Singlet oxygen
Molecular oxygen differs from most molecules in having an open-shell triplet ground state, O2(X³Σg-), and two low-lying excited singlet states O2(a¹Δg) and O2(b¹Σg+)(for nomenclature see article on Molecular term symbol). These electronic states differ only in the spin and the occupancy of oxygen's two degenerate antibonding πg-orbitals. The O2(b¹Σg+)-state is very short lived and relaxes quickly to the lowest lying excited state, O2(a¹Δg). Thus, the O2(a¹Δg)-state is commonly referred to as Singlet Oxygen.
The energy difference between ground state and singlet oxygen is 94.2 kJ/mol and corresponds to a transition in the near-infrared at ~1270 nm. In the isolated molecule, the transition is strictly forbidden by spin, symmetry and parity selection rules, making it one of natures most forbidden transitions. In other words, direct excitation of ground state oxygen to form singlet oxygen is very improbable. As a consequence, singlet oxygen in the gas phase is extremely long lived.
Singlet oxygen can participate in Diels-Alder reactions and ene reactions. It can be generated in a photosensitized process by energy transfer from dye molecules such as Rose Bengal, Methylene Blue or porphyrins, or by chemical processes such as spontaneous decomposition of hydrogen trioxide in water or the reaction of hydrogen peroxide with hypochlorite. It is the active species in photodynamic therapy.
Direct detection of singlet oxygen is possible through its extremely weak phosphorescence at 1270 nm. At high singlet oxygen concentrations, the fluorescence of the so-called singlet oxygen dimol (simultaneous emission from two singlet oxygen molecules upon collision) can be observed in the red at 634 nm.
References
- Physical Mechanisms of Generation and Deactivation of Singlet Oxygen C. Schweitzer, R. Schmidt Chemical Reviews Volume 103, Pages 1685-1757 2003