Canasta
 | |
| Origin | Uruguay |
|---|---|
| Type | Matching |
| Players | 4 |
| Skills | Tactics & Strategy |
| Cards | 108 cards |
| Deck | French |
| Rank (high→low) | A K Q J 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 |
| Play | Clockwise |
| Playing time | 60 min |
| Chance | Medium |
| Related games | |
| Buraco Biriba | |
Canasta (Spanish for "basket"; Template:PronEng in English) is a card game of the rummy family of games believed to be a variant of 500 Rum. Although many variations exist for 2, 3, 5 or 6 players, it is most commonly played by four in two partnerships with two standard decks of cards. Players attempt to make melds of 7 cards of the same rank and "go out" by playing all cards in their hand. It is the only partnership member of the family of Rummy games to achieve the status of a classic.
The game of Canasta was devised by attorney Segundo Santos and architect Alberto Serrato in Montevideo, Uruguay, in 1939.[1] In the 1940s the game quickly spread in a myriad of variations to Chile, Peru, Brazil and Argentina,[1] where its rules were further refined[2] before being introduced to the United States in 1948, where it was then referred to as the Argentine Rummy game by Ottilie H. Reilly in 1949 and Michael Scully of Coronet Magazine in 1953.[3] The game quickly became a card-craze boom in the 1950s[4] providing a sales avalanche of card sets, card trays and books about the subject.[5]
Rules for original Canasta (as played in Uruguay)
The cards and deal
The game is for two to six players, either each player for themselves or in teams of two (only for four or six player games). If partners are chosen they must sit opposite each other. Canasta uses two complete decks of 52 playing cards (French Deck) plus the four Jokers. All the Jokers and deuces (twos) are wild cards.
| Card | Value |
|---|---|
| 3♦, 3♥ | 100 (200 each if all four held) |
| 3♣, 3♠, 4, 5, 6, 7 | 5 |
| 8, 9, 10, J, Q, K | 10 |
| 2 (Wild), A | 20 |
| Joker (Wild) | 50 |
The initial dealer is chosen by drawing cards from the deck, highest draw dealing first (Joker beats all, Deuce beats Ace, Threes lose to all). The deal then rotates clockwise after every hand. The dealer shuffles the pack, the player to the dealer's right cuts, and the dealer deals out 11 cards to each player.
The remaining cards are left in a stock in the center of the table. The top card from the stock is turned over to form the discard pile. If this first card is a black three or a wild card, the discard pile is frozen (explained in picking up the discard pile, below). Additional cards from the stock are turned over to the top of the discard pile until the top card of the discard pile is neither a three nor a wild card.
Any player who receives a red three in their initial hand must immediately play it to the table team and draw a new card to their hand.
The play
The player to the dealer's left has the first turn, and play then proceeds clockwise. A turn begins either by drawing the first card from the stock into the player's hand or by picking up the entire discard pile. However, there are restrictions on when you can pick up the discard pile. (See Picking up the discard pile, below.) If the card drawn from the stock is a red three, the player must play it immediately and draw another card.
The player may then make as many legal melds as they wish from the cards in their hand. A turn ends when the player discards one card from their hand to the top of the discard pile.
Melds and canastas
Each player/team keeps separate melds of the various ranks of cards. A player may never play to an opponent's meld. A legal meld consists of at least three cards of the same rank. Suits are irrelevant except that black threes are treated differently from red threes. Wild cards can be used as any rank except for threes. Threes may never be melded.
A meld must consist of at least two natural cards, and can never have more wild cards than natural cards (and therefore more than three wild cards). Examples: 5-5-2 and 9-9-9-2-2-Joker are legal melds. 5-2-2 is not a legal meld as it contains only one natural card. 9-9-2-2-2-Joker is not legal as it contains more wild cards than natural cards.
A canasta is a meld of at least seven cards, whether natural or mixed. A natural canasta is one that comprises only natural cards. A mixed canasta (or dirty canasta) is one that comprises both natural and wild cards.
Initial melds
When a player/team has not yet made any melds in a hand, that player must meet an additional point score requirement to make their first meld(s). The sum of the values of the cards played in the player's turn must equal or exceed the minimum initial meld requirement according to the player/team's total score:
| Team score | Minimum initial meld |
|---|---|
| Negative | 15 |
| 0 - 1495 | 50 |
| 1500 - 2995 | 90 |
| 3000 and above | 120 |
Example: If a player/team has a score of 1600 and has not yet made any melds in a hand, an initial meld of 6-6-6, K-K-K-2 cannot be made as it scores only 65 points and the requirement is 90. A meld of 6-6-6, A-A-A-2 would score 95 points and can be played. Note that both initial melds can be played if the team's total score is below 1500, and that neither can be played if the team's total score is 3000 or higher.
Picking up the discard pile
At the beginning of their turn, a player may pick up the entire discard pile instead of drawing a card from the stock. They may only pick up the discard pile if they can use the top card either in an existing meld or by making a new meld along with two other cards from their hand.
If a wild card has previously been discarded to the pile, the discard pile is frozen. When the discard pile is frozen, it may only be picked up if the player can meld the top card with two natural cards of the same rank in the player's hand.
In addition, the player/team must meet the initial meld requirement using the top card of the discard pile in order to pick up the pile. Only the top card is relevant for the player/team to pick up the rest of the discard pile.
If a wild card or a black three is on top of the discard pile, it may not be picked up
Going out
A player may go out by using all the cards in their hand only if that player/team has made one or more canastas. The player may go out only by melding all cards but one and discarding the final card. If the player/team has not yet made any canastas, the player may not make a play which would leave them with no cards in their hand at the end of their turn. The hand ends immediately when a player goes out. If the card can be played you are not out.
When considering going out, a player may ask their partner for permission to go out; however, the player must abide by the partner's answer. If the partner refuses permission, the player may not go out this turn. If the partner responds "yes", the player must go out this turn.
If a player has three or more black threes in his hand, they may be melded at this time and if the stock is completely depleted when a player is required to draw a card, it is reversed and play continues.
The scoring
At the end of each hand, the score for each team is calculated as follows:
With canastas
The total value of all cards melded by that player/team, including cards in canastas minus the total value of all cards remaining in the team's hands plus any bonuses:
| Going out | 100 |
| Each mixed canasta | 300 |
| Each natural canasta | 500 |
| Each red three, up to three | 100 |
| If all four red threes are held | 800 |
Without canastas
The total value of all the cards in the player/team's hand(s) plus all the cards on the player/team's table is subtracted from the total.
The bonuses for red threes are subtracted from a team's score rather than added if the hand ends without that team having made any canastas. That is, if a team has three red threes but has not made any canastas at the end of a hand, the team will suffer a penalty of 300 points rather than gaining a 300 point bonus.
The game ends when a player/team's total score reaches 5000 or above. The team with the highest total score at this point wins.
There is a special case where any player/team that manages to meld 7 canastas in one hand (natural or mixed) automatically gain 5000 points and thus win the game.
Canasta for two or three players
Canasta can be played with less than four players with some variations in the rules. The most significant changes are in the number of cards dealt at the beginning of the hand and the fact that each person plays individually. In a game with three players, each player receives 13 cards, and in a two player game each player receives 15 cards and each player draws two cards on each of their turns and discards one. Alternatively each player can draw only one card. If each player draws two cards, it can be required that a player must have two canastas in order to go out.
However, note that in three-player game the pile can be lost if one of your opponents discards a card that lets the other of your opponents pick it up. In two-player and two-team games you lose the pile only if your own team discards a card that lets the opponents pick it up.
US American Canasta
This version of Canasta is widespread, especially in the United States, and it was the official tournament version used by the (possibly defunct) American Canasta Association. American Canasta can be found in few books. One notable exception is Scarne's Encyclopedia of Card Games, where the author claims to have invented a game which he calls International Canasta. Most of the elements of Modern American Canasta can be found in Scarne's International Canasta, although there are some differences.
Due to its relative complexity and unforgiving scoring rules, which give large penalties for many melds that would be acceptable and even good in other versions, this may not be the best version for beginning players; "classic" canasta or Hand & Foot may better serve this purpose. (On the other hand, these versions can teach habits that become major liabilities in American canasta.) This version is only meant to be played by exactly four players, in two two-person partnerships. Important differences between this version and the "classic" version include:
Setup and play
- 13 cards are dealt to each player, then two face down groups of cards are dealt on either side of the draw pile and discard pile, one with four cards and one with three. The latter are referred to as the talons or wings. The discard pile itself starts out empty. The wings are never revealed, scored or otherwise permitted to affect the game in any way; their purpose seems to be to make the game less predictable by creating some uncertainty about the composition of the deck.
- The draw-two-cards rule is not used. Two canastas are required to go out. Play is to 8500.
- Initial meld requirements are higher - 125 for teams with less than 3000 points, 155 for teams with 3000 or more but less than 5000, 180 thereafter. Moreover, somewhere in your initial meld must be a matching set of three natural cards, though you are allowed to have wild cards in this meld in addition to the natural cards.
- Melding a complete canasta, however, is always considered to meet the initial meld requirement, regardless of the point values of the cards involved. (There is no other bonus for such a play.)
- The discard pile is always frozen. Many groups do not allow taking the pile and making your team's initial meld on the same turn; those that do allow this, require you to make the initial meld first, then take the pile. (The latter was the "official" tournament rule). This can be done on the strength of a pair of natural cards that were already melded that turn, or by producing such a pair from your hand after having met the initial meld requirement without it.
- There are some limitations on legal discards. Threes can't be discarded, except as your final discard when going out; the same is true of wild cards. If the discard pile is empty, aces and sevens can't be discarded. It is possible (though very unlikely), however, to be in a situation where you have only wild cards, or only aces, sevens and wild cards with an empty discard pile. In this case you may make such a discard (aces or sevens if possible, wild cards only if there is no other choice - never a three under any circumstances). However, an opponent may challenge the legality of such a play, in which case you must show the opponent your hand to verify that the play was in fact legal.
- Both red and black threes may be played to the table as red threes can in "classic" canasta. Unlike in other versions of canasta, this is optional. As in other versions, a player who plays a three draws a replacement card.
Melding rules
- Melds that do not include sevens or aces work as in "classic" canasta, except that such melds can include at most two wild cards rather than three.
- Melds of more than seven cards are strictly forbidden, as are duplicate melds of the same rank by the same team. This has a few strategic implications; for example, it is impossible to pick up the pile on the strength of a pair of (say) jacks in your hand if your team already has a meld of five jacks, natural or otherwise.
- One common exception, is to allow melds of 8 or more cards when going out. Skilled players will play a wild card on an existing canasta for the win.
- Sequences (such as those that define Samba, described above) are not legal melds and play no role in the normal play of American Canasta. The closest thing to a sequence that is normally allowed is one of the Special Hands, described below.
- Melds of sevens cannot include wild cards. A canasta of sevens is worth 2500 points rather than the usual 500. However, if the hand ends without your team completing this canasta, your team loses 2500 points. Retaining three or more sevens in your hand is nearly as bad, carrying a penalty of 1500.
- Aces are treated the same way as sevens, with one exception. If your team's initial meld includes aces, wild cards may be added at that time; if this is done, the aces are treated like any other meld rather than being treated in the special way sevens are. Otherwise, all the same rules, including the potential penalties, apply to aces as to sevens.
- Melds consisting entirely of wild cards are legal, much like in the aforementioned Bolivia variant. A canasta consisting of wild cards is worth 3000 points if it consists entirely of twos, 2500 points if it contains all four jokers, or 2000 points for any other combination. However, failing to complete a canasta once such a meld is made carries a 2000 point penalty.
- It is legal to meld certain special hands as your team's first and only meld. These are hands of exactly 14 cards which you can conceivably have after drawing your card for the turn. If a team plays a special hand, the play ends immediately; the team scores only the points for the special hand (there are no penalties for the cards in the other partner's hand). This is also the only time a player is allowed to not discard a card; even when going out, a player must otherwise have something to discard. There is considerable variation in what special hands are allowed and how they are scored. Among the most commonly accepted special hands are the following (these are the ones that were legal in the tournament version):
- Straight - one card of every rank, including a three (the reason you are allowed to retain threes in your hand), plus a joker. This is worth 3000.
- Pairs - seven pairs, which either do not include wild cards (worth 2500), or include twos, sevens and aces (all three must be present - this combination is worth 2000).
- Garbage - Two sets of four of a kind and two sets of three of a kind, which do not include any wild cards or threes. For example, 4-4-4-4-7-7-7-9-9-9-9-J-J-J would be considered a Garbage hand. This is worth 2000.
Other scoring rules
- Yet another variation on scoring threes is used. Scoring is 100 for one three of a particular colour, 300 for two, 500 for three or 1000 for four; red threes and black threes are counted separately. This is a penalty if your team has no canastas at the end of the hand (and for this purpose threes in your hand count as though they were on the table), ignored entirely if your team has exactly one canasta, and a bonus if your team has two or more canastas.
- If your team has no complete canastas when the play ends, any cards that have been melded count against that team, in addition to any of the above penalties that may apply. A team with at least one canasta gets positive points for these cards as usual.
Samba
Samba is a variant of Canasta, played with three decks, including jokers, for a total of 162 cards. 15 cards are dealt to each of four players, and an additional card is turned up. The game is to 10,000 points instead of 5,000. Samba allows sequence melds of three or more (for example, the 4, 5, and 6 of hearts or the Queen, King and Ace of Spades). If a player is able to make a sequence of seven (for example, the 5 through Q of diamonds), this is a samba and is worth 1,500 points. Rather than four red threes being worth 800 points; six red threes are worth 1,000 points. Two wild cards is the maximum allowed for a meld. The minimum initial meld is 150 if a partnership has 7,000 or more
Other “National” Canastas
Bolivian Canasta
Bolivian Canasta is similar to Samba, as it uses three decks and sequence melds.[6] Play is to 15,000. Wild card canastas (bolivias) count 2,500. A side must have a samba (called escalera in this game) and at least one other canasta to go out. Red threes only count positive if two or more canastas have been melded. Black threes are negative 100 instead of negative 5 when left in hand.
Brazilian Canasta
Similar to Bolivia, but only to 10,000. The minimum meld requirements are 150 from 5,000 to 7,000; a canasta from 7,000 to 8,000; 200 from 8,000 to 9,000; and a natural canasta from 9,000 up. Wild card canastas count 2,000. Partnerships receive 1,000 for five red threes and 1,200 for all six. If a side has a sequence of five cards or less, it loses 1,000.
Chilean Canasta
Allows both sambas and bolivias. Can be played with either three decks (162 cards) or four decks (216 cards)
Cuban Canasta
A two-deck variant to 7,500. Requires 150 for an initial meld if a partnership is over 5,000. The deck is always frozen. Wild card canastas are worth between 2,000 and 4,000; depending on the number of deuces. Threes are scored only if canastas are made; they count 100 for one, 300 for two, 500 for three and 1,000 for four. Black threes are removed from play if a discard pile is taken; a partnership that removes all four black threes this way gets 100 points.
Italian Canasta
Italian canasta is a Samba variant. The number of cards in the discard pile at the beginning of the game varies with the initial card turned up. The discard pile is always frozen. Deuces may, but a partnership may not play deuces as wild cards if deuces have been melded and a canasta is incomplete. Game is to 12,000
Uruguayan Canasta
This is regular canasta with two variants
- The deck is always frozen
- Canastas made solely of wild cards are allowed. They are worth 2,000 points
Boat Canasta
This variation originates in Slovakia. Since the definition of Canasta rules differed from player to player a strong urge has risen for unified rules. This in turn was satisfied by the creation of Boat Canasta, which really is a mix of other known rules, but thoroughly optimized. Currently this variant of Canasta is steadily gaining popularity mainly in Slovakia, but also in countries such as France, Germany and England.
Hand & Foot Canasta
This version is a quad deck game that is played with a hand and a foot, unlike traditional canasta that just has a hand.
Hand & Foot
Hand & Foot is a Canasta variant involving four to six decks rather than two and is played by teams of two players (usually two teams, but it also works with three or four teams). The number of decks used is typically one more than the number of players, though this can vary. Due to the larger pool of available cards, it is much easier to form canastas in Hand & Foot than in standard Canasta, which changes the strategy considerably. Some players feel this version is more enjoyable for beginners. The variant was born in the 1970s; commercial decks to play Hand & Foot have been available since 1987. Important rule changes for this variant include:
- Each player is dealt a hand of 11 and a second hand of 13, usually referred to as the "hand" and the "foot", respectively. The hand with the lowest bottom card is played first.
- Once a player plays all cards from their first hand, they pick up the second and continue their turn. A player discarding the last card from their first hand picks up the second and can begin playing from it on their next turn.
- On each turn, players draw two cards from the stock. Each player discards one card on each turn.
- A team may not go out until each member has played one card from the second hand and all threes have been discarded. The number of canastas required to go out varies. It can be at least two red and at least three black, or at least two black and at least three red canastas. Some variants allow a wildcard canasta, and then the requirement can be at least one black canasta, at least one red canasta, and a wild card canasta. When playing a singles game (that is, without partners), the requirement is one red canasta and one black canasta.
- No discards may be picked up. Some variants allow picking up discards with a natural pair, but a player may take at most seven cards from the discard pile. Still some variants allow you to pick up a discard, but only if you pick up the whole deck (à la gin rummy)
- Black threes do not count any points and are thus useful only as discards; however, you may not go out with one in your hand. The same is true of red threes; in fact these are even worse. Red threes count 300 to 500 points each against you, the amount depending on local variation, if you hold any in your hand (or foot) when a team goes out.
Variations
Hand & Foot itself has several variations. The following is a list of other rules that might be in place:
- Both the hand and foot are dealt as 11 cards each, or sometimes as 13 cards each.
- Instead of dealing the cards, the "dealer" simply shuffles the decks and places the stock in a pile. Each player in turn, starting with the one to the dealer's left, takes a stack of cards from the top of the pile. The player then separates this stack into their hand and foot, each of which will contain 11 cards. If the player drew exactly 22 cards, their team scores 100 bonus points. Otherwise, additional cards are returned to the stock or drawn as necessary to reach the two 11-card hands. Once all players have formed their hands and feet, play begins normally with the player to the dealer's left.
- After the deal (but before looking at the cards), each player turns up the top card of each hand. He then selects one hand to keep as his "foot", and passes the other to the player on his left. Each player then picks up the hand passed to him and plays it as the "hand".
- If a player is currently in their foot, and is able to play the top discard, then they may pick up the entire discard pile instead of drawing two cards from the stock. This is the only method by which discards can be picked up. Note that a player picking up the pile will almost certainly collect several red threes, which makes it a risky maneuver if the opponents are able to go out soon.
- A player currently in their foot may choose to pass, or "float", rather than discard at the end of their turn (the rest of the turn plays as normal). This allows the player to play all but one card but still avoid going out. A player might also wish to float to avoid breaking a pair, or to avoid discarding a card that might be favorable to the opponents, or some other strategic reason.
- Rules for going out vary considerably. In all cases, some number of canastas, possibly of specific types (red, black, or wild) are required. Beyond that, some versions require both teammates to be in their foot, while others allow you to go out even if your partner is still in their hand (though points in their foot still count against you, possibly with an additional 100 point penalty). Some versions relax the "no threes" rule and/or the "must play at least one card from foot" rule stated above. In addition, some versions require asking for and receiving your partner's permission before going out, while other versions specifically disallow asking, and still others give you the option to ask or not (as in standard Canasta).
- A red canasta can contain no more than 7 cards, while a black canasta can grow to unlimited size as long as the number of natural cards exceeds the number of wild cards. Wild cards may be added to black canastas even after 7 cards have been established, so long as the number of natural cards exceeds the number of wild cards.
- In some versions, eights are worth only 5 points (instead of 10 as is standard for Canasta). Black threes are often valued as 5 points rather than nil, though they can only be negative since threes cannot be played. Red threes may also vary in point value, although 500 or 100 are most common.
- In many variations, there are "dirty" canastas (represented by a black card, dirty meaning having one or more wild card) and "clean" (represented by a red card, clean meaning having no wild cards). Usually the requirement to go out is 2 clean and 1 dirty, although this often varies; variations played like this often have very few other restrictions about what can be drawn and how you can go out.
Miscellaneous variations
- It is fairly common for a different number of cards other than 11 to be dealt out at the beginning of the game, 13 and 15 also being common choices. Some groups vary the number of cards drawn inversely with the number of players.
- To make picking up the discard pile more challenging, always require that a natural pair matching the top card be played on the same turn that the pile is picked up (i.e., the pile is always frozen). This variant is sometimes referred to as Uruguayan Rummy
- A concealed canasta occurs when a canasta is revealed out of a players hand.
- One variant allows melding up to three wild cards in a meld, regardless of the number of natural cards melded.
- Allowing canastas made entirely of wild cards (this is allowed in Uruguayan and Bolivian Rummy),
- Require that two canastas be played in order to go out in four-player, as well as two- and three- player.
- Variation on the above: Require one or both to be natural canastas.
- Note on the above: In most cases this prevents a 'concealed hand' from being played, but it is still possible if a player picks up the discard pile and is able to use all or all but one of the cards and meld two canastas. Consider increasing the concealed canasta bonus to 250 or 500 points to reflect the increased difficulty of such a play.
- When the stock is depleted, consider flipping over the discard pile and turning it into a new stock to extend play. If the stock and discard pile are both depleted, continue as if the stock were depleted under normal rules.
- Play with a modified deck, such as six, two, or zero jokers, or only 7 of each meldable card.
- For a faster-paced game that de-emphasizes the importance of picking up the discard pile, draw two cards rather than one each turn. This is especially common in two-player games.
- When dealing, if the dealer takes the correct amount of cards off the stock to complete the deal, and he has no cards in his hand after dealing the first card to start the discard pile, he scores a bonus of 100 points.
- Require that all players with less than 1500 points meld 50, even with a negative score.
- Require the player behind (to the right of) the dealer cut the deck leaving the bottom separate from the top. The dealer then uses the bottom pile to deal from. If the cutter left the exact number of cards needed to deal to all players plus the one initial card for the draw pile, that team gets 100 points.
- When picking up the discard pile, only the top card can be used in this turn. The remaining cards picked up can then be used in subsequent turns.
Bibliography
- Culbertson, Ely, Culbertson on Canasta: a Complete Guide for Beginners and Advanced Players With the Official Laws of Canasta, Faber 1949
- Holmberg, H.H. and Öhrling, Erkki, Canasta, Samba ja Sitoumussamba, 1962
- Scarne, John, Scarne's Encyclopedia of Card Games, 2001
- Wastrack, Harry, The Essential Hand & Foot, Xlibris Corporation, 2005
- Morehead, Albert, Hoyle's Rules of Games (Third edition), Signet, 2001
See also
References
- ^ a b American Heritage Dictionary Spanish Word Histories and Mysteries: English Words That Come from Spanish, pg. 50, Houghton Mifflin Harcourt (2007), ISBN 0618910549
- ^ John Scarne, Scarne on Card Games, pg. 127, Dover Publications (2004), ISBN 0486436039
- ^ John Griswold, Ian Fleming's James Bond: Annotations And Chronologies for Ian Fleming's Bond Stories, pg. 228, AuthorHouse (2006), ISBN 1425931006
- ^ Nikki Katz, The Everything Card Games Book, pg. 52, Adams Media (2004), ISBN 1593371306
- ^ LIFE Magazine, Life, 19 December (1949)
- ^ Giampiero Farina, Alessandro Lamberto, Enciclopedia delle carte. La teoria e la pratica di oltre 1000 giochi, pg. 82, Ulrico Hoepli Editore S.p.A. (2006), ISBN 88-203-3672-3 Template:It icon