Saturday Review, (date)
- ^ Norman Cousins - Wikipedia
- ^ Taken from the New York Times of December 30, 1960
- ^ Earle Reynolds, The Forbidden Voyage, p. 258
- ^ Elaine Black Yoneda Collection www.oac.cdlib.org/data/13030/j4/tf9r29p0j4/files/tf9r29p0j4.pdf
- ^ Jessica Reynolds, To Russia with Love, due out 2010. Published in Japanese translation by Chas. E. Tuttle Co, Tokyo 1962
- ^ Boardman, Elizabeth Jelinek, The Phoenix Trip: Notes on a Quaker Mission to Haiphong, Burnsville, N.C.: Celo Press, 1901 Hannah Branch Road, Burnsville, NC 28714, 1985
- ^ Earle Reynolds, "The Center is Quaker: A Personal History of Ben Lomond Quaker Center," self-published,1985
- ^ Wikipedia - Diable Canyon Power Plant
- ^ Jessica Shaver Renshaw, New Every Morning, Pleasant Word Publishers, 1996
- ^ Santa Cruz News, January 9, p. 4
- ^ Earle and Akie Reynolds Collection
- ^ http://www.charliechaplin.net/
- ^ Wikipedia - Lawrence S. Wittner
External links
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phoenix_of_Hiroshima
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbara_Leonard_Reynolds (coming soon)
The Earle and Akie Reynolds Collection at the University of California at Santa Cruz has extensive writings by, photographs of and information about Earle Reynolds and his second wife. Includes manuscript and notes for Reynolds, Earle L., The Physical Growth in 1951 of Hiroshima Children Exposed to the Atomic Bomb, 1951. library.ucsc.edu/content/earle-and-akie-reynolds-archive
In Pursuit of Peace: An Exhibit From the Earle and Akie Reynolds ... This is an exhibit covering the life of peace activists, Earle and Akie Reynolds. "It is not only the story of Earle and Akie Reynolds, but also of Barbara, ... www.clrn.org/weblinks/details.cfm?id=2101 -
Peace Resource Center (Wilmington College, Wilmington, OH) was founded by activist, author, and peace educator Barbara Reynolds in August, 1975 to house the largest collection (outside of Japan) on materials related to the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki and to teach peace skills to new generations. http://drcdev.ohiolink.edu/handle/123456789/8331
1954-1964 letters, newspaper clippings, brochures, postcards, from Earle & Barbara Reynolds & family including information on the Yacht Phoenix and the Hiroshima-Nagasaki World Peace Study Mission (Folder 47) (Folder 80) "The Growth and Development Program of the Atomic Bomb Casualty Commission: Analysis of Body Measurements and Observations Taken in 1952 on 4,200 Hiroshima Children" by Earle L. Reynolds, Ph.D., Nov. 15, 1953 (later published as NYO-4473 which can be found in the Tessmer Collection), TS. http://mcgovern.library.tmc.edu/data/www/html/collect/manuscript/Tessmer/Tess_series2.html
Swarthmore College Peace Collection: Committee for Non-Violent Action Records, 1958-1968 http://www.swarthmore.edu/library/peace/DG001-025/dg017/dg017cnvamain.htm
Peace Monuments Related to Boats or Ships http://peace.maripo.com/p_boats.htm
Legal Brief: Earle L. Reynolds v. United States of America, Appeal from the United States District Court for the District of Hawaii, August 1958. From Ava Helen and Linus Pauling Papers, 1873-2002 http://osulibrary.oregonstate.edu/specialcollections/coll/pauling/catalogue/pauling12.html
Earle L. Reynolds, Appellant, v. United States of America ... Justia US Court of Appeals Cases and Opinions - 267 F.2d 235 - Earle L. Reynolds, Appellant, v. United States of America, Appellee. cases.justia.com/us-court-of-appeals/F2/267/235/393832/ - Cached
The Australian Broadcasting Corporation: Radio National's, Radio Eye Earle Reynolds and 'The Phoenix' www.abc.net.au/rn/arts/radioeye/reynolds.htm
As a young boy, Earle Reynolds had a dream to build and sail a boat around the world. He got the chance decades later when, in 1950, the National Academy of ... www.thirdcoastfestival.org/audio_library_2003.asp
Vietnam's Holy Week Ends on Bloody Note "A Tass dispatch from Hanoi said Dr. Earle L. Reynolds' ketch Phoenix carrying $10,000 worth of American Quaker medical supplies to North Vietnam, sailed around Red China's Hainan Island and entered the Gulf of Tonkin. http://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1817&dat=19670326&id=3S4eAAAAIBAJ&sjid=JpsEAAAAIBAJ&pg=7092,4188697
Dr. Earle Reynolds, an anthropologist from Yellow Springs, Ohio, is making a family affair of his boyhood dream of sailing around the world. http://sportsillustrated.cnn.com/vault/article/magazine/MAG1069628/index.htm
Articles pertaining to the Micronesia/Marshall Islands and to experiences of anthropologist, Dr. Earle Reynolds.** (Many of the contents of these folders were LOST in the flood and all of it is flood damaged)** From Papers of Wataru W. Sutow, M.D. at http://mcgovern.library.tmc.edu/data/www/html/collect/manuscript/Sutow/Sutow_S5.htm
http://www.san.beck.org/GPJ29-AntiNuclearProtests.html
http://www.modis.ispras.ru/wikipedia/Category:American_anti-war_activists.html
U.S. team's visit to China bit frustrating for pacifist http://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1310&dat=19710419&id=XkUSAAAAIBAJ&sjid=U-EDAAAAIBAJ&pg=6888,4406662
http://38 10 54.86N 121 31 42.31W Last known location of the Phoenix.
Peace Anti-nuclear protests yachts wooden boats American anthropologists circus Japan Hiroshima radiation atomic bomb travel 1940s 1950s 1960s 1970s USSR Nakhodka Marshall Islands authors scientist 1910 births 1998 deaths Phoenix of Hiroshima Norman Cousins Barbara Leonard Reynolds lawsuits Saturday Review Diablo Canyon Golden Rule Hardtack Kwajalein