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Coordinates: 50°03′41″N 19°56′14″E / 50.06139°N 19.93722°E / 50.06139; 19.93722
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Kraków
Main Market Square, Wawel Castle, Barbican, St. Mary's Basilica, St. Peter and Paul Church, Collegium Maius
Main Market Square, Wawel Castle, Barbican, St. Mary's Basilica, St. Peter and Paul Church, Collegium Maius
Flag of Kraków
Flag
Coat of arms of Kraków
Coat of arms
Country Poland
VoivodeshipLesser Poland
CountyKraków County
City rights5 June 1257
Government
 • MayorJacek Majchrowski
Area
 • City
327 km2 (126 sq mi)
Elevation
219 m (719 ft)
Population
 (2009)
 • City
754,854
 • Density2,300/km2 (6,000/sq mi)
 • Metro
1.25 mln
DemonymCracovian
Time zoneUTC+1 (CET)
 • Summer (DST)UTC+2 (CEST)
Postal code
30-024 to 31-962
Area code+48 12
DemonymCracovian
Websitewww.krakow.pl

Kraków (Polish pronunciation: [ˈkrakuf] Audio file "Pl-Krak%C3%B3w.ogg" not found), also spelled Krakow or Cracow (English: /ˈkrækaʊ/ listen), is the second largest and one of the oldest cities in Poland. Its historic centre was inscribed on the list of World Heritage Sites as the first of its kind.[1] Situated on the Vistula River (Template:Lang-pl) in the Lesser Poland region, the city dates back to the 7th century.[2] Kraków has traditionally been one of the leading centres of Polish academic, cultural and artistic life and is one of Poland's most important economic centres. It was the capital of Poland from 1038 to 1596; the capital of the Grand Duchy of Kraków from 1846 to 1918; and the capital of Kraków Voivodeship from the 14th century to 1999. It is now the capital of the Lesser Poland Voivodeship.

The city has grown from a Stone Age settlement to Poland's second most important city. It began as a hamlet on Wawel Hill and was already being reported as a busy trading center of Slavonic Europe in 965.[3] With the establishment of new universities and cultural venues at the emergence of the Second Polish Republic and throughout the 20th century, Kraków reaffirmed its role as a major national academic and artistic center.

After the invasion of Poland by Nazi Germany at the start of World War II, Kraków was turned into the capital of Germany's General Government. The Jewish population of the city was moved into a walled zone known as the Kraków Ghetto, from which they were sent to extermination camps such as Auschwitz and Płaszów.

In 1978—the same year UNESCO placed Kraków on the list of World Heritage Sites—Karol Wojtyła, archbishop of Kraków, was elevated to the papacy as Pope John Paul II, the first non-Italian pope in 455 years and the first ever Slavic pope.[4]

History

Main article: History of Kraków

Early history

Kraków's prehistory begins with evidence of a Stone Age settlement on the present site of the Wawel Hill.[5] A legend attributes Kraków's founding to the mythical ruler Krakus, who built it above a cave occupied by a dragon, Smok Wawelski.[6] The first written record of the city's name dates back to 966, when Kraków was described as a notable commercial center owned by the Bohemian duke.[2]

By the end of the 10th century, the city was a leading trading center, incorporated into the holdings of the Piast dynasty. Brick buildings were constructed, including the Wawel Castle, Romanesque churches such as St. Adalbert's, a cathedral, and a basilica.[2] The city was almost entirely destroyed during the Mongol invasions of 1241, 1259 and 1287.[7] It was rebuilt and incorporated in 1257, based on the Magdeburg law, with tax benefits and trade privileges for its citizens.[8] These citizens were German settlers who moved in during the Ostsiedlung and who constituted a majority of burghers in contemporary Polish and Bohemian towns.[9] The 1257 foundation decree issued by Bolesław V the Chaste was unusual in that it explicitly excluded the local population.[9] The older royal fort Wawel was connected to the new town, built on its northern side around the market square, by its former suburbium (Okol).[10] Germans constituted the majority during the 14th century and became Polonized by the 16th century.[11] The city rose to prominence in 1364, when Casimir III of Poland founded the University of Kraków,[12] the second oldest university in central Europe after the Charles University in Prague. The city continued to grow under the joint Lithuanian-Polish Jagiellon dynasty. As the capital of the Kingdom of Poland and a member of the Hanseatic League, the city attracted many craftsmen, businesses, and guilds as science and the arts began to flourish.[13]

Golden age

Woodcut of Kraków, Nuremberg Chronicle (1493)

The 15th and 16th centuries were known as Poland's Złoty Wiek or Golden Age.[14] Many works of Polish Renaissance art and architecture were created then,[15][16] including ancient synagogues in Kraków's Jewish quarter of Kazimierz, such as the Old Synagogue.[17] During the reign of Casimir IV, various artists came to work and live in Kraków, and Johann Haller established a printing press in the city[18] after Kasper Straube had printed the Calendarium Cracoviense, the first work printed in Poland, in 1473.[19][20]

In 1520, the most famous church bell in Poland, named Zygmunt after Sigismund I of Poland, was cast by Hans Behem.[21] At that time, Hans Dürer, a younger brother of Albrecht Dürer, was Sigismund's court painter.[22] Hans von Kulmbach made altarpieces for several churches.[23] In 1572, King Sigismund II, the last of the Jagiellons, died childless. The Polish throne passed to Henry III of France and then to other foreign-based rulers in rapid succession, causing a decline in the city's importance that was worsened by pillaging during the Swedish invasion and by an outbreak of bubonic plague that left 20,000 of the city's residents dead. In 1596, Sigismund III of the Swedish House of Vasa moved the capital of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth from Kraków to Warsaw.[24]

18th to early 20th century

Kraków's growth since late 18th century

Already weakened during the 18th century, by mid-1790 the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth had been twice partitioned by its neighbors: Russia, the Habsburg empire, and Prussia.[25] In 1794, Tadeusz Kościuszko initiated an unsuccessful insurrection in the town's Main Square which, in spite of his victorious Battle of Racławice against numerically superior Russian army, resulted in the third and final partition of Poland.[26] Following the Uprising, Kraków became part of the Austrian partition in a province of Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria. In 1809, Napoleon Bonaparte captured former Polish territories from Austria and made the town part of the Duchy of Warsaw.[27] Following Napoleon's defeat in Russia, the Congress of Vienna in 1815 mostly restored earlier structures, although it also created the partially independent Free City of Kraków.[28] As in 1794, an insurrection in 1846 failed;[27] resulting in the city being annexed by Austria under the name the Grand Duchy of Krakow (Template:Lang-pl).[29]

In 1866, Austria granted a degree of autonomy to Galicia after the Austro-Prussian War,[30] and Kraków became a Polish national symbol and a center of culture and art, known frequently as the "Polish Athens" (Polskie Ateny) or "Polish Mecca".[31] Many leading Polish artists of the period resided in Kraków,[32] among them the seminal painter Jan Matejko,[33] laid to rest at Rakowicki Cemetery, and the founder of modern Polish drama, Stanisław Wyspiański.[34] Fin de siècle Kraków evolved into a modern metropolis;[35] running water and electric streetcars were introduced in 1901,[36] and between 1910 and 1915, Kraków and surrounding suburban communities were gradually combined into a single administrative unit called Greater Kraków (Wielki Kraków).

At the outbreak of World War I on 3 August 1914, Józef Piłsudski formed a small cadre military unit, the First Cadre Company—the predecessor of the Polish Legions—which set out from Kraków to fight for the liberation of Poland.[37] The city was briefly besieged by Russian troops in November 1914, but they were pushed back afterwards.[38] The Austrian rule in Kraków ended in 1918 when the Polish Liquidation Committee assumed power.[39][40]

1918 to the present

St. Mary's Square (left) and St. Mary's Basilica

With the emergence of the Second Polish Republic, Kraków restored its role as a major academic and cultural center with the establishment of new universities such as the AGH University of Science and Technology and the Jan Matejko Academy of Fine Arts, including a number of new and essential vocational schools. It became an important cultural center for the Polish Jews with a Zionist youth movement relatively strong among the city's Jewish population.[41] Kraków was also an influential center of Jewish spiritual life, with all its manifestations of religious observance from Orthodox, to Chasidic and Reform flourishing side by side.

Tempel Synagogue, with Neo-Moorish façade

Following the invasion of Poland in September 1939, the Nazi German forces turned the city into the capital of the General Government, a colonial authority headed by Hans Frank and seated in Wawel Castle. In an operation called "Sonderaktion Krakau", more than 180 university professors and academics were arrested and sent to Sachsenhausen and Dachau concentration camps, though the survivors were later released on the request of prominent Italians.[42][43] The Jewish population was first confined to a ghetto and later murdered or sent to concentration camps, including Płaszów and Auschwitz in Oświęcim.[44] Roman Polański, the film director, is a survivor of the Ghetto, while Oskar Schindler, the German businessman portrayed in the Steven Spielberg film Schindler's List, selected employees from the Ghetto to work in his enamelware plant (known as Emalia), thus saving them from the camps.[45][46]

Kraków remained relatively undamaged at the end of World War II.[47] After the war, under the Stalinist regime, the intellectual and academic community of Kraków was put under total political control. The universities were soon deprived of their printing rights as well as their autonomy.[48] The communist government of the People's Republic of Poland ordered construction of the country's largest steel mill in the newly created suburb of Nowa Huta.[49] The creation of the giant Lenin Steelworks (now Sendzimir Steelworks owned by Mittal) sealed Kraków's transformation from a university city to an industrial center.[50] The new working class, drawn by the industrialization of the city, contributed to its rapid population growth. Also, in an effort that spanned two decades, Karol Wojtyła, cardinal archbishop of Kraków, successfully lobbied for permission to build the first churches in the new industrial suburbs.[50][51]

In 1978, UNESCO placed Kraków on the list of World Heritage Sites. In the same year, Karol Wojtyła was elevated to the papacy as John Paul II, the first non-Italian pope in 455 years.

Governance

Further information: Local government in Kraków
Jacek Majchrowski, current President of Kraków

The Kraków City Council has 43 elected members,[52] one of whom is the mayor, or President of Kraków, elected every four years. The election of the City Council and of the local head of government,[53] which takes place at the same time, is based on legislation introduced on 20 June 2002. The current President of Kraków, re-elected for his second term in 2006, is Professor Jacek Majchrowski.[54]

The responsibilities of Kraków’s president include drafting and implementing resolutions, enacting city bylaws, managing the city budget, employing city administrators, and preparing against floods and natural disasters.[53] The president fulfills his duties with the help of the City Council, city managers and city inspectors. In the 1990s, the city government was reorganized to better differentiate between its political agenda and administrative functions. As a result, the Office of Public Information was created to handle inquiries and foster communication between city departments and citizens at large.[55]

In the year 2000, the city government introduced a new long-term program called "Safer City" in cooperation with the Police, Traffic, Social Services, Fire, Public Safety, and the Youth Departments. Subsequently, the number of criminal offences went down by 3 percent between 2000 and 2001, and the rate of detection increased by 1.4 percent to a total of 30.2 percent in the same period.[56] The city is receiving help in carrying out the program from all educational institutions and the local media, including TV, radio and the press.

Several members of the Polish national Parliament (Sejm) are elected from the Kraków constituency.[57]

The city's official symbols include a coat of arms, a flag, a seal, and a banner.[58]

Geography

Vistula River and Dębnicki Bridge

Kraków lies in the southern part of Poland, on the Vistula River, in a valley at the foot of the Carpathian Mountains, Template:M to ft above sea level; half way between the Jurassic Rock Upland (Template:Lang-pl) to the north, and the Tatra Mountains Template:Km to mi to the south, constituting the natural border with Slovakia and the Czech Republic; 230 km west from the border with Ukraine. There are five nature reserves in Kraków, with a combined area of ca. 48.6 hectares (120 acres). Due to their ecological value, these areas are legally protected. The western part of the city, along its northern and north-western side, borders an area of international significance known as the Jurassic Bielany-Tyniec refuge. The main motives for the protection of this area include plant and animal wildlife and the area's geomorphological features and landscape.[59] Another part of the city is located within the ecological 'corridor' of the Vistula River valley. This corridor is also assessed as being of international significance as part of the Pan-European ecological network.[60] The city center is situated on the left (northern) bank of the river.

Climate

Kraków has an Oceanic climate (Cfb) according to the Köppen climate classification system, one of the easternmost localities in Europe to do so (East of Tarnów, and north of Kielce the January mean dips below −3 °C (27 °F) and thus becomes continental (Dfb) in nature). The city features a temperate climate. Average temperatures in summer range from 18 °C (64 °F) to 19.6 °C (67 °F) and in winter from −2.1 °C (28 °F) to 0 °C (32 °F). The average annual temperature is 8.9 °C (48 °F). In summer temperatures often exceed 25 °C (77 °F), and sometimes even 30 °C (86 °F), while winter drops to −5 °C (23 °F) at night and about 0 °C (32 °F) at day; during very cold nights the temperature drops to −15 °C (5 °F). In view of the fact that Krakow lies near the Tatra Mountains, there is often blowing halny – a foehn wind, when the temperature rises rapidly, and even in winter reaches to 20 °C (68 °F).

Climate data for Kraków
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Source 1: www.imigw.pl
Source 2: http://www.stat.gov.pl/cps/rde/xchg/gus

Districts

Main article: Districts of Kraków
The 18 districts of Kraków, with Vistula River running west to east

Kraków is divided into 18 administrative districts (dzielnica) or boroughs, each with a degree of autonomy within its own municipal government.[61] Prior to March 1991, the city had been divided into four quarters which still give a sense of identity to Kraków - the towns of Podgórze, Nowa Huta, and Krowodrza which were absorbed by Kraków as it expanded, and the ancient town center of Kraków itself.[61]

The oldest neighborhoods of Kraków were incorporated into the city before the late 18th century. They include the Old Town (Stare Miasto), once contained within the city defensive walls and now encircled by the Planty park; the Wawel District, which is the site of the Royal Castle and the cathedral; Stradom and Kazimierz, the latter originally divided into Christian and Jewish quarters;[62] as well as the ancient town of Kleparz.

Major districts added in the 19th and 20th centuries include Podgórze, which until 1915 was a separate town on the southern bank of the Vistula, and Nowa Huta, east of the city center, built after World War II.

The current divisions were introduced by the Kraków City Hall on 19 April 1995. Districts were assigned Roman numerals as well as the current name:[63] Stare Miasto (I), Grzegórzki (II), Prądnik Czerwony (III), Prądnik Biały (IV), Krowodrza (V), Bronowice (VI), Zwierzyniec (VII), Dębniki (VIII), Łagiewniki-Borek Fałęcki (IX), Swoszowice (X), Podgórze Duchackie (XI), Bieżanów-Prokocim (XII), Podgórze (XIII), Czyżyny (XIV), Mistrzejowice (XV), Bieńczyce (XVI), Wzgórza Krzesławickie (XVII), and Nowa Huta (XVIII).

Wawel Castle

Among the most notable historic districts of the city are: Wawel Hill, home to Wawel Castle and Wawel Cathedral, where many Polish kings are buried; the medieval Old Town, with its Main Market Square (200 metres, or 656 feet, square); dozens of old churches and museums; the 14th-century buildings of the Jagiellonian University; and Kazimierz, the historical center of Kraków's Jewish social and religious life.[64]

The Old Town district of Kraków is home to about six thousand historic sites and more than two million works of art.[65] Its rich variety of historic architecture includes Renaissance, Baroque and Gothic buildings. Kraków's palaces, churches and mansions display great variety of color, architectural details, stained glass, paintings, sculptures, and furnishings.

In the Market Square stands the Gothic St. Mary's Basilica (Kościół Mariacki). It was built in the 14th century and features the famous wooden altar carved by Veit Stoss. A trumpet call, hejnał mariacki, is sounded from the church's main tower every hour. The melody played ends unexpectedly in midstream. According to legend, the tune was played during a 13th-century Tatar invasion by a guard warning citizens against the attack. He was shot by a Tatar warrior while playing, the melody breaking off at the moment he died.[66] The story was recounted in a book published in the late 1920s called The Trumpeter of Krakow, which won a Newbery Award.[67]

Demographics

Demographic indicators[68] Years Kraków
Population
in thousands
1970
1978
1988
1995
2002
588,0
693,6
746,6
732,9
758,5
Population density
person/km²
1970
1978
1988
1995
2002
2,556
2,156
2,285
2,243
2,320
Number of women
per 100 men
1970
1978
1988
1995
2002
110
110
110
112
113
Population growth
per 1000
1998
1999
2000
2001
−1.3
−1.7
−1.5
−1.5
Number of Jews
per 1000
1998
1999
2000
2001
−1.3
5
80^100
-7

Krakow had a recorded population of 754,854 in 2009.[69] According to the 2006 data,[68] the population of Kraków comprised about 2% of the population of Poland and 23% of the population of the Lesser Poland Voivodeship. Selected demographic indicators are presented in a table (below), compiled on the basis of only the population living in Kraków permanently.

In the 1931 census, 78.1% of Cracovians declared Polish as their primary language, with Yiddish or Hebrew at 20.9%, Ukrainian 0.4%, German 0.3%, and Russian 0.1%.[70] The ravages of history have greatly reduced the percentage of ethnic minorities living in Kraków. The official and unofficial numbers differ, as in the case of Romani people. Hence, according to the 2002 census,[71] among those who have declared their national identity (irrespective of language and religion) in Kraków Voivodeship, 1,572 were Slovaks, followed by Ukrainians (472), Jews (50) and Armenians (22). Romani people, officially numbered at 1,678, are estimated at over 5,000. Statistics collected by the Ministry of Education reveal that, even though only 1% of adults (as per above) officially claim minority status, as many as 3% of students participate in programmes designed for ethnic minorities.[72]

See also: Urban demographics of Poland.

Historical demographics of Kraków

Economy

Cloth Hall (Sukiennice) in Main Market Square

Kraków is one of Poland's most important economic centers, and the economic center of the Lesser Poland (Małopolska) region.[73][74]

Following the collapse of communism, the private sector has been growing in Kraków. There are about 20 large multinational companies in Kraków, including Google, Hitachi, IBM, General Electric, Philip Morris, Capgemini,[75] Motorola, and Sabre Holdings,[76] along with other British, German and Scandinavian-based firms.[73][77] In 2005, Foreign direct investment in Kraków has reached approximately USD 3.5 billion. Krakow tries to position itself as Europe's Silicon Valley[78] based on the large number of local and foreign hi tech companies.[73] Kraków is the second city in Poland (after Warsaw) most often visited by foreigners.[73]

The unemployment rate in Kraków was 4.8 percent in May 2007, well below the national average of 13 percent.[74][79]

In 2006, the city budget, which is presented by the Mayor of Kraków on November 15 each year, had a projected revenue of 2,150 billion złoty.[80] The primary sources of revenue were as follows: 14% from the municipal taxation on real estate properties and the use of amenities, 30% in transfers from the national budget, and 34% in state subsidies. Projected expenditures, totaling 2,349 billion złoty, included 21% in city development costs and 79% in city maintenance costs. Of the maintenance costs, as much as 39% were spent on education and childcare. City of Kraków development costs included 41% toward road building, transport, and communication (combined), and 25% for the city's infrastructure and environment.[81] The city has high bond credit rating (BBB+).[74]

Culture

Main articles: Culture of Kraków, Events in Kraków, and Kraków - Stare Miasto
Cracow's Historic center
UNESCO World Heritage Site
Wawel Castle, Old Town, Kraków
CriteriaCultural: IV
Reference29
Inscription1978 (2nd Session)

Kraków, the unofficial cultural capital of Poland,[82][83][84] was named the official European Capital of Culture for the year 2000 by the European Union.[85] It is a major attraction for both local and international tourists, attracting seven million visitors a year.[86] The main landmarks include the Main Market Square with St. Mary's Basilica and the Sukiennice Cloth Hall, the Wawel Castle, the National Art Museum, the Zygmunt Bell at the Wawel Cathedral, and the medieval St Florian's Gate with the Barbican along the Royal Coronation Route.[87] Kraków has 28 museums and public art galleries. Among them are the main branch of Poland's National Museum and the Czartoryski Museum, the latter featuring works by Leonardo and Rembrandt.

The city has several famous theatres, including: National Stary Theatre, a.k.a. The Old Theatre,[88] Juliusz Słowacki Theatre, Bagatela Theatre, The Ludowy Theatre, and Groteska Theatre of Puppetry, as well as Opera Krakowska and Kraków Operetta. There is also a concert hall the Kraków Philharmonic (Template:Lang-pl).[89]

Kraków's historic center, which includes the Old Town, Kazimierz and the Wawel Castle was included in the list of UNESCO World Heritage Sites in 1978.[90] The Old Town (Template:Lang-pl) is the most prominent example of an old town in the country.[91] For many centuries Kraków was the royal capital of Poland, until Sigismund III Vasa relocated the court to Warsaw in 1596. The whole district is bisected by the Royal Road, the coronation route traversed by the Kings of Poland. The Route begins at St. Florian's Church outside the northern flank of the old city walls in the medieval suburb of Kleparz; passes the Barbican of Kraków (Barbakan) built in 1499, and enters Stare Miasto through the Florian Gate. It leads down Floriańska Street through the Main Square, and up Grodzka to Wawel, the former seat of Polish royalty overlooking the Vistula river. Old Town attracts visitors from all over the World. Krakow historic center is one of the 13 places in Poland that are included in the UNESCO World Heritage Sites. The architectural design of the Old Town had survived all cataclysms of the past and retained its original form coming from the medieval times. The Old Town district of Kraków is home to about six thousand historic sites and more than two million works of art.[65] Its rich variety of historic architecture includes Renaissance, Baroque and Gothic buildings. Kraków's palaces, churches, theatres and mansions display great variety of color, architectural details, stained glass, paintings, sculptures, and furnishings.

Kraków hosts many annual and biannual artistic events,[92] some of international significance, such as the Misteria Paschalia (baroque music), Sacrum-Profanum (contemporary music), Cracow Screen Festival (popular music), Festival of Polish Music (classical music), Dedications (theatre), Kraków Film Festival - one of Europe's oldest events dedicated to short films,[93] Biennial of Graphic Arts, and the Jewish Culture Festival. It became the residence of two Polish Nobel laureates in literature: Wisława Szymborska and Czesław Miłosz; a third Nobel laureate, the Yugoslav writer Ivo Andric also lived and studied in Kraków. Other former residents include famous Polish film directors Andrzej Wajda and Roman Polanski.

Points of interest outside the city include the Wieliczka salt mine, the Tatra Mountains Template:Km to mi to the south, the historic city of Częstochowa, the former Nazi concentration camp at Auschwitz, and Ojcowski National Park,[94] which includes Pieskowa Skała Castle.[95]

Parks and Gardens

Fountain, Planty Park

There are dozens of gardens, parks and forests in Kraków, the most beautiful of which, like the Planty Park, Botanical Garden, Park Krakowski, Jordan Park, Błonia Park and Strzelecki Park, are located in the center of the city and the surrounding districts.

The Planty Park is the best-known park in Kraków. It was established between 1822 and 1830 in place of the old city walls, forming a green belt around the Old Town. It consists of a chain of smaller gardens designed in various styles and adorned with monuments. The park has an area of 21 hectares (52 acres) and a length of 4 kilometers (2.5 miles), forming a scenic walkway popular with Cracovians.[96]

The Jordan Park, the first public park equipped with exercise fixtures, was founded in 1889 by Dr Henryk Jordan on the banks of the Rudawa river. The park equipped with running and exercise tracks, playgrounds, swimming pool, amphitheatre, pavilions, and a pond for boat rowing and water bicycles, is located on the grounds of Kraków’s Błonia Park.[97]

The less prominent Park Krakowski was founded in 1885 by Stanisław Rehman but has since been greatly reduced in size because of rapid real estate development. It was a popular destination point with many Cracovians at the end of the 19th century.[98]

Sports

Football (soccer) is one of the most popular sports in the city,[99] and the teams with the largest following are twelve-time Polish champions Wisła Kraków,[100] and five-time champions Cracovia Kraków.[101] Other football clubs include Hutnik Kraków, Wawel Kraków and Garbarnia Kraków. There is also the first-league rugby club Juvenia Kraków. Kraków has a number of additional, equally valued sports teams including six-time Polish ice hockey champions Cracovia Kraków and the twenty-time women's basketball champions Wisła Kraków.

The Cracovia Marathon, with over a thousand participants from two dozen countries annually, has been held in the city since 2002.[102]

Transport

Main article: Transport in Kraków
Main Railway Station

Public transport is based on a fairly dense network of streetcar and bus lines operated by a municipal company, supplemented by a number of private minibus operators. Local trains connect some of the suburbs. The bulk of the city’s historic area has been turned into a pedestrian zone with rickshaws and horse buggies; however, the tramlines run within a three-block radius.[103]

Politechnika underground tram station

Rail connections are available to most Polish cities. Trains to Warsaw depart every hour. International destinations include Berlin, Budapest, Prague, Hamburg, Lvov, Kiev, and Odessa (June–September).[104] The main railway station is located just outside the Old Town District and is well-served by public transport.

Kraków airport, (John Paul II International Airport Kraków-Balice, Template:Lang-pl) is 11 km (7 mi) west of the city. Direct trains cover the route between Kraków Główny train station and the airport in 15 minutes. The annual capacity of the airport is estimated at 1.3 million passengers; however, in 2007 more than 3.042 million people used the airport, giving Kraków Airport 15 percent of all air passenger traffic in Poland. The passenger terminal is undergoing extension and is being adapted to meet the requirements of the Schengen Treaty.[105]

About 75 minutes travel from Kraków [106] are also Katowice International Airport available.

Education

Collegium Maius, Jagiellonian University's oldest building
Main article: Education in Kraków

Kraków is a major centre of education. More than ten university or academy-level institutions offer courses in the city, with 170,000 students.[73] Jagiellonian University, the oldest and best known university in Poland and ranked by the Times Higher Education Supplement as the best university in the country,[107][108] was founded in 1364 as the Cracow University and renamed in 1817 to commemorate the Jagiellonian dynasty of Polish-Lithuanian kings.[109] Its principal academic asset is the Jagiellonian Library, with more than 4 million volumes, including a large collection of medieval manuscripts[110] like Copernicus' De Revolutionibus and the Balthasar Behem Codex. With 42,325 students (2005) and 3,605 academic staff, the Jagiellonian University is also one of the leading research centers in Poland. Famous historical figures connected with the University include Saint John Cantius, Jan Długosz, Nicolaus Copernicus, Andrzej Frycz Modrzewski, Jan Kochanowski, King John III Sobieski, Pope John Paul II and Nobel laureates Ivo Andric and Wisława Szymborska.[111]

AGH University of Science and Technology, established in 1919, is the second-largest technical university in Poland, with more than 15 faculties and student enrollment exceeding 30,000.[112] It was ranked by the Polish edition of Newsweek as the best technical university in the country for the year 2004.[113] During its 80-year history, more than 73,000 students graduated from AGH with master's or bachelor's degrees. Some 3,600 persons were granted the degree of Doctor of Science, and about 900 obtained the qualification of Habilitated Doctor.[114]

Other institutions of higher learning include Cracow University of Economics, established in 1925;[115] Academy of Music in Kraków, first conceived as a conservatory in 1888; Pedagogical University, in operation since 1946;[116] Agricultural University of Cracow, offering courses since 1890 (initially as a part of Jagiellonian University);[117] Academy of Fine Arts, the oldest Fine Arts Academy in Poland, founded by the Polish painter Jan Matejko; Ludwik Solski Academy for the Dramatic Arts;[118] The Pontifical Academy of Theology;[119] and Cracow University of Technology, which has more than 37,000 graduates.

Knowledge and Innovation Community EIT

Krakow is one of co-location centers of Knowledge and Innovation Community (Sustainable Energy) of The European Institute of Innovation and Technology (EIT).[120] The complete list of co-location centers - KIC Inno Energy include: CC Germany in Karlsruhe, CC Alps Valleys in Grenoble, CC Benelux in Eindhoven/Leuven, CC Iberia in Barcelona, CC PolandPlus in Krakow, and CC Sweden in Stockholm.

InnoEnergy is a strongly integrated alliance of reputable organizations from the education, research and industry sectors. It was created based on long standing links of cooperation as well as the principles of excellence and transformation. The partners have jointly developed a strategy to tackle the weaknesses of the European innovation landscape and aim to become the leading force for innovation in the field of sustainable energy. The KIC will create economical and societal value by developing ideas from mind to market.[121]

Religious sites

Main articles: Churches of Kraków and Synagogues of Kraków

The metropolitan city of Kraków is known as the city of churches. The abundance of landmark, historic temples along with the plentitude of monasteries and convents earned the city a countrywide reputation as the "Northern Rome" in the past. The churches of Kraków comprise over 120 places of worship of which over 60 were built in the 20th century.[122] Denominations include Roman Catholicism (48 Churches,), Jehovah's Witnesses (10 Kingdom Hall), Protestantism (8 Churches), Buddhism (5), Polish Orthodox Church (1 Church), Polish Catholic Church (1 Church) and Mariavite Church.

Old Synagogue

Kraków contains also an outstanding collection of monuments of Jewish sacred architecture unmatched anywhere in Poland. Kraków was an influential center of Jewish spiritual life before the outbreak of World War II, with all its manifestations of religious observance from Orthodox, to Chasidic and Reform flourishing side by side. There were at least ninety synagogues in Kraków active before the Nazi German invasion of Poland, serving its burgeoning Jewish community of 60,000–80,000 (out of the city's total population of 237,000), established since the early 12th century.[123]

Most synagogues of Kraków were ruined during World War II by the Nazis who despoiled them of all ceremonial objects, and used them as storehouses for ammunition, firefighting equipment, as general storage facilities and stables. The post-Holocaust Jewish population of the city had dwindled to about 5,900 before the end of 1940s, and by 1978, the number was further reduced in size to a mere 600 by some estimates. In recent time, thanks to the efforts of the local Jewish and Polish organizations including foreign financial aid from Akiva Kahane, many synagogues underwent major restorations, while others continue to serve as apartments.[123]

Etymology

View of Wawel from Krakus Mound

The name of Kraków is traditionally derived from Krakus (Krak, Grakch), the legendary founder of Kraków and a ruler of the tribe of Lechitians (Poles). In Polish, [Kraków] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) is an archaic possessive form of Krak and essentially means "Krak's (town)". Krakus's name may derive from "krakula", a Proto-Slavic word[124] meaning a judge's staff, or a Proto-Slavic word "krak" meaning an oak, once a sacred tree most often associated with the concept of genealogy. The first mention of Prince Krakus (then written as Grakch) dates back to 1190, although the town existed as early as the 7th century, inhabited by the tribe of Wiślanie.[2]

The city's full official name, used on ceremonial occasions, is [Królewskie Stołeczne Miasto Kraków] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help),[58] meaning "Royal Capital City of Kraków". In English, a person born, or living, in Kraków is a [Cracovian] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) (Template:Lang-pl).

Krakow is referred to by various names in different languages. The city is known in Czech and Slovak as Krakov, in Hungarian as [Krakkó] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help), in Lithuanian as [Krokuva] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help), in German as [Krakau] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help), in Latin as [Cracovia] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help), in French as [Cracovie] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help), in Portuguese as [Cracóvia] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) and in Russian as Краков. Ukrainian and Yiddish languages refer to it as [Krakiv] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) (Краків) and [Kroke (קראָקע)] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) respectively.[125] Names of Kraków in different languages are also available.

International relations

See also: List of twin towns and sister cities in Poland

Twin towns — Sister cities

Kraków is twinned, or maintains close relations, with more than 30 cities around the world:[126]

France Bordeaux, France (since 1993)[126]
Slovakia Bratislava, Slovakia [126][127]
Hungary Budapest, Hungary (since 2005)[126]
United States Cambridge, Mass., USA (since 1989)[128]
Brazil Curitiba, Brazil (since 1993)[126]
Peru Cusco, Peru [126][129]
United Kingdom Edinburgh, Scotland, UK (since 1995) [130]
Morocco Fes, Morocco (since 2004)[126]
Italy Florence, Italy (since 1992)[126]
Germany Frankfurt, Germany (since 1991)[126][131]
Sweden Göteborg, Sweden (since 1990)[126]

Russia Grozny, Russia (since 1997) [132]
Austria Innsbruck in Austria (since 1998)[126]
Ukraine Kiev, Ukraine (since 1993)[126]
Pakistan Lahore, Pakistan

Chile La Serena, Chile (since 1995)[126]
Germany Leipzig, Germany (since 1995)[126][133]
Belgium Leuven, Belgium (since 1991)[126]
Ukraine Lviv, Ukraine (since 1995)[126]
Italy Milan, Italy (since 2003)[126][134]
Germany Nuremberg, Germany (since 1991)[126]
France Orléans, France (since 1992)[126]

Hungary Pécs, Hungary (since 1998)[126]
United States Rochester, NY, USA (since 1973)[126]
Ecuador Quito, Ecuador [126]
Russia St Petersburg, Russia (since 2006)[126]
United States San Francisco, CA, USA (since 2009)[126]
 Spain Seville, Spain (since 2002)[126]
Switzerland Solothurn, Switzerland (since 1990)[126]
Georgia (country) Tbilisi, Georgia[126]
Bulgaria Veliko Turnovo, Bulgaria (since 1975)[126]
Lithuania Vilnius, Lithuania[126]
Croatia Zagreb, Croatia (since 1975)[126][135][136]

See also

References

Bibliography

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Notes

  1. ^ Properties inscribed on the World Heritage list, Poland. Ratification of the convention: June 29, 1976. UNESCO World Heritage Center. Last updated: July 6, 2009
  2. ^ a b c d The Municipality Of Kraków Press Office, 1996–2007, in participation with ACK Cyfronet of the AGH University of Science and Technology, ""Our City. History of Krakow, archaeological findings"". Retrieved 2007-09-11.
  3. ^ "History". Krakow Info. Retrieved 2009-06-05.
  4. ^ Kengor, Paul. The judge: William P. Clark, Ronald ... - Google Books. books.google.co.uk. ISBN 9781586171834. Retrieved 2009-07-19.
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  6. ^ Wawel Royal Castle, homepage. Maria Dębicka, ""The Dragon's Den"". Retrieved 2007-09-11.
  7. ^ Edmund Kolodziejczyk, "Poland. Geography, political history and the position of the church." Catholic Encyclopedia, "Overview of historic events (see:Tartar raids)". Retrieved 2007-05-12.
  8. ^ Marek Strzala,""Krakow's oldest known City Charter dates back to 1257"". Retrieved 2007-05-12.
  9. ^ a b Brather, Sebastian (2001). Archäologie der westlichen Slawen. Siedlung, Wirtschaft und Gesellschaft im früh- und hochmittelalterlichen Ostmitteleuropa. Ergänzungsbände zum Reallexikon der germanischen Altertumskunde (in German). Vol. 30. Walter de Gruyter. p. 87. ISBN 3110170612.
  10. ^ Brather, Sebastian (2001). Archäologie der westlichen Slawen. Siedlung, Wirtschaft und Gesellschaft im früh- und hochmittelalterlichen Ostmitteleuropa. Ergänzungsbände zum Reallexikon der germanischen Altertumskunde (in German). Vol. 30. Walter de Gruyter. pp. 156, 158. ISBN 3110170612.
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  130. ^ "Edinburgh - Twin and Partner Cities". © 2008 The City of Edinburgh Council, City Chambers, High Street, Edinburgh, EH1 1YJ Scotland. Retrieved 2008-12-21.
  131. ^ "Frankfurt -Partner Cities". © 2008 Stadt Frankfurt am Main. Retrieved 2008-12-05. {{cite web}}: External link in |publisher= (help)
  132. ^ "Grozny Official Website". (in Russian) © 2000-2008 сайт Грозный Виртуальный при перепечатке материалов в онлайн проектах. Retrieved 2008-11-01. {{cite web}}: line feed character in |publisher= at position 153 (help)
  133. ^ "Leipzig - International Relations". © 2009 Leipzig City Council, Office for European and International Affairs. Retrieved 2009-07-17.
  134. ^ "Milano - Città Gemellate". © 2008 Municipality of Milan (Comune di Milano). Retrieved 2008-12-05.
  135. ^ "Foreign co-operation". Retrieved 2007-11-01. from the municipality official website
  136. ^ "Intercity and International Cooperation of the City of Zagreb". © 2006-2009 City of Zagreb. Retrieved 2009-06-23.

Further reading

  • Jane Hardy, Al Rainnie, Restructuring Krakow: Desperately Seeking Capitalism. Published 1996 by Mansell Publishing, 285 pages. Business, economics, finance. ISBN 0720122317.
  • Edward Hartwig, Kraków, with Jerzy Broszkiewicz (contributor). Published 1980, by Sport i Turystyka, 239 pages. ISBN 8321723217.
  • Bolesław T. Łaszewski, Kraków: karta z dziejów dwudziestolecia. Published 1985, by Bicentennial Pub. Corp. (original from the University of Michigan), 132 pages. ISBN 0912757086
  • Joanna Markin, Bogumiła Gnypowa, Kraków: The Guide. Published 1996 by Pascal Publishing, 342 pages. ISBN 8387037281.
  • Tim Pepper, Andrew Beattie, Krakow. Published 2007 by Hunter Pub Inc., 160 pages. ISBN 1843063085. The book includes description of public art galleries and museums.
  • Scott Simpson, Krakow. Published 2003 by Thomas Cook, 192 pages. Transport, geography, sightseeing, history, and culture. Includes weblinks CD. ISBN 1841571873.
  • Dorota Wąsik, Emma Roper-Evans, Krakow. Published 2002 by Somerset. Cultural guidebook series, 160 pages. ISBN 9630059304.
  • Richard Watkins, Best of Kraków, Published 2006, by Lonely Planet, 64 pages, complemented by fold-out maps. ISBN 1741048222.
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