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"Fox News" redirects here. For other uses, see Fox News (disambiguation).
Not to be confused with Fox News Radio.

CountryUnited States
HeadquartersNew York City, United States
Programming
Language(s)English
Ownership
OwnerNews Corporation

Fox News Channel (FNC), commonly referred to as Fox or Fox News, is a cable and satellite news channel owned by the Fox Entertainment Group, a subsidiary of News Corporation. As of April 2009, it is available to 102 million households in the United States and further to viewers internationally, broadcasting primarily out of its New York City studios.

The channel was created by Australian-American media mogul Rupert Murdoch, who hired Roger Ailes as its founding CEO. The channel was launched on October 7, 1996[1] to 17 million cable subscribers. The channel slowly rose to prominence in the late 1990s. In terms of regular viewers (Nielsen ratings), Fox News rates as the United States' most watched cable news channel, ahead of CNN and MSNBC.[2]

Many observers have asserted that both Fox's news reporting and its political commentary promote conservative political positions.[3][4][5][6] Fox News Channel maintains that its political commentary and news reporting operate independently of each other and denies any bias in its news reporting.[7][8][9]

History

Main article: History of Fox News

Early years

In May 1985, Australian publisher Rupert Murdoch announced that he and American industrialist and philanthropist Marvin Davis intend to develop "a network of independent stations as a fourth marketing force" to compete directly with CBS, NBC and ABC through the purchase of six television stations then owned by Metromedia.[10] In July 1985, 20th Century Fox announced that publisher Rupert Murdoch had completed his purchase of 50 percent of Fox Filmed Entertainment, the parent company of 20th Century Fox Film Corporation.[11] A year later, Twentieth Century Fox Film Corp. earned $5.6 million in its fiscal third period ended May 31, 1986, in contrast to a loss of $55.8 million in the year-earlier period.[12]

Saint Anselm College Quad with the "Fox-Box", where the network reported live during the 2004 and 2008 New Hampshire Primary.

Prior to founding FNC, Murdoch had gained significant experience in the 24-hour news business when News Corp.'s BSkyB subsidiary started Europe's first 24-hour news channel, Sky News, in the United Kingdom in 1989.[13] With the success of his fourth network efforts in the United States,[14][15] experience gained from Sky News, and turnaround of 20th Century Fox, Murdoch announced on January 31, 1996 that News Corp. would be launching a 24-hour news channel to air on both cable and satellite systems as part of a News Corp. "worldwide platform" for Fox programming, reasoning that "The appetite for news — particularly news that explains to people how it affects them — is expanding enormously."[16]

In February 1996, after former US Republican Party political strategist and NBC executive[17] Roger Ailes left America's Talking (now MSNBC), Murdoch called him to start the Fox News Channel. Ailes worked individuals through five months of 14-hour workdays and several weeks of rehearsal shows before launch, on October 7, 1996.[18]

At launch, only 10 million households were able to watch FNC, with none in the major media markets of New York City and Los Angeles. According to published reports, many media reviewers had to watch the first day's programming at Fox News studios because it was not readily available. The rolling news coverage during the day consisted of 20-minute single topic shows like Fox on Crime or Fox on Politics surrounded by news headlines. Interviews had various facts at the bottom of the screen about the topic or the guest. The flagship newscast at the time was called The Schneider Report, with Mike Schneider giving a fast paced delivery of the news. During the evening, Fox had opinion shows: The O'Reilly Report (now, The O'Reilly Factor), The Crier Report hosted by Catherine Crier, and Hannity & Colmes.

FNC's Newsroom

From the beginning, FNC has placed heavy emphasis on visual presentation. Graphics were designed to be colorful and attention grabbing and to allow people to get the main points of what was being said even if they could not hear the host, through the use of on-screen text summarizing the position of the interviewer or speaker and "bullet points" when a host was giving commentary.

Fox News also created the "Fox News Alert," which interrupted regular programming when a breaking news story occurred.

To accelerate its adoption by cable companies, Fox News paid systems up to $11 per subscriber to distribute the channel.[19] This contrasted with the normal practice, in which cable operators paid stations carriage fees for the programming of channels. When Time Warner bought out Ted Turner's Turner Broadcasting, a federal antitrust consent decree required Time Warner to carry a second all-news channel in addition to its own CNN. Time Warner selected MSNBC as the secondary news channel, instead of Fox News. Fox News claimed that this violated an agreement to carry Fox News. Citing its agreement to keep its U.S. headquarters and a large studio in New York City, News Corporation pressured Mayor Rudolph Giuliani's administration to pressure Time Warner, one of the city's two cable providers, to transmit Fox News on a city-owned channel.[20] City officials threatened to take action affecting Time Warner's cable franchises in the city.[21]

A lawsuit was filed by Time Warner against the City of New York claiming undue interference with, and inappropriate use of, the city's educational channels for commercial programming. News Corporation countered with an antitrust lawsuit against Time Warner for unfairly protecting CNN. This led to an acrimonious battle between Murdoch and Turner, with Turner publicly comparing Murdoch to Adolf Hitler while Murdoch's New York Post ran an editorial questioning Turner's sanity. Giuliani's motives were also questioned, as his wife was a producer at Murdoch-owned WNYW-TV. In the end, Time Warner and News Corporation signed a settlement agreement to permit Fox News to be carried on New York City cable system beginning in October 1997, and on all of Time Warner's cable systems by 2001, though Time Warner still does not carry Fox News in all areas. In return, Time Warner was given some rights to News Corporation's satellites in Asia and Europe to distribute Time Warner programming, would receive the normal compensation per subscriber paid to cable operators, and News Corporation would not object to the continuation of Atlanta Braves baseball games being carried on TBS. [citation needed]

Recent history

On May 1, 2008, Fox News launched high definition channel simulcasts of its programming in selected regions of the United States. Time Warner Cable is carrying this channel in New York, NY, San Antonio, TX, and Kansas City, MO,[22] while Cablevision is making it available in New York, NY and on Long Island.

On Friday, October 17, 2008 at 6am ET, DirecTV launched the high-definition channel. This launch was the first national launch of the channel in HD.[23] On January 9, 2009, Cox Communications added the HD channel[24] and on February 3, 2009 Dish Network did also.

Fox News switched from a 4:3 aspect ratio to a 16:9 letterbox ratio for its standard definition channel at 6 am ET on September 28, 2009.

Outlets

FNC-branded airport newsstand at Minneapolis-Saint Paul International Airport.

FNC maintains an archive of most of its programs. This archive also handles the Fox Movietone newsreels. Licensing of the Fox News archive is handled by ITN Source, the archiving division of ITN.

Television

Main article: Fox News Channel programming

FNC presents a variety of programming with up to 15 hours of live broadcasting per day, in addition to programming and content for the Fox Broadcasting Company. Most of the programs are broadcast from Fox News headquarters in New York City in their street-side studio on Sixth Avenue in the west extension of Rockefeller Center. Audio simulcasts of the channel are aired on XM Satellite Radio and Sirius Satellite Radio.

Sixth Avenue headquarters

In an October 11, 2009 article in the New York Times, Fox articulated that its hard news programming runs from "9 a.m. to 4 p.m. and 6 to 8 p.m. on weekdays" and "are objective" but makes no such claims for its other broadcasts, which are primarily of editorial and opinion journalism in nature.[25]

High definition

Fox News Channel HD is 720p high definition simulcast of Fox News Channel that launched on May 1, 2008.[26] Most of the programs available in HD (Fox & Friends, America's Newsroom, Happening Now, The Live Desk, Studio B with Shepard Smith, Your World with Neil Cavuto, Glenn Beck, Special Report with Bret Baier, Fox Report, The O'Reilly Factor, Hannity, and On the Record with Greta Van Susteren) are shown in 16:9 widescreen. Fox News Channel began producing its standard definition programs in letterboxed format on September 28, 2009; therefore high definition and standard definition viewers now both see the same picture and stylized pillarboxes are no longer needed.[27]

Radio

Main article: Fox News Radio

With the growth of FNC, the company introduced a radio division entitled Fox News Radio in 2003. Syndicated throughout the United States, the division provides short newscasts and talk radio programs, featuring personalities from both the television and radio divisions. In addition, the channel has also introduced Fox News Talk in 2006, a satellite radio station which features programs syndicated by and featuring Fox News personalities.

Online

FNC produces a news website featuring the latest coverage, including video clips from the channel's television division, audio clips from Fox News Radio, in addition to columns from FNC's assorted television, radio, and online personalities. Introduced in December 1995, the channel's website ranks below many other news websites, ranking in the lower teens in the list of top news websites.[28]

In September 2008, FNC joined other channels by introducing a live streaming segment called The Strategy Room, designed to appeal to older viewers. It airs weekdays, 9 a.m. to 5 p.m. and takes the form of an informal discussion, with running commentary on the news. Regular discussion programs include Business Hour, News With a View and God Talk Hours.[29]

Fox News Mobile is a part of the FNC website that is dedicated to streaming news clips that are formatted for video enabled mobile phones.[30]

Personalities

Main article: Fox News Channel personalities

Producing a variety of different programming, FNC has a number of different program hosts, news anchors, correspondents, and contributors who appear throughout daily programming on the channel. FNC has a number of different signature hosts, including Bill O'Reilly, Sean Hannity, Greta Van Susteren, Mike Huckabee, Shepard Smith, & Neil Cavuto all of whom host programs which are on the list of the top ten most watched programs on cable news.[31] In January 2009, commentator Glenn Beck was added to the list of personalities at Fox News Channel.[32]

Ratings and reception

FNC's Hannity production area

FNC saw a large jump in ratings during the early stages of the Iraq conflict. By some reports, at the height of the conflict Fox News had as much as a 300 percent increase in viewership, averaging 3.3 million viewers daily.[33]

In 2004, FNC's ratings for its broadcast of the Republican National Convention beat those of all three broadcast networks. During President George W. Bush's address, Fox News notched 7.3 million viewers nationally, while NBC, CBS, and ABC scored ratings of 5.9, 5.0, and 5.1, respectively.

In late 2005 and early 2006, FNC saw a brief decline in ratings. One notable decline came in the second quarter of 2006 when Fox News lost viewers for every single prime time program, when compared to the previous quarter. The total audience for Special Report with Brit Hume, for example, dropped 19 percent. However, several weeks later, in the wake of the North Korean Missile Crisis and the 2006 Lebanon War, Fox saw a surge in viewership and remained the #1 rated cable news channel.[34][35] Fox still held eight of the ten most-watched nightly cable news shows, with The O'Reilly Factor and Hannity & Colmes coming in first and second places, respectively.[36]

For the year 2007, FNC was the number-one rated cable news channel in the United States when rating based on Ratings, not cumulative audience[citation needed]. It was down one percent in total daily viewers and down three percent in the 25-54 year old demographic, but it still boasted most of the top-rated shows on cable news led by The O'Reilly Factor. Fox News ranked #6 of all cable channels .[37]

For the year 2009 Fox News had the highest ratings in its history, topping its cable news competition in all day parts and seeing double-digit gains for all of its programs.[38]

In September 2009, the Pew Research Center published a report on public views toward various national news organizations. This report indicated that 72% of Republican Fox viewers rated the channel as "favorable", and 43% of Democrat viewers and 55% of all viewers share this opinion. However, Fox had the highest unfavorable rating of all national outlets studied at 25 percent of all viewers. The report goes on to say that "partisan differences in views of Fox News have increased substantially since 2007".[39]

In the third week of January 2010, Fox News was the highest rated basic cable channel in primetime. This marked the first time that a news channel led the primetime ratings, beating out entertainment channels such as USA, TNT, and TBS.[40] Also in January 2010, Public Policy Polling reported that Fox News was the most trusted television news channel in the country with 49% of respondents stating they trust Fox News.[41] Fox also scored the lowest level of distrust with only 37%, and was the only channel to score a net positive in that regard, with a +12%. CNN scored second in the poll with 39% of those polled stating that they trusted the news channel, and 41% stating distrust, a -2% net score.[42]

Slogan

File:Fairbalanced.png
Fair & Balanced graphic used in 2005

"Fair & Balanced" is a trademarked slogan used by the broadcaster. The slogan was originally used in conjunction with the phrase "Real Journalism." Comedian and senator Al Franken used the slogan in the subtitle for his 2003 book Lies and the Lying Liars Who Tell Them: A Fair and Balanced Look at the Right. In the book, he cites examples of what he claims to be Fox News' bias. On August 7, 2003, Fox sued based upon its trademark on the phrase.[43] Fox News dropped the lawsuit three days later after Judge Denny Chin refused their request for an injunction. Chin denied the injunction and said that the case, Fox v. Franken, was "wholly without merit, both factually and legally". He went on to suggest that Fox News' trademark on the phrase "fair and balanced" could be invalid.[44]

In December 2003, FNC found itself on the other end of a legal battle concerning the slogan, when AlterNet filed a cancellation petition with the United States Patent and Trademark Office to have FNC's trademark rescinded as misdescriptive. AlterNet included the documentary film Outfoxed as supporting evidence in its case.[45] After losing early motions, AlterNet withdrew its petition and the USPTO dismissed the case.[46]

In 2008, FNC used the "We Report, You Decide" slogan, referring to "You Decide 2008" which was FNC's original slogan for reporting on matters involving the election, and the candidates.

Criticism and controversies

Main article: Fox News Channel controversies

Accusations of conservative bias

Several critics have accused FNC of having a bias towards the political right at the expense of neutrality.[47][48] Murdoch and Ailes have reacted against allegations of bias, with Murdoch saying that Fox has "given room to both sides, whereas only one side had it before."[49][50] In 2004, director Robert Greenwald produced the documentary film Outfoxed: Rupert Murdoch's War on Journalism, which argues that Fox News has a conservative bias, including as evidence internal memos from editorial Vice President John Moody which the film uses to support its claim that Fox attempts to alter news content.

A Pew Research poll released on October 29, 2009, found that Fox News is viewed as the most ideological channel in America. 47% of those surveyed said Fox News is "mostly conservative," 14% said "mostly liberal," and 24% said "neither." In comparison, MSNBC had 36% identify it as "mostly liberal," 11% as "mostly conservative," and 27% as "neither." CNN had 37% describe it as "mostly liberal," 11% as "mostly conservative," and 33% as "neither."[51]

A poll by Rasmussen Reports found that 31% of Americans say Fox News has a conservative bias and 15% say it has a liberal bias. The poll also reported that 36% believe Fox News delivers news without bias.[52] The poll also showed that more people found that Fox News was not biased, compared to MSNBC, CNN, CBS, and other news sources.

A 2007 study looked at the introduction of Fox News into local US markets between 1996 and 2000, and found that in the 2000 presidential election "Republicans gained 0.4 to 0.7 percentage points in the towns that broadcast Fox News." The study's estimates "imply that Fox News convinced 3 to 28 percent of its viewers to vote Republican, depending on the audience measure."[53]

Accusations of misrepresentation of facts

The self-described progressive liberal media watchdog group Media Matters for America has cataloged what they claim are the ten most "egregious examples" of "distortion" by both Fox News and its TV personalities.[54] The criticisms include several examples of cropping quotes from President Obama, Vice President Biden, and Vice President Gore so they appear out of context, using image manipulation software to edit the appearance of reporters from The New York Times, and using footage from other events during a report on the November 5 "Tea Party" rally in Washington DC. They claim the intention is to make it appear as if a larger number of protesters attended the event.[55] Media Matters also called attention to the December 4 edition of Fox and Friends and accused the show of misleading their viewers with a "questionable graphic" that showed the results of a Rasmussen Reports climate change poll adding up to 120%.[56]

Talking points from Bush White House

While promoting his memoir, What Happened, Scott McClellan, former White House Press Secretary (2003–2006) for former President George W. Bush stated on the July 25, 2008 edition of Hardball with Chris Matthews that the Bush White House routinely gave talking points to Fox News commentators — but not journalists — in order to influence discourse and content. McClellan stated that these talking points were not issued to provide the public with news; instead, they were to provide Fox News commentators with issues and perspectives favorable to the White House and Republican Party.[57] McClellan later apologized to Fox News commentator Bill O'Reilly for not responding to Matthews' suggestion that "Bill" or "Sean" received the talking points; McClellan said he had no personal knowledge that O'Reilly ever received the talking points. Furthermore he pointed out "the way a couple of questions were phrased in that interview along with my response left things open to interpretation and I should not have let that happen".[58]

Obama administration criticism of Fox News

In September 2009, the Obama administration engaged in a verbal conflict with Fox News Channel. On Sept. 20, 2009, President Obama appeared on all the major news programs except Fox News, a snub partially in response to remarks about the President by commentators Glenn Beck and Sean Hannity and general coverage by Fox with regard to Obama's Health Care proposal.[59][60] Fox News Sunday host Chris Wallace called White House administration officials "crybabies" in response. Following this, a senior Obama adviser told U.S. News that the White House would never get a fair shake from Fox News.

In late September 2009, Obama senior advisor David Axelrod and Roger Ailes met in secret to try and smooth out tensions between the two camps without much success. Two weeks later, White House officials referred to FNC as “not a news network", communications director Anita Dunn asserting that “Fox News often operates as either the research arm or the communications arm of the Republican Party.”[61][62] President Obama followed with "If media is operating basically as a talk radio format, then that's one thing, and if it's operating as a news outlet, then that's another," [63] and White House chief of staff Rahm Emanuel stated that it was important "to not have the CNN's and the others in the world basically be led in following Fox."[64]

Within days it was reported that Fox had been excluded from an interview with administration official Ken Feinberg, with bureau chiefs from the White House Pool (ABC, CBS, NBC, and CNN) coming to the defense of Fox.[65] One of the major bureau chiefs stated, "If any member had been excluded it would have been the same thing, it has nothing to do with Fox or the White House or the substance of the issues."[66] Shortly after this story broke the White House admitted to a low-level mistake, but that said that Fox had not made a specific request to interview Feinberg. Fox White House correspondent Major Garrett responded by stating that he had not made a specific request, but that he had a "standing request from me as senior White House correspondent on Fox to interview any newsmaker at the Treasury at any given time news is being made."[67]

On November 8, 2009 the Los Angeles Times reported that an unnamed Democratic consultant was warned by the White House not to appear on Fox News again. According to the article, Anita Dunn claimed in an e-mail to have checked with colleagues who "deal with TV issues" and had been told that nobody had been instructed to avoid Fox. Patrick Caddell, a Fox News contributor and former pollster for President Jimmy Carter said he had spoken with other Democratic consultants who had received similar warnings from the White House.[68]

International transmission

The FNC feed is available internationally, while the Fox News Extra segments provide alternate programming.

Fox News Extra

Initially, US advertisements were replaced on FNC with viewer e-mail and profiles of FNC anchors set to music. In 2002 these were replaced with international weather forecasts. In 2006, the weather segments were replaced with 'Fox News Extra' segments, various narrated reports from Fox reports on a variety of topics. These reports are generally on lighter issues not related to current news events, and the segments are repeated. FNC also shows international weather forecasts when the Fox News Extra segments run short.

The Fox News feed in the United Kingdom and Ireland does not feature Fox News Extra, and instead features commercials and break fillers from sister channel Sky News's International Variant. For a short period in 2001, a still of the Fox News logo replaced this other content.

Australia

In Australia, FNC is broadcast on the three major Pay-TV providers, Foxtel, Austar and Optus Television. Foxtel is 25 percent owned by News Corporation. Sky News Australia is Fox's sister channel.

Brazil

Since 2002 FNC has been broadcast to Brazil, but the commercials are replaced with Fox News Extra. It is broadcast by Sky (satellite operator, a joint-venture between News Corporation and Globosat) and in the digital packages of NET.

Canada

In 2003, the Canadian Radio-television and Telecommunications Commission (CRTC) rejected a Canadian Cable Telecommunications Association (CCTA) application to bring Fox News to Canada because Fox News U.S. and Global Television were planning to create Fox News Canada, a combination of U.S. and Canadian news. However in 2004, after a Fox U.S. executive said there were no plans to create the combined channel, the CRTC approved an application to bring Fox News to Canada.[69]

In response to outrage[70] over panelists on late night comedy program Red Eye w/ Greg Gutfeld making disparaging remarks about the Canadian military, including "...inappropriate and disrespectful comments on the channel regarding the Canadian Military's efforts in Afghanistan,...", Canadian cable television provider Shaw Communications gave its customers the option of replacing Fox News Channel with another programming option.[71]

France

Fox News is available on cable with the French Internet provider Free & Orange.

Ireland

FNC is also carried in the Republic of Ireland by the British Sky Broadcasting (BSkyB) satellite television network (Sky Digital) which is 40% owned by FNC's parent News Corporation. It is run as a sister channel to BSkyB's popular Sky News. FNC is usually broadcast as a VideoGuard encrypted channel but during major news stories it may be simulcast on Sky Active, which is free to air. As of September 2006 the channel has carried UK specific advertising, along with headlines and weather provided by Sky News during its breaks. These run under the brand of Fox News International.

Due to the shared ownership of Fox and Sky, Fox News and Sky News routinely share bureaus and reporters for breaking news stories from around the world.

Italy

In Italy, FNC was launched on the now defunct Italian digital satellite television platform Stream TV in 2001. Part of its programming was translated in Italian and broadcasted on the defunct Italian news channel Stream News. In 2003 was moved on SKY Italia with U.S. commercials replaced by Fox News Extra segments and now is available on 4,600,000 subscribers and 160,000 hotel rooms in Italy.

SKY TG 24 is one of the sister channels of Fox News.

New Zealand

In New Zealand, FNC is broadcast on Channel 092 of pay satellite operator SKY TV's digital platform. It was formerly broadcast overnight on free-to-air UHF New Zealand TV channel Prime, owned by SKY, but this has now been discontinued. No reason has been given for its abandonment. Fox News parent corporation News Corp has a stake in both SKY and Prime.

Scandinavia

Between 2003 and 2006, in Sweden and the other Scandinavian countries, FNC was broadcast 16 hours a day on TV8, with Fox News Extra segments replacing U.S. advertising. Fox News was dropped by TV8 and replaced by German news channel Deutsche Welle in September 2006.

Singapore

In Singapore, FNC is broadcasted on Channel 75 of pay-tv cable operator StarHub TV digital platform. It also broadcasts its sister channel, Sky News.

United Kingdom

FNC is also carried in the United Kingdom by the British Sky Broadcasting (BSkyB) satellite television network (Sky Digital) which is 40% owned by FNC's parent News Corporation. It is run as a sister channel to BSkyB's popular Sky News. FNC is usually broadcast as a VideoGuard encrypted channel but during major news stories it may be simulcast on Sky Active, which is free to air. As of September 2006 the channel has carried UK specific advertising, along with headlines and weather provided by Sky News during its breaks. These run under the brand of Fox News International.

Due to the shared ownership of Fox and Sky, Fox News (and Fox Business) and Sky News routinely share bureaus and reporters for breaking news stories from around the world.

Other countries

Countries where Fox News is provided

Fox News Channel is also carried in more than 40 countries. Although service to Japan stopped in the summer of 2003, it can still be seen on Americable (distributor for American bases),[72] Mediatti (Kadena Air Base),[73] and Pan Global TV Japan.[74]

Programming

ET Format[76] Program Host(s) Location Description
6a-9a
Opinion
Fox and Friends
 Steve Doocy, Gretchen Carlson and Brian Kilmeade Studio E, NY The channel's morning editorial program (HD)
9a-11a
News
America's Newsroom
 Bill Hemmer and Martha MacCallum Studio J, NY A daily look at what's making news and Politics. (HD)
11a-1p
News
Happening Now
 Jon Scott and Jane Skinner Studio E, NY A daily look at Breaking News in the world. (HD)
1p-3p
Opinion
America Live with Megyn Kelly
 Megyn Kelly Studio J, NY A daily editorial look at Breaking News in the world. (HD)
3p-4p
News
Studio B
 Shepard Smith Studio H, NY A daily editorial look at Breaking News in the world. (HD)
4p-5p
Opinion
Your World with Neil Cavuto
 Neil Cavuto Studio E, NY Business Program. (HD)
5p-6p
Opinion
Glenn Beck
 Glenn Beck Studio H, NY Political opinion program. (HD)
6p-7p
News
Special Report with Bret Baier
 Bret Baier Washington American politics and world news followed by political opinions from DC. (HD)
7p-8p
News
Fox Report
 Shepard Smith Studio H, NY Editorial Program. (HD)
8p-9p
Opinion
O'Reilly Factor
 Bill O'Reilly Political opinion program. (HD)
9p-10p
Opinion
Hannity
 Sean Hannity Studio J, NY A nightly editorial program. (HD)
10p-11p
Opinion
On the Record
 Greta Van Susteren Washington/NY Nightly editorial program. (HD)
3a-4a
Opinion
Red Eye w/ Greg Gutfeld
 Greg Gutfeld Studio E, NY Nightly talk variety program. (HD)

See also

Competitors

References

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