Willow warbler
| Willow Warbler | |
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| Species: | P. trochilus
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| Binomial name | |
| Phylloscopus trochilus (Linnaeus, 1758)
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The Willow Warbler (Phylloscopus trochilus) is a very common and widespread leaf warbler which breeds throughout northern and temperate Europe and Asia, from Ireland east to the Anadyr River basin in eastern Siberia. It is strongly migratory, with almost all of the population wintering in sub-Saharan Africa.[2][3]
It is a bird of open woodlands with trees and ground cover for nesting, including most importantly birch, alder, and willow habitats. The nest is usually built in close contact with the ground, often in low vegetation. Like most Old World warblers, this small passerine is insectivorous.[3] In northern Europe, it is one of the first warblers to return in the spring though is later than the closely related Chiffchaff Phylloscopus collybita.[3]
Description
It is a typical leaf warbler in appearance, 11–12.5 cm long and 7–15 g weight. It is greenish brown above and off-white to yellowish below. Juveniles are yellower below than adults. It is very similar to the Chiffchaff, but non-singing birds can be distinguished from that species by their paler legs, longer paler bill, more elegant shape and longer primary projection. Its song is a simple repetitive descending whistle, while the contact call is a disyllabic 'hoo-eet', distinct from the more monosyllabic 'hweet' of Chiffchaffs.[2][3][4][5]
Taxonomy
The species was described by Linnaeus in his Systema Naturae in 1758 under the genus Motacilla.[6]
The Willow Warbler is sometimes called the "Willow Wren", the name commonly used before William Yarrell used the current name to match the names of its relatives in 1843.[7]
Three subspecies are accepted, with a partly clinal reduction in green and yellow plumage tones from west to east, with central birds browner and easternmost birds predominantly greyish:[2]
- Phylloscopus trochilus trochilus (Linnaeus, 1758). Breeds Europe (from the Pyrenees and Alps northward) except northern Scandinavia, winters west Africa.
- Phylloscopus trochilus acredula (Linnaeus, 1758). Breeds northern Scandinavia east to western Siberia, winters central Africa.
- Phylloscopus trochilus yakutensis Ticehurst, 1935. Breeds Eastern Siberia, winters eastern and southern Africa.
Behaviour
All populations are highly migratory, with the subspecies P. t. yakutensis migrating up to 12,000 km from eastern Siberia to southern Africa, one of the longest migrations of any for a bird of its size.[2][4] Approximate timings are:
- October to March: wintering in sub Saharan Africa.
- Mid March to mid May: migrates and arrives in the breeding range.
- Late April to August: breeding season, usually only one brood but rarely two.
- August to October: migrates back to Africa.
Status and conservation
Willow Warblers prefer young, open, scrubby woodland with small trees, including human-altered habitats such as coppice and young plantations up to 10–20 years old. High amounts of birch, alder and willow, with good lichen amounts, and water features (e.g. streams), fields with large amounts of bracken and mosses, and patches of low bramble (for nest cover) are preferred, but it will use a wide range of other species, including young or open coniferous forests.[4][8] Incorporating woodland ride edge thickets is beneficial, as is 15 metre woodland edges of varying structure and height. They prefer damp woodland areas. Thicket forming shrubs like blackthorn provide pockets of habitat. Deer browsing can degrade the required low cover.
The highest population densities are found in Scandinavia (where it is the commonest bird of any), with up to 1,100 pairs per square kilometre, and a total population in Sweden and Finland of 24 million pairs. Lower densities occur further east, with peak densities of 27 pairs per square kilometre in central Siberia. Even lower densities are found on the southern edge of the breeding range, with just 9 pairs per square kilometre in Switzerland, and a total of just 100 pairs in the whole of northern Spain.[2]
In England this species has on average decreased in population by 70% within the last 25 years, with the biggest declines in the southeast. In Scotland some increases have occurred. The Forestry Commission offers grants under a scheme called England's Woodland Improvement Grant (EWIG); as does Natural Englands Environmental Stewardship Scheme.[9]
References
- ^ Template:IUCN2006 Database entry includes justification for why this species is of least concern
- ^ a b c d e Hoyo, J. del, et al., eds. (2006). Handbook of the Birds of the World, vol. 11. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions. p. 649. ISBN 84-87334-22-9.
{{cite book}}:|first=has generic name (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ a b c d Baker, Kevin (1997). Warblers of Europe, Asia and North Africa (Helm Identification Guides). p. 256–259. ISBN 0713639717.
{{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter:|coauthors=(help) - ^ a b c Snow, D. W. (1998). The Birds of the Western Palearctic (Concise Edition ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-854099-X.
{{cite book}}:|edition=has extra text (help); Unknown parameter|coauthors=ignored (|author=suggested) (help) - ^ Ageing and sexing (PDF) by Javier Blasco-Zumeta
- ^ Template:La icon Linnaeus, C (1758). Systema naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. Tomus I. Editio decima, reformata. Holmiae. (Laurentii Salvii). p. 188.
- ^ Lockwood, W. B. (1984). The Oxford Book of British Bird Names. Oxford University Press ISBN 0-19-214155-4.
- ^ RSPB Woodland Management For Birds – Willow Warbler
- ^ RSPB Woodland Management For Birds – Willow Warbler
External links
- Willow Warbler videos, photos & sounds on the Internet Bird Collection