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Black Swan (film)

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Black Swan
Natalie Portman with white facial makeup, black-winged eye liner around bloodshot red eyes, and a jagged crystal tiara.
Theatrical release poster
Directed byDarren Aronofsky
Screenplay byMark Heyman
Andres Heinz
John McLaughlin
Story byAndres Heinz
Produced byJon Avnet
Mike Medavoy
Scott Franklin
Arnold Messer
Brian Oliver
Brad Fischer
Rick Schwartz
Peter Fruchtman
StarringNatalie Portman
Vincent Cassel
Mila Kunis
Barbara Hershey
Winona Ryder
CinematographyMatthew Libatique
Edited byAndrew Weisblum
Music byClint Mansell
Production
companies
Cross Creek Pictures
Phoenix Pictures
Distributed byFox Searchlight Pictures
Release date
  • December 3, 2010 (2010-12-03)
Running time
108 minutes
CountryTemplate:Film US
LanguageEnglish
Budget$13,000,000[1]
Box office$23,496,000[2]

Black Swan is a 2010 American psychological thriller film directed by Darren Aronofsky, starring Natalie Portman, Vincent Cassel, and Mila Kunis. Its plot revolves around a production of Swan Lake by a prestigious New York City ballet company. The production requires a ballerina to play both the innocent White Swan and the sensual Black Swan. One dancer, Nina (Portman), is a perfect fit for the White Swan, while Lily (Kunis) has a personality that matches the Black Swan. When the two compete for the parts, Nina finds a dark side of herself.

Aronofsky conceived the premise by connecting his viewings of an actual production of Swan Lake with an unrealized screenplay about understudies and the notion of being haunted by a double, similar to the folklore surrounding doppelgängers and to the Capgras delusion. The director also considered Black Swan a companion piece to his 2008 film The Wrestler, with both films involving demanding performances for different kinds of art. He and Portman first discussed the project in 2000, and after a brief attachment to Universal Pictures, Black Swan was produced in New York City in 2009 by Fox Searchlight Pictures. Portman and Kunis trained in ballet for several months prior to filming and notable figures from the ballet world helped with film production to shape the ballet presentation. The film premiered as the opening film for the 67th Venice International Film Festival on September 1, 2010. It had a limited release starting December 3, 2010 and a nationwide release on December 17.[2]

Plot

A New York City ballet company is preparing for the production of Swan Lake, choosing to cast a newcomer as both the White and Black Swan, casting out their prima ballerina Beth MacIntyre (Winona Ryder). Dancer Nina Sayers (Portman) competes for the part alongside several other young dancers, including Lily (Kunis). Nina lives with her overbearing mother Erica (Barbara Hershey), a failed dancer who tries to control every aspect of her daughter's life.

The director, Thomas Leroy (Cassel), is reluctant to cast Nina; he claims that she is the perfect White Swan, but that she lacks the passion of the darkly sensual Black Swan. Nina visits him after her audition to ask for the role. He responds by kissing her, and she bites his lip, surprising and exhilarating him; the next day, he casts her in the lead.

Around this time, Nina begins developing a strange rash or abrasion on her shoulder. Her mother notices the mark, and accuses Nina of "scratching herself", a habit she maintained as a child out of nervousness or stress. Nina also begins suffering bizarre, and often grisly, hallucinations often involving injuries to herself. However, as soon as the injury appears it will disappear, leaving Nina disoriented.

Beth, out of desperation of having been cast out from the ballet company, jumps into oncoming traffic, severely injuring her legs and leaving her unable to dance ever again. Nina feels responsible which adds to her stress. Nina also begins to feel that Lily, a fellow dancer who was cast in a minor role in the production, is determined to take the lead away from her. Leroy, meanwhile, is becoming increasingly frustrated with Nina, desiring passion and guile from her, and receiving only control and innocence. Tensions also worsen between Nina and her mother, who believes the role is too much for Nina.

One night, during an argument between Nina and her mother, Lily appears at their door and offers to take Nina out for dinner. Nina agrees, over objections from her mother. Lily offers Nina ecstasy, which Nina reluctantly accepts. The two then go dancing at a club and make out with two strange men. They return to Nina's mother's apartment where Nina and her mother argue bitterly. After Erica slaps her, Nina furiously drags Lily into her room, where they have sex.

The next morning, hungover and groggy, Nina wakes up late and rushes to rehearsal, where she finds Lily dancing the Swan Queen in Nina's absence. Furious, Nina confronts Lily, who dismisses her accusations of trying to steal the role. Nina asks why she didn't wake her up in the morning, and Lily replies by stating she spent the night with a man whom she met at the club. Their sexual encounter was completely imagined by Nina, whose grip on reality has begun to slip entirely.

The night before the performance, Nina is dancing late in the studio, rehearsing relentlessly. She witnesses Leroy and Lily having sex, but realizes it is only another hallucination as Leroy transforms into Rothbart. Nina runs to visit Beth in the hospital, where she apologizes, telling Beth she now knows how it feels to be cast out and is sorry for Beth. Beth responds by violently stabbing herself in the face repeatedly, and Nina flees in panic, only to find the bloody blade in her own hand on her way out. The rash on her shoulder has worsened, and little black barbs have poked through her skin. Nina pulls one of the barbs from her skin, and it appears to be a black feather. Her legs begin to form into the shape of a swan's, causing her to fall and hit her head on the bed post, knocking her unconscious.

The next morning, the day of the performance, Nina is locked in her room with her mother, who tells her they are not leaving until Nina feels better and that she already called the company reporting Nina to be too sick to perform. The furious Nina physically terrorizes her mother and escapes. Erica screams, asking "What happened to my sweet girl?" And Nina replies by saying "She's gone!"

Nina arrives at the theater and immediately begins preparing herself to perform. Leroy tells her that the only person standing in the way of giving a brilliant performance is herself, and that she should let go of who she used to be. Nina begins dancing, and upon seeing Lily becomes disoriented and falls on-stage. Leroy is livid and claims the show a "disaster." Nina, crying, returns to her dressing room and finds Lily there, dressed in her Black Swan costume, and saying she's worried that Nina will fall again in the second act. Nina shoves Lily into her mirror, and it shatters. In a physical scuffle, Nina takes a shard of the mirror and stabs Lily, killing her. Nina stashes Lily in the bathroom, and goes to dance the Black Swan.

Nina dances the Black Swan passionately and sensually, having successfully let go of her innocence and inhibitions. She imagines herself growing feathers all over her body as she dances, enhancing her performance further. The audience applauds her performance fervently. She returns to her dressing room, seeing a pool of blood under the bathroom door, and begins changing into her White Swan costume for the final act. She is interrupted by a knock on the door, and it is Lily, claiming that although there was tension between them, Nina blew her away with her performance. The fight was another hallucination, but the mirror was shattered and Nina has stabbed herself, not Lily. She pulls the shard of glass from her stomach, and continues preparing for the final act.

She dances the White Swan seamlessly, and jumps to kill herself as the White Swan. The audience applauds wildly, shouting "Nina! Nina!". Leroy finds and congratulates Nina, before he notices her fatal wound. He asks what happened, and she responds: "I felt it. Perfect. It was perfect."

Cast

Mila Kunis poses in a white dress
Mila Kunis was first approached to perform in Black Swan in 2008. She and co-star Natalie Portman spent six months training and toning their bodies before filming began.

Aronofsky first discussed with Portman the possibility of a ballet film in 2000, and he found she was interested in playing a ballet dancer.[3] Portman explained being part of Black Swan, "I'm trying to find roles that demand more adulthood from me because you can get stuck in a very awful cute cycle as a woman in film, especially being such a small person."[4] Portman also introduced Aronofsky to Kunis, whom he knew from the 2008 film Forgetting Sarah Marshall.[3] Kunis contrasted Lily with Nina, "My character is very loose... She's not as technically good as Natalie's character, but she has more passion, naturally. That's what [Nina] lacks."[5] The female characters are directed in the Swan Lake production by Thomas Leroy, played by Cassel. He compared his character to George Balanchine, who co-founded New York City Ballet and was "a control freak, a true artist using sexuality to direct his dancers".[6] (And like the Leroy character he was known to be a womanizer as well.)

Portman and Kunis started training six months before the start of filming in order to attain a body type and muscular tone more similar to those of professional dancers.[7] Portman worked out for five hours a day, doing ballet, cross-training, and swimming. A few months closer to filming, she began choreography training.[8] Kunis engaged in cardio and Pilates. Kunis said, "I did ballet as a kid like every other kid does ballet. You wear a tutu and you stand on stage and you look cute and twirl. But this is very different because you can't fake it. You can't just stay in there and like pretend you know what you're doing. Your whole body has to be structured differently."[9] Georgina Parkinson, a ballet mistress from the American Ballet Theatre, coached the actors in ballet.[10] For certain scenes, American Ballet Theatre soloists Sarah Lane and Maria Riccetto were "dance doubles" for Portman and Kunis respectively.[11] Aronofsky said during filming about Portman's ballet performance, "She was able to pull it off. Except for the wide shots when she has to be en pointe for a real long time, it's Natalie on screen. I haven't used her double a lot."[7]

Benjamin Millepied, a principal dancer from New York City Ballet, debuted in Black Swan as both actor and choreographer.[7][12] In addition to the soloist performances, members of the Pennsylvania Ballet were cast as the corps de ballet, backdrop for the main actors' performances.[7] Also appearing in the film are Kristina Anapau,[13] Toby Hemingway,[14] Sebastian Stan,[15] and Janet Montgomery.[16]

Production

Conception

A photograph of a performance of Swan Lake during the third act, with the protagonist transformed into the Black Swan
The ballet Swan Lake's climax in the transition of the innocent white Swan Queen into the emotionally crippled black swan

Darren Aronofsky first became interested in ballet when his sister studied dance at the High School of Performing Arts in New York City. The basic idea for the film started when he hired screenwriters to rework a screenplay called The Understudy, which was about off-Broadway actors and explored the notion of being haunted by a double. Aronofsky said the screenplay had elements of the film All About Eve, Roman Polanski's film The Tenant, and Fyodor Dostoyevsky's novella The Double. The director had also seen numerous productions of Swan Lake, and he connected the duality of the White Swan and the Black Swan to his script.[7] When researching for production of Black Swan, he found ballet to be "a very insular world" whose dancers were "not impressed by movies". Regardless, the director found active and inactive dancers to share their experiences with him. He also stood backstage to see the Bolshoi Ballet perform at the Lincoln Center for the Performing Arts.[3]

Aronofsky called Black Swan a companion piece to his previous film The Wrestler, recalling one of his early projects about a love affair between a wrestler and a ballerina. He eventually separated the wrestling and the ballet worlds as "too much for one movie". He compared the two films: "Wrestling some consider the lowest art—if they would even call it art—and ballet some people consider the highest art. But what was amazing to me was how similar the performers in both of these worlds are. They both make incredible use of their bodies to express themselves."[3] About the psychological thriller nature of Black Swan, actress Natalie Portman compared the film's tone to Polanski's 1968 film Rosemary's Baby,[17] while Aronofsky said Polanski's Repulsion (1965) and The Tenant (1976) were "big influences" on the final film.[3] Actor Vincent Cassel also compared Black Swan to Polanski's early works and additionally compared it to David Cronenberg's early works.[18]

Development and filming

A three-quarters view of a large grey building—the State University of New York at Purchase Performing Arts Center
Filming took place at the State University of New York at Purchase Performing Arts Center

Aronofsky and Portman first discussed the ballet film in 2000, though the script was yet to be written.[3] He told her about the love scene between competing ballet dancers, and Portman recalled, "I thought that was very interesting because this movie is in so many ways an exploration of an artist's ego and that narcissistic sort of attraction to yourself and also repulsion with yourself."[19] On the decade's wait before production, she said, "The fact that I had spent so much time with the idea ... allowed it to marinate a little before we shot."[20] When Aronofsky proposed a detailed outline of Black Swan to Universal Pictures, the studio decided to fast-track development of the project in January 2007.[21] The project did not come together at the studio, and Aronofsky would go on to shoot The Wrestler instead. After finishing The Wrestler in 2008, he asked Mark Heyman, who had worked for him on the film, to write Black Swan.[3] By June 2009, Universal had placed the project in turnaround, generating attention from other studios and specialty divisions, particularly with actress Portman attached to star.[22] Black Swan began development under Protozoa Pictures and Overnight Productions, the latter financing the film. In July 2009, Kunis was cast.[23]

Fox Searchlight Pictures became the distributor for Black Swan. The film was given a production budget of $10–12 million, and principal photography began in New York City toward the end of 2009.[24] Aronofsky filmed Black Swan with a muted palette and a grainy style intended to be similar to The Wrestler.[25] Part of filming took place at the Performing Arts Center at State University of New York at Purchase.[7] Like The Wrestler, the majority of the film was shot on Super 16mm film.[26] The film's score was composed by Clint Mansell, a long-time collaborator of Aronofsky's, and Mansell built the score using elements from Swan Lake.[27] For the film Kunis "trained seven days a week, five hours, for five, six months total, and ... was put on a very strict diet of 1,200 calories a day." She lost 20 pounds from her normal weight of about 117 pounds, and reported that Portman "became smaller than I did."[28]

Soundtrack

Untitled

Black Swan: Original Motion Picture Soundtrack marks the fifth consecutive collaboration between Aronofsky and English composer Clint Mansell. Mansell attempted to score the film based on Tchaikovsky's ballet,[30] but with radical changes to the music.[31] Because of the use of Tchaikovsky's music the score was deemed ineligible to be entered into the 2010 Academy Awards for Best Original Score.[32] The film also featured various new pieces of music by English production duo The Chemical Brothers, although they're not featured on the official soundtrack.[33]

No.TitleLength
1."Nina's Dream"2:48
2."Mother Me"1:06
3."The New Season"2:39
4."A Room of Her Own"1:56
5."A New Swan Queen"3:28
6."Lose Yourself"2:08
7."Cruel Mistress"3:29
8."Power, Seduction, Cries"1:42
9."The Double"2:20
10."Opposites Attract"3:45
11."Night of Terror"8:01
12."Stumbled Beginnings..."3:51
13."It's My Time"1:30
14."A Swan Is Born"1:38
15."Perfection"5:45
16."A Swan Song (For Nina)"6:23
Total length:52:38

Release

Natalie Portman looks to the camera's left, smiling
Portman at a premiere for the film at the 2010 Toronto International Film Festival

Black Swan had its world premiere as the opening film at the 67th Venice Film Festival on September 1, 2010. It received a standing ovation whose length Variety said made it "one of the strongest Venice openers in recent memory".[34] The festival's artistic director Marco Mueller had chosen Black Swan over The American (starring George Clooney) for opening film, saying, "[It] was just a better fit... Clooney is a wonderful actor, and he will always be welcome in Venice. But it was as simple as that."[35] Black Swan screened in competition and is the third consecutive film directed by Aronofsky to premiere at the festival, following The Fountain and The Wrestler.[36] In addition, Black Swan was one of seven films nominated for the Queer Lion prize, to be awarded to the best film with "homosexual themes or queer interests",[37] though En el futuro (In The Future) by Argentinian director Mauro Andrizzi won the prize.[38]

Black Swan was presented in a sneak screening at the Telluride Film Festival on September 5, 2010.[39] It also had a Gala screening at the 35th Toronto International Film Festival later in the month.[40][41] In October 2010, Black Swan was screened at the New Orleans Film Festival,[42] the Austin Film Festival,[43] and the BFI London Film Festival.[44] In November 2010, the film was screened at American Film Institute's AFI Fest in Los Angeles and the Denver Film Festival.[45]

Black Swan will be released in the United Kingdom on February 11, 2011. According to The Independent, the film is one of "the most highly anticipated" of late 2010. The newspaper compared it to the 1948 ballet film The Red Shoes in having "a nightmarish quality ... of a dancer consumed by her desire to dance".[46]

Reception

Box office

The film had a limited release in select cities in North America on December 3, 2010 in 18 theaters. The film took in a total of $415,822 on its opening day, averaging $23,101 per theater.[47] By the end of its opening weekend it grossed $1,443,809—$80,212 per theater. The per location average was the second highest for the opening weekend of 2010 behind The King's Speech.[48] The film has Fox Searchlight Pictures highest per-theater average gross ever, and it ranks 21st on the all-time list.[49] On its second weekend the film expanded to 90 theaters, and grossed $3.3 million, ranking it as the sixth film at the box-office.[50]

Critical reception

Scott Franklin, Mila Kunis, Vincent Cassel, Darren Aronofsky, and a moderator stand on a stage with a golden curtain backdrop wearing formal attire and discussing Black Swan
Black Swan cast and crew (from left to right: producer Scott Franklin, actress Mila Kunis, actor Vincent Cassel, director Darren Aronofsky) discuss the film with a moderator at the BFI London Film Festival, where the movie was nominated for Best Film

Black Swan has received mostly favorable reviews from film critics.[51] Review aggregate Rotten Tomatoes reports that 88% of 193 critics have given the film a positive review, holding an average score of 8.2/10 with particular praise for Portman's performance.[51] Among Rotten Tomatoes' Top Critics, which consists of notable critics from the media, the film holds an average rating of 87%, based on 38 reviews.[52] According to the website, the film's critical consensus is, "Bracingly intense, passionate, and wildly melodramatic, Black Swan glides on Darren Aronofsky's bold direction -- and a bravura performance from Natalie Portman."[51] Review aggregate Metacritic has given the film a weighted score of 78, based on 40 reviews, indicating "Generally favorable reviews".[53]

In September 2010, Entertainment Weekly reported that based on reviews from the film's screening at the Venice Film Festival, "[Black Swan] is already set to be one of the year’s most love-it-or-hate-it movies."[54] Reuters described the early response to the film as "largely positive" with Portman's performance being highly praised.[55] The Sydney Morning Herald reported, "The film divided critics. Some found its theatricality maddening, but most declared themselves 'swept away'."[56]

A line outside the entrance to the 2010 Venice International Film Festival with flags of several countries waving above the door
Black Swan opened at the 67th Venice International Film Festival, making it the third consecutive Aronofsky film to be screened at the ceremony. It was nominated for the Golden Lion and Mila Kunis won the Marcello Mastroianni Award.

Kurt Loder of Reason Magazine called the film "wonderfully creepy," and wrote that "it’s not entirely satisfying; but it’s infused with the director’s usual creative brio, and it has a great dark gleaming look."[57] Mike Goodridge from Screen Daily called Black Swan "alternately disturbing and exhilarating" and described the film as a hybrid of The Turning Point and Polanski's films Repulsion and Rosemary's Baby. Goodridge described Portman's performance, "[She] is captivating as Nina ... she captures the confusion of a repressed young woman thrown into a world of danger and temptation with frightening veracity." The critic also commended Cassel, Kunis, and Hershey in their supporting roles, particularly comparing Hershey to Ruth Gordon in the role of "the desperate, jealous mother". Goodridge praised Libatique's cinematography with the dance scenes and the psychologically "unnerving" scenes: "It's a mesmerising psychological ride that builds to a gloriously theatrical tragic finale as Nina attempts to deliver the perfect performance."[58]

Kirk Honeycutt of The Hollywood Reporter had praise for the film. He wrote, "[Black Swan] is an instant guilty pleasure, a gorgeously shot, visually complex film whose badness is what's so good about it. You might howl at the sheer audacity of mixing mental illness with the body-fatiguing, mind-numbing rigors of ballet, but its lurid imagery and a hellcat competition between two rival dancers is pretty irresistible." Honeycutt commended Millepied's "sumptuous" choreography and Libatique's "darting, weaving" camera work. The critic said of the thematic mashup, "Aronofsky ... never succeeds in wedding genre elements to the world of ballet ... White Swan/Black Swan dynamics almost work, but the horror-movie nonsense drags everything down the rabbit hole of preposterousness."[59]

The film appears on many critics' top 10 lists of 2010.[60] It was also featured on the American Film Institute's 10 Movies of the Year.[61]

Accolades

Main article: List of accolades received by Black Swan

References

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  45. ^ Zeitchik, Steven (October 13, 2010). "AFI Fest offers festival favorites, free tickets". Los Angeles Times. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  46. ^ Hughes, Sarah (August 27, 2010). "Darkness and despair: that's dance on screen". The Independent. Archived from the original on August 26, 2010. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= and |archivedate= (help)
  47. ^ "Daily Box Office for Friday, December 3, 2010". Box Office Mojo. IMDb. December 6,. Retrieved December 6, 2010. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)CS1 maint: extra punctuation (link)
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  53. ^ "Black Swan: Fox Searchlight Pictures". Metacritic. Retrieved December 11, 2010. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help)
  54. ^ Markovitz, Adam (September 2, 2010). "Is Darren Aronofsky's 'Black Swan' a masterpiece? Early buzz from the Venice Film Festival". Archived from the original on September 2, 2010. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= and |archivedate= (help)
  55. ^ Collett-White, Mike (September 2, 2010). "Natalie Portman Earns Early Awards Buzz for Ballet Drama". abcnews.go.com. Reuters. Archived from the original on September 2, 2010. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= and |archivedate= (help)
  56. ^ Bunbury, Stephanie (September 5, 2010). "Venice's red carpet fades but movie magic shines bright". Sydney Morning Herald. Archived from the original on September 5, 2010. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= and |archivedate= (help)
  57. ^ Loder, Kurt (2010-12-02) Black Swan, Reason
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  59. ^ Honeycutt, Kirk (September 1, 2010). "Black Swan -- Film Review". The Hollywood Reporter. {{cite journal}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  60. ^ "2010 Film Critic Top Ten Lists". Metacritic. Retrieved December 20, 2010. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help)
  61. ^ "AFI AWARDS 2010". American Film Institute. Retrieved December 20, 2010.
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