Bridged and paralleled amplifiers
Multiple electronic amplifiers can be connected such that they drive a single floating load (bridge) or a single common load (parallel), to increase the amount of power available in different situations. This is commonly encountered in audio applications.
Overview
There are many situations where one amplifier may not be sufficient to drive a given load. For example, an audio amplifier rated for 100 watts (W) into 8 Ω will not be capable of driving any more power into that load unless the supply voltages are increased — this may not always be feasible in practice. So in a design situation which calls for 400 W into 8 Ω, the designer may opt for a bridged configuration using two 100 W/4 Ω amplifiers.
Another situation arises when it is desired to keep the power dissipation per amplifier unchanged whilst operating into a lower impedance load or, equivalently, to lower dissipation in each amp while operating into the same rated load. So in a design situation which calls for using a 100 W/8 Ω amplifier into 4 Ω, the designer may opt for a paralleled amplifier configuration using two such amplifiers.
Yet another situation may require both the above design goals to be met. In such situations a bridge-parallel configuration is used.
Note: The schematics show a simplified amplifier symbol, similar to that used for op-amps. Amplifiers (including power amplifiers) which have distinct inverting and non-inverting inputs (such as voltage or current feedback circuits), are often depicted using this symbol. The reader must not assume that the discussion applies to standard op-amps alone. Further, any amplifier may be imagined in the schematics since the schematics are only representative of the concepts and not the actual or practical circuits.
The + and − signs on the input side represent the non-inverting and inverting inputs of each amplifier. Other components such as feedback network, input/output resistors/capacitors, etc. are not shown.
Bridged amplifier
A bridged amplifier or H-bridge is a configuration for creating a larger output voltage swing than that possible with one amplifier by inverting a second amplifier and connecting the load (such as a loudspeaker) between the two outputs (BTL = bridge-tied load).
The image shows two identical amplifiers A1 and A2 connected in bridge configuration. If a single amplifier is able to produce ±10 V relative to ground (20 Vp-p), then the second amplifier will output the same signal, but inverted. If the load is connected between the positive ("hot") outputs of the two amplifiers (instead of connecting between one output and ground), it can see up to 10 V − (−10 V) = ±20 V (or 40 Vp-p) total, which is twice what each individual amplifier can put out. Driving the load in antiphase makes each amplifier see only half the load's impedance.
Because the available voltage swing across the load is doubled for the same power supply voltage, bridged output enables the design of an amplifier producing 4x the power output on the same supply voltage, since power varies as the square of the voltage:
- .
(edit) Because the above is so authoritively written, I am loathe to overwrite the "facts"in this section. Perhaps the originator will choose to investigate and clarify. It should read TWICE the power. see other edits below when the formula above is used correctly (end of edit)
This is often provided as an option on power amplifiers for audio, allowing the two channels to be used in a stereo configuration, or in a single channel bridged configuration to increase the power available. For example, if an amplifier can deliver a maximum of 100 W each into two 8 Ω loads in stereo mode, the same amplifier when bridged will deliver 400 W into a single 8 Ω load. (the same amplifier will deliver 200watts into a 16ohm load.
This output configuration is useful in applications where battery size dictates a lower supply voltage, e.g., automotive or handheld applications.
(Edit) The statements above fail to mention that when two amplifiers are connected in bridge mode the output impedance of the pair is DOUBLED. Thus, if "2R" is substituded for "R" in the formula given, (together with the implied "2Vsquared) it will be seen that the output power is also DOUBLED and not quadrupled as stated.
However, if a loudspeaker is used that has the impedance specified for just one of the pair the bridged pair WILL see a load impedance of half that the amplifiers are designed for and it will attempt to supply up to 4 times the output. This is no different than saying you may double the output of a given single amplifier by working it into a load of half the rated output impedance. The effect of doing this will depend entirely on the design of amplifier; ie it's overload detection circuit, it's power supply capability and what degree of harmonic didtortion is acceptable. (end of edit)
Bridging is a common technique with car audio systems to increase the available power output, since the supply is limited to that of the alternator (14.4 VDC) unless a voltage step-up power supply is used.
Also, note that when connected in bridge, each amplifier sees half the load impedance and thus delivers double the current, thereby doubling the dissipation within the amplifier. (edit) This makes no sense. Each amplifier sees half the final load impedance and delivers the SAME output signal current as in normal connection (end of edit)
One requirement of this configuration is that the output DC offset voltage of the amplifiers (edit)not applicable to capacitive or transformer output (end of edit) must always be equal , preferably as close to zero as possible at no signal. Unequal offset will cause some direct current to flow through the load and the amplifiers, wasting power in all three. Practically, a small offset may be acceptable depending on final requirements or specifications.
Amplifiers that use a single supply with an internal DC offset (at half the supply voltage for maximum undistorted voltage swing) must not drive that direct current into the load, so they typically use output coupling capacitors so that the speaker sees zero volts DC. In the case of a bridged amplifier, however, this is not necessary, since if both amplifiers have the same offset, the net voltage across the load is zero.
Paralleled amplifier
A paralleled amplifier configuration uses multiple amplifiers in parallel, i.e., two or more amplifiers operating in-phase into a common load.
The image shows two identical amplifiers A1 and A2 connected in parallel configuration. This configuration is often used when a single amplifier is incapable of being operated into a low impedance load or dissipation per amplifier is to be reduced without increasing the load impedance or reducing power delivered to the load. For example, if two identical amplifiers (each rated for operation into 4 Ω) are paralleled into a 4 Ω load, each amplifier sees an equivalent of 8 Ω since the output current is now shared by both amplifiers — each amplifier supplies half the load current, and the dissipation per amplifier is halved. This configuration (ideally or theoretically) requires each amplifier to be exactly identical to the other(s), or they will appear as loads to each other. Practically, each amplifier must satisfy the following:
- Each amplifier must have as little output DC offset as possible (ideally zero offset) at no signal, otherwise the amplifier with the higher offset will try to drive current into the one with lesser offset thereby increasing dissipation. Equal offsets are also not acceptable since this will cause unwanted current (and dissipation) in the load. These are taken care of by adding an offset nulling circuit to each amplifier.
- The gains of the amplifiers must be as closely matched as possible so that the outputs don't try to drive each other when signal is present.
In addition, small resistors (much less than the load impedance, not shown in the schematic) are added in series with each amplifier's output to enable proper current sharing between the amplifiers. These resistances are necessary, without them the amplifiers will in practice fight each other and overheat.
Another method of parallelling amplifiers is to use current drive. With this approach the close matching and resistances are not needed.
Bridge-parallel amplifier
A bridge-parallel amplifier configuration uses a combination of the bridged and paralleled amplifier configurations. This is more commonly used with IC power amplifiers where it is desired to have a system capable of generating large power into the rated load impedance (i.e., the load impedance used is the one specified for a single amplifier) without exceeding the power dissipation per amplifier. From the preceding sections, it can be seen that a bridged configuration doubles the dissipation in each amplifier while a paralleled configuration with two amplifiers halves the dissipation in each amplifier when operating into the rated load impedance. So when both configurations are combined, assuming two amplifiers per configuration, the resulting dissipation per amplifier now remains unchanged while operating into the rated load impedance, but with nearly four times the power that each amplifier is individually capable of, being delivered to the load.