Flathead Lake
| Flathead Lake | |
|---|---|
| File:FLBathymetricMap.jpg Bathymetric Map | |
| Location | Lake / Flathead counties, Montana, USA |
| Coordinates | 47°54′6″N 114°6′15″W / 47.90167°N 114.10417°W |
| Type | Moraine-dammed lake |
| Primary inflows | Flathead River Swan River |
| Primary outflows | Flathead River |
| Catchment area | 8,587 sq mi (22,240 km2) |
| Basin countries | United States |
| Max. length | 27.3 mi (43.9 km)[1] |
| Max. width | 15.5 mi (24.9 km)[1] |
| Surface area | 197 sq mi (510 km2)[2] |
| Average depth | 164.7 ft (50.2 m)[1] |
| Max. depth | 370.7 ft (113.0 m)[1] |
| Water volume | 5.56 cu mi (23.2 km3)[1] |
| Residence time | 3.4 years |
| Shore length1 | 161.4 mi (259.7 km)[1] |
| Surface elevation | 2,894 ft (882 m) |
| Islands | Wild Horse Island, Cromwell, Bird, Bull, Melita, Shelter, Cedar, Mother-in-Law, Dream, etc. |
| 1 Shore length is not a well-defined measure. | |
Flathead Lake is the largest natural freshwater lake in the western part of the contiguous United States.[3][4] With a surface area of about 191.5 sq mi (496 km2),[1] or 197 sq mi (510 km2), it is slightly larger than that of Lake Tahoe.[2] Flathead Lake is 27.3 mi (43.9 km) long and up to 15.5 mi (24.9 km) wide. Its maximum depth is 370.7 ft (113.0 m).[1] The lake was raised 10 ft (3.0 m) by Kerr Dam.[5] It is one of the cleanest in the populated world for its size and type.[6]
Geography
Located in the northwest corner of the state of Montana, 7 miles (11 km) south of Kalispell, it is approximately 30 miles (50 km) long and 16 miles (25 km) wide, covering 191.5 square miles (495.9 km²), making it approximate in size to Minnesota's Mille Lacs Lake and half the area of San Francisco Bay (main bay). Flathead Lake is 30 miles (48 km) southwest of Glacier National Park and is flanked by two scenic highways, which wind along its curving shoreline. On the west side is U.S. Route 93, and on the east, is Route 35.
The lake is bordered on its eastern shore by the Mission Mountains and on the west by the Salish Mountains. The Flathead valley was formed by the glacial damming of the Flathead River and sustains a remarkably mild climate for a region located this far north and inland; the Pacific Ocean is almost 400 miles to the west. The mild climate allows for cherry orchards on the east shore and vineyards for wine production on the west shore. There are also apple, pear and plum orchards around the lake as well as vegetable, hay, honey, nursery tree, Christmas tree, sod/turf and wheat production bordering or near the lake.
History
Once known as "Salish Lake", this body of water takes its name from the Salish (Flathead) Indians who live at the southern end of the lake on the Flathead Indian Reservation. Kerr Dam, near Polson, regulates the lake's water level and provides hydroelectric power and water for irrigation. The lake has an irregularly-shaped shoreline and a dozen small islands, the largest of which is a state park called Wild Horse Island. These islands cover 5.5 square miles (14.2 square kilometers). Besides the Flathead River, the Swan River (known also as the Bigfork River where it enters the lake) is the lake's other major tributary. The lake is inhabited by the native bull trout and cutthroat trout, as well as the non-native lake trout, yellow perch, and lake whitefish. It is also reportedly inhabited by the infamous Flathead Lake Monster. The lake is also home to Eagle's Rest, a private retreat that boasts a 13,000 square foot home, a 14,000 sq. ft. lake home, a campground, and a private boat dock for the family.
Geology
Flathead Lake lies at the southern end of a geological feature called the Rocky Mountain Trench. The trench, which formed with the Rocky Mountains roughly 60 million years ago, extends north into the southern Yukon as a straight, steep valley, which also holds the headwaters of the Columbia River. During the last ice age this trench was filled by an enormous glacier. As the glacier moved southward it carved out the trench. Present day Polson, Montana marks the southernmost extent of the glacier during the last ice age and thus is the site of the glacier's terminal moraine.
The large size of the Polson Moraine indicates that the glacier stalled here for several years before retreating. As the climate warmed, a portion of the glacier in the Mission Valley receded more slowly than the main body, which kept the lake basin from being filled with sediment. Eventually this ice also melted, forming a lake behind the moraine. Once the water reached the top of this moraine dam, it began to cut a channel through it. Most moraine dammed lakes drain quickly because water cuts entirely through the moraine. However, Flathead Lake remains because a bedrock hill buried underneath the Polson Moraine prevented the moraine from being completely cut through so the meltwater never completely drained.
At one time, probably when the valley was partially filled by a glacier, the level of Flathead Lake was about 500 feet (150 m) higher and drained through the valley west of Elmo, Montana which is at the end of Big Arm Bay, bottom center in the aerial photo above. Water carved out a wide, flat-bottomed pass with a deeper, narrow channel at the south edge of the pass. The deeper channel and traces of the dry riverbed are still visible from Route 28.
References
- ^ a b c d e f g h About Flathead Head, Flathead Lake Biological Station, The University of Montana
- ^ a b Van der Leeden, Frits (1990). The Water Encyclopedia. CRC Press. p. 185. ISBN 9780873711203.
{{cite book}}: Unknown parameter|coauthors=ignored (|author=suggested) (help) - ^ NPS Archeology Program: State submerged Resource Laws, National Park Service
- ^ New strategies for America's watersheds, National Research Council (U.S.). Committee on Watershed Management
- ^ Kerr Dam, PPL Montana
- ^ Flathead Lake & Watershed Overview, Flathead Lakers
- Alt, David. "The Making of Flathead Lake" in Profiles of Montana Geology: A layman's guide to the Treasure State. Butte, MT: Montana Bureau of Mines and Geology, 1984