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French (le français, la langue française) is one of the most important Romance languages, outnumbered only by Spanish and Portuguese. French is the 11th most spoken language in the world, spoken by about 77 million people (called Francophones) as a mother tongue, and 128 million including second language speakers, in 1999. It is an official or administrative language in various communities and organizations (such as the European Union, IOC, United Nations and Universal Postal Union).

French (Français)
Spoken in:France and 53 other countries.
Total speakers: 128 Million
Ranking:11
Genetic
classification:

Indo-European
 Italic
  Romance
   Italo-Western
    Western
     Gallo-Iberian
      Gallo-Romance
       Gallo-Rhaetian
        Oïl

         French
Official status
Official language of:France and 24 other countries
Regulated by:Académie française
Language codes
ISO 639-1: fr
ISO 639-2(B): fre
ISO 639-2(T):fra
SIL: FRN

History

The French language is a Romance language, meaning that it is descended from Latin .

Before the Roman invasion of what is modern-day France by Julius Cesar (58-52 B.C.), France was inhabited largely by a people of Celtic origin that the Romans refered to as "Gauls", although one also finds other linguistic groups in France at this time, such as the Iberians (in the Aquitaine region), the Ligurians (on the Mediterranean coast), Greek and Phoenician outposts (some cities on the Mediterranean like Marseille) and the Vascons (on the Spanish/French border). Although in the past many Frenchmen liked to refer to their descent from Gallic ancestors ("Nos ancêtres les gaulois"), very little Celtic influence seems to remain in the French of today: perhaps 50 words (largely place and plant names and words dealing with rural life and the hearth) still remain from the Celtic language; in the reverse direction, some words for Gallic objects which were new to the Romans (like clothing items) and for which there were no words in Latin were imported into Latin. Latin quickly became the lingua franca of the entire Gallic region for both mercantile, official and educational reasons, yet it should be remembered that this was the colloquial Latin as spoken by the Roman army and its agents and not the literary language of Horace and Ovid.

From the third century on, Western Europe was invaded by Germanic (or "Barbarian") tribes from the east, and some of these groups settled in Gaul. For the history of the French language, the most important of these groups are the Franks (north-eastern France), the Alamans (German/French border), the Burgondes (eastern-central France), and the Visigoths (Spain and southern France). These Germanic-speaking groups had a profound effect on the Latin spoken in their respective regions, altering both the pronounciation and the syntax. They also introduced a number of new words: around 400 Frankish words remain in modern French (including many terms and expressions associated with their social structure and military tactics). From the baptism of the Frankish king Clovis (c.498), through the Empire of Charlemagne (800) to the establishing of the Capetian dynasty in Paris (987), the Franks extended their power over much of northern Gaul, ultimately giving their name to "France".

The early middles ages also saw the movement of other linguistic groups into France:

From the 5th to the 8th centuries, Celtic speaking peoples from south western England (Wales, Cornwall) traversed the English channel (both for reasons of trade and also as a result of the Anglo-Saxon invasions of England) and established themselves in Brittany. This is thus not a direct descendant of the pre-Roman Gallic, although it is a Celtic dialect. This dialect is called Breton. From the 6th to the 7th centuries, the Vascons crossed over the Pyrenees and influence the French spoken in south-western France. This dialect is called today Gascon.

The Norse men or Vikings invaded France in the 9th century on and established themselves in what would come to be called the Normandy region; they took up the French language but also contributed words to French dealing with, among other things, maritime activities. With the Norman invasion of England in 1066, the Normans brought their French dialect (referred to as Anglo-Norman) to England; because of this, perhaps as much as two thirds of modern English comes from French (although it is interesting to see the persistence of both Anglo-Saxon words alongside French words, like the Anglo-Saxon "cow" alongside the anglo-norman "boeuf" (beef).)

The Arabs also supplied many words to French in this period, including words for luxury goods, spices, trade stuffs, sciences and mathematics.

The period of the language up to around 1300 is called Old French, which after 1300 turned into Middle French, and ultimately, Modern French. Linguists typically divide the dialects of medieval or "Old French" into two geographical subgroups: Langue d'Oïl and Langue d'Oc. Langue d'Oïl (meaning the language where one says "oïl" for "yes") are those dialects in the north of France which were the most affected by the Germanic and Frankish invasions (dialects like Picard, Valon, etc.). Langue d'Oc (meaning the language where one says "oc" for "yes") are those dialects in the south of France which remained closer to the original Latin (dialects like modern-day Occitan and Provençal, etc.). Over time the dialect of the Ile-de-France (the region around Paris), Francien, supplanted the other dialects and became the basis for the official French language.

The earliest extant text in French is the Oath of Strasbourg from 842; Old French became a literary language with the chansons de geste that told tales of the paladins of Charlemagne and the heroes of the Crusades. By the Ordinance of Villers-Cotterêts, in 1539 King Francis I made French the official language of administration and court proceedings in France, ousting the Latin that had been used before then.

The foundation of the "Académie française" in 1634 by Richelieu created a official body whose goal has been the purification and preservation of the French language. This group of 40 members (the "immortals") chosen for life still exists today and contributes to the policing of the language and the elimination of foreign words and expressions.

From the 17th to the 19th centuries, French was perhaps the lingua franca of educated Europe, especially in the arts and litterature. Frederick II of Prussia, Catherine the Great of Russia and many other non-French courts spoke and wrote in French.

It is important however to realize that as of 1790, one half of the French population did not speak or understand "French". One still found Occitan and Franco-Provençal (both descended from Langue d'Oc dialects) spoken in the south. Of non-French linguistic groups, one found Alsacian (a dialect of German Low German), Flemish (a dialect of Dutch), Catalan (a dialect of Spanish), Basque (a non-Indo-European language spoken in northern Spain and south-western France), and Corsican (a dialect of Italian). Furthermore, even in those regions where French was spoken and understood, each region had its own particular accent and regionalisms (including gender changes and word variations). In the 1880's, the rise of French nationalism (via universal military service and national education) encouraged the suppression of regional differences and local dialects; by 1910, 90% of French understood French, although 50% still understood a local dialect. Since then, many of these linguistic groups have fought hard to maintain their linguistic traditions and in today's France one finds some of these local dialects coming back. Some linguists estimate that 10% of the French today understand a local dialect (although they may not speak it).

There is much debate in today's France about the presevation of the French language and the influence of English (or "franglais"), especially with regards to international business, the sciences and popular culture. There have been laws enacted which require that all print ads and billboards with foreign expressions include a French translation and which require quotas of French language songs (at least 40%) on the radio.

Geographic distribution

French is an official language in the following countries:

country native speakers population pop. dens. area
  (rough est.) (July 2003 est.) (/km2) (km2)
France (Metropolitan) 60,000,000 60,180,600 105 547,030
Democratic Republic of the Congo 55,225,478 24 2,345,410
Canada 6,700,000 32,207,000 3 9,976,140
Madagascar 16,979,900 - 587,040
Côte d'Ivoire 16,962,500 - 322,460
Cameroon 15,746,200 - 422,277
Burkina Faso 13,228,500 - 274,200
Mali 11,626,300 - 1,240,000
Senegal 10,580,400 - 196,190
Belgium 4,000,000 10,290,000 335 30,510
Rwanda 7,810,100 - 26,338
Haiti 7,527,800 - 27,750
Switzerland 1,400,000 7,318,638 - 41,290
Burundi 6,096,156 - 27,830
Togo 5,429,300 - 56,785
Central African Republic 3,683,600 - 622,984
Republic of the Congo 2,954,300 - 342,000
Gabon 1,321,500 - 267,667
Comoros 632,948 - 2,170
Djibouti 457,130 - 23,000
Luxembourg 100,000 454,157 171 2,586
Guadeloupe 442,200 - 1,780
Martinique 390,200 - 1,100
Mauritius 1,000,000 1,210,500 - 2,040
Vanuatu 200,000 - 12,200
Seychelles 80,469 - 455

Although not official, French is the major second language in the following countries.

country population pop. dens. area
  (July 2003 est.) (/km2) (km2)


Algeria 32,810,500 - 2,381,440
Tunisia 9,924,800 - 163,610
Morocco 31,689,600 - 446,550


Also, there are some French-speakers in Egypt, India (Pondicherry), Italy (Aosta Valley), Laos, Mauritania, United Kingdom (Channel Islands), United States of America (mainly Louisiana & New England) and Vietnam.

La Francophonie is an international organization of French-speaking countries and governments.

Historically, for nearly 300 years Anglo-Norman French was also the language of the ruling classes and commerce in England, from the time of the Norman Conquest until 1362, when the use of English was resumed.

France mandates the use of French in official government publications, education (though these dispositions are often ignored) and legal contracts; advertisements must bear a translation of foreign words. Contrary to a misunderstanding common in the American and British media, France does not prohibit the use of foreign words in Web pages or any other private publication, which would anyway contradict constitutional guarantees on freedom of speech.

French is one of Canada's two official languages, with English; various provisions of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms deal with the right of Canadians to access services in English and French all across Canada. By law, the federal government must operate and provide services in both English and French; proceedings of the Parliament of Canada must be translated into both English and French; and all Canadian products must be labelled in both English and French.

French is an official language of New Brunswick, the Northwest Territories, and Nunavut, and is the sole official language of Quebec. See Charter of the French Language.

Dialects of French

Languages derived from French


Sounds

French spelling is by no means phonetic. Terminal consonants have often become silent in most dialects, unless followed by a vowel sound (liaison) or silent altogether (e.g., "et" is never pronounced with the ending "t"). In many words, the "n" and "m" become silent and cause the preceding vowel to become nasalized (i.e. pronounced with the soft palate extended downward so as to cause the air to leave through the nostrils instead of through the mouth). Furthermore, French words tend to run together when spoken, with ending consonants often being chained to the start of the next word.

Vowels

Oral vowels of French (in IPA):

Traditionally, French is described as having four distinct nasal vowels: [ɛ~], [ɑ~], [ɔ~], and [œ~]; however, many speakers have merged [œ~] and [ɛ~].

Note: /A/ is for many speakers no longer a phoneme. Whether /@/ (Schwa) is a phoneme of French is controversial. Some see it as an allophone of /9/

i si si 'if'
e se ses 'his, hers' (pl)
ɛ sɛ sait 'knows'
sɛʁ serre 'greenhouse'
y sy su 'known'
ø sø ceux 'these'
œ sœʁ sœur 'sister'
ə sə ce 'this'
a sa sa 'his, hers' (f)
u su sous 'under'
o so sot 'silly'
ɔ sɔʁ sort 'fate'
ɑ̃ sɑ̃ sans 'without'
ɔ̃ sɔ̃ son 'his, hers' (m sg)
ɛ̃ sɛ̃ saint 'saint'

Consonants

Bilabial Labio-
dental 		Dental Palato-
alveolar 		Palatal Velar Uvular
Plosive p b t d k g
Nasal m n ɲ ŋ1
Fricative f v s z ʃ ʒ ʁ
Lateral approximant l
Palatal Labial-Palatal Labial-Velar
Approximant j ɥ w

Notes;

  1. The velar nasal is not a native phoneme of French, but occurs in loan words such as le parking.

Grammar

Main article: French grammar

French grammar shares several notable features with most other Romance languages, including:

French word order is Subject Verb Object.

Vocabulary

Word Origins

The majority of French words originated from vernacular Latin or were constructed from Latin or Greek roots. There are often pairs of words, one form being popular (noun) and the other one savant (adjective), both originating from Latin. Example:

  • brother: frère (brother) / fraternel
  • finger: doigt / digital
  • faith: foi (faith) / fidèle
  • cold: froid / frigide
  • eye: œil / oculaire

The French words which have developed from Latin are usually less recognisable than Italian words of Latin origin because as French developed into a separate language from Vulgar Latin, the unstressed final syllable of many words was dropped or elided into the following word.

It is estimated that a little less than 13% (4,200) of common French words found in a typical dictionary such as the Petit Larousse or Micro-Robert Plus (35,000 words) are of foreign origin. About 25% (1,054) of these foreign words come from English and are fairly recent borrows. The others are some 707 words from Italian, 550 from ancient Germanic languages, 481 from ancient Gallo-Roman languages, 215 from Arabic, 164 from German, 160 from Celtic languages, 159 from Spanish, 153 from Dutch, 112 Farsi and Sanskrit, 101 Native American languages, 89 from other Asian languages, 56 from Afro-Asiatic languages, 55 Slavic languages and Baltic languages, 144 from other languages (3% of the total).

Source: Henriette Walter, Gérard Walter, Dictionnaire des mots d'origine étrangère, 1998.

Writing system

French is written using the Latin alphabet, plus five diacritics (the circumflex accent, acute accent, grave accent, diaeresis, and cedilla) and a ligature (œ).

Spelling corresponds only weakly to pronunciation; in general, the written form is more conservative than the spoken form. This is mainly due to extreme phonetic changes since the Old French period, without a corresponding change in spelling. However, some conscious changes were also made to restore Latin orthography:

  • Old French doit > French doigt "finger" (Latin digitum)
  • Old French pie > French pied "foot" (Latin pedem)

As a result, it is nearly impossible to predict the spelling based on the sound alone. Final consonants are silent more often than not. For example, all these words end in a vowel sound: nez, doigt, pied, aller, œufs, œil, les, lit, beaux.

On the other hand, it's very generally possible to predict the sound based on the spelling.

The diacritics have phonetic, semantic, and etymological significance.

  • grave accent (à, è, ù): Over a or u, used only to distinguish homophones: &agrave ("to") vs. a ("has"), ou ("or") vs. où ("where"). Over an e, indicates the sound /ε/.
  • acute accent (é): Over an e, indicates the sound /e/. Also usually indicates the historical deletion of a following consonant (usually an s): écouter < escouter.
  • circumflex (â, ê, î, ô û): Over an e, indicates the sound /ε/. May also indicate the historical deletion of an adjacent letter (usually an s): château < castel, fête < feste, sûr < seur, dîner < disner. By extension, it has also come to be used to distinguish homophones: du ("of the") vs. dû (past participle of devoir "to owe").
  • diaeresis or tréma (ë, &iuml): Indicates that a vowel is to be pronounced separately from the preceding one: naïve, Noël. Diaeresis on ÿ only occurs in some proper names (such as l'Haÿ-les-Roses) and in old French.
  • cedilla (&ccedil): Indicates that a c is prononuced /s/ when it would otherwise be pronounced /k/.

The Walloon dialect has introduced the å for the long open o, a long closed o, or a long a, depending on the local varieties.

The ligature œ is simply an optional contraction of oe, and has no special significance.

Some attempts have been made to reform French spelling, but few changes have been made over the last two centuries.

Some common phrases

  • French: français /frA~ sE/ ("fran-seh")
  • hello: bonjour /bO~ Zur/ ("bon-zhoor")
  • good-bye: au revoir /o r@ vwar/ ("o-ruh-vwar")
  • please: s'il vous plaît /sil vu plE/ ("sill voo pleh")
  • thank you: merci /mEr si/ ("mairr-see")
  • you're welcome: de rien /d@ rjE~/ ("duh ryeh") (France); bienvenue /bjE~v ny/ ("byeh-venuh") (Quebec)
  • that one: celui-là /c@lHi la/ ("sull-wee la") or celle-là /sEl la/ ("cell-la")
  • how much?: combien /kO~ bjE~/ ("kom-byeh")
  • English: anglais /A~ glE/ ("ahng-gleh")
  • yes: oui /wi/ ("wee")
  • no: non /nO~/ ("non")
  • I'm sorry: Je suis désolé /Z@ sHi de zo le/ ("zhuh swee deh-zo-leh")
  • I don't understand: Je ne comprends pas /Z@~ n@ cO~ pRA~ pa/ ("zhuh nuh comprahn pa")
  • Where is the toilet?: Où sont les toilettes? /u sO~ le twa lEt/ ("oo son leh twa-let")
  • Cheers (toast to someone's health): Tchin ("chin") or Santé /sA~ te/("san-teh")
  • Do you speak English?: Parlez-vous anglais ? /par le vu A~ glE/ ("par-leh voo ang-gleh") OR "Vous parlez anglais ?" /vu par le A~ glE/ ("voo par-leh ang-leh")
  • damn!: merde! /mErd/ ("maird")

See also

tokipona:toki Kanse

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