Caerwent
Caerwent
| |
|---|---|
 Roman building foundations and the tower of the parish church at Caerwent | |
| OS grid reference | ST470905 |
| Principal area | |
| Preserved county | |
| Country | Wales |
| Sovereign state | United Kingdom |
| Post town | CALDICOT |
| Postcode district | NP26 |
| Dialling code | 01291 |
| Police | Gwent |
| Fire | South Wales |
| Ambulance | Welsh |
| UK Parliament | |
Caerwent (Template:Lang-cy) is a village and community in Monmouthshire, Wales. It is located about five miles west of Chepstow and eleven miles east of Newport, and was founded by the Romans as the market town of Venta Silurum, an important settlement of the Brythonic Silures tribe. The modern village is built around the Roman ruins, which are some of the best-preserved in Europe. It remained prominent through the Roman era and Early Middle Ages as the site of a road crossing between several important civic centres. In the 20th century Caerwent was the site of a Royal Navy Propellant Factory, now used as a training facility.
History
Roman times
It was founded by the Romans in 75 as Venta Silurum, a market town for the defeated Silures tribe. This is confirmed by inscriptions on the "Civitas Silurum" stone, now on display in the parish church.[1] Large sections of the Roman town walls are still in place, rising up to 5 metres high in places. Historian John Newman has described the walls as "easily the most impressive town defence to survive from Roman Britain, and in its freedom from later rebuilding one of the most perfectly preserved in Northern Europe."[2] In 1881 a portion of a highly intricate coloured floor mosaic or tessellated pavement, depicting different types of fish, were unearthed during excavations in the garden of a cottage.[3]
Excavations in 1971 dated the north-west polygonal angle-tower to the mid-300s.[4] Further excavations were carried out in 2008 by Wessex Archaeology as part of the Channel 4 TV programme Time Team.[5] Modern houses are built on top of half the site of the old Roman market place. The ruins of several Roman buildings are still visible, including the foundations of a 4th century Roman temple.[6] The fact that most of the houses lacked mosaic or hypocaust-heated floors, however, suggests that despite its size, Caerwent never achieved the cultural level of other Romano-British tribal capitals.[7]
Early Christian times
Caerwent acted as a centre for the Kingdom of Gwent after the Roman occupation. Although the name Caerwent translates from Welsh as "fort of Gwent", the name Gwent itself derived from the Roman name Venta (Silurum). The English town name of Winchester has a parallel derivation, ultimately from the combination of the Latin words Venta, in that case, Venta Belgarum, and castra.[8]
Caerwent remained an important centre, where the road between Gloucester and Caerleon met the north-south road from Shrewsbury, via Monmouth and Trellech, to the sea at Portskewett. Excavations at Caerwent have revealed remains and everyday objects from the post-Roman period. Metalwork, including elaborate penannular brooches and fastening pins, have been dated to the 5th-7th centuries. A large number of Christian burials, some stone-lined, dating from between the 4th and 9th centuries have also been discovered, both around the town's East Gate and close to the parish church.[9] It has been suggested that it may have been the birthplace of St. Patrick.[10]
A monastery was established at Caerwent some time before the 10th century, and a pre-Norman cross head was discovered at the site in 1992.[2] The current church is dedicated to Saints Stephen and Tathan, the latter name possibly having arisen through confusion with Saint Tathyw. The oldest existing part of the church dates to the 13th century.[2]
Modern era
During World War II a Royal Navy Propellant Factory was established at Caerwent, immediately north of the A48 road. Between 1967 and 1993 this was used as a storage base for the Royal Air Force and the United States Air Force; since that time it has been used as an army training facility. Caerwent is now a small village, largely bypassed by the busy A48 road running between the city of Newport to the west and Chepstow to the east. It has two pubs, the Coach and Horses and the Northgate Inn.
References
- ^ Photograph of church
- ^ a b c John Newman, The Buildings of Wales: Gwent/Monmouthshire, 2000, ISBN 0-14-071053-1
- ^ Morgan, Octavius (1882), "Goldcliff and the Ancient Roman Inscribed Stone Found There 1878", Monmouthshire & Caerleon Antiquarian Association.
- ^ E-castles: Caerwent
- ^ Wessex Archaeology, Caerwent Roman Town: Archaeological Evaluation and Assessment of Results, February 2009
- ^ Photograph of temple foundations
- ^ Caerwent at Roman-Sites.com
- ^ Hywel Wyn Owen, The Place-Names of Wales, 1998, ISBN 0-7083-1458-9
- ^ Raymond Howell, A History of Gwent, 1988, ISBN 0-86383-338-1, p.34
- ^ Rodney Imrie, The Parish Church of St. Stephen and St. Tathan, Caerwent, 2004