Voiced dental, alveolar and postalveolar trills

Voiced dental, alveolar and postalveolar trills
Voiced dental, alveolar and postalveolar trills
r
IPA number	122
Encoding
Entity (decimal)	r
Unicode (hex)	U+0072
X-SAMPA	r
Image

The alveolar trill is a type of consonantal sound, used in some spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents dental, alveolar, and postalveolar trills is [r], and the equivalent X-SAMPA symbol is r. It is commonly called the rolled R or rolling R. Quite often, /r/ is used in phonemic transcriptions (especially those found in dictionaries) of languages like English and German that have rhotic consonants that are not an alveolar trill. This is partly due to ease of typesetting and partly because <r> is often the symbol used for the orthographies of such languages.

In the majority of Indo-European languages, this sound is at least occasionally allophonic with an alveolar tap [ɾ], particularly in unstressed positions. Exceptions to this include Catalan, Spanish, and Albanian, which treat them as separate phonemes.

Features

Features of the alveolar trill:

Its manner of articulation is trill, which means it is produced by directing air over an articulator so that it vibrates.
Its place of articulation is alveolar, which means it is articulated with either the tip or the blade of the tongue at the alveolar ridge, termed respectively apical and laminal.
Its phonation is voiced, which means the vocal cords vibrate during the articulation.
It is an oral consonant, which means air is allowed to escape through the mouth only.
It is a central consonant, which means it is produced by directing the airstream along the center of the tongue, rather than to the sides.
Its airstream mechanism is pulmonic, which means it is articulated by pushing air solely with the intercostal muscles and abdominal muscles, as in most sounds.

Occurrence

Language		Word	IPA	Meaning	Notes
Abkhaz		ашəара	[aʃʷara]	'measure'	See Abkhaz phonology
Afrikaans		[[[Latin alphabet\|rooi]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help)	[rɔɪ]	'red'
Albanian		[[[Albanian alphabet\|rrush]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help)	[ruʃ]	'grape'
Arabic		رأس	[rɑʔs]	'head'	represented by a <ر>. See Arabic phonology
Armenian		ռումբ	[rumb]^ⓘ	'cannon-ball'
Basque		[[[Latin alphabet\|errota]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help)	[eˈrota]	'mill'
Catalan^[1]		[[[Catalan orthography\|esborrar]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help)	[əzβuˈra]	'to delete'	See Catalan phonology
Croatian		[[[Croatian alphabet\|tri]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help)	[tri]	'three'	May be syllabic.
Czech		[[[Czech orthography\|chlor]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help)	[xlɔ̝ːr]	'chlorine'	May be syllabic. See Czech phonology
Dutch		[[[Latin alphabet\|rood]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help)	[roːt]^ⓘ	'red'	Standard pronunciation. Pronunciation of 'r' varies regionally, see Dutch phonology
English	Scottish	[[[English orthography\|curd]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help)	[kʌrd]	'curd'	See English phonology
Esperanto		[[[Esperanto alphabet\|tri]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help)	[tri]^ⓘ	'three'
Estonian		[[[Estonian alphabet\|narr]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help)	[nɑrː]	'fool'
Finnish		[[[Finnish alphabet\|purra]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help)	[purːɑ]	'to bite'	See Finnish phonology
French	southern France and Corsica	[[[French orthography\|rouge]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help)	[ruʒ]	'red'	See Standard and Quebec French phonologies.
	rural Quebec
	African French
German	southern dialects	[[[German orthography\|Schmarrn]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help)	[ʃmaːrn]	'nonsense'	See German phonology
Greek		ρεβίθια/revthya	[reˈviθça]	'chick peas'	See Modern Greek phonology
Hindi		घर	[ɡʱər]	'house'	See Hindi-Urdu phonology
Hungarian		[[[Hungarian orthography\|arra]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help)	[ɒrːɒ]	'that way'	See Hungarian phonology
Ilokano		gurruod	[ɡʊˈruʔod]	'thunder'
Italian^[2]		[[[Italian alphabet\|terra]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help)	[ˈtɛrra]	'earth'	See Italian phonology
Kele^[3]		[ⁿrikei]		'leg'
Malay	Standard	arah	[arah]	'direction'
Ngwe	Njoagwi dialect	[lɛ̀rɛ́]		'eye'
Persian		رضا/Reza	[ˈrezɒː]	'Reza'	Allophone of [ɾ] in word-initial positions. See Persian phonology.
Polish^[4]		[[[Polish orthography\|krok]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help)	[ˈkrɔk]^ⓘ	'step'	See Polish phonology
Portuguese		[[[Portuguese orthography\|carro]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help)	[ˈkäru]	'car'	In some dialects. See Portuguese phonology and Guttural R.
Russian^[5]		играть	[ɪˈɡr̠atʲ]	'to play'	Retracted. See Russian phonology
Serbian		рт/[[[Latin alphabet\|rt]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help)	[r̩t]	'cape'	May be syllabic. See Serbo-Croatian phonology
Slovak		[[[Latin alphabet\|ryba]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help)	[riba]	'fish'	May be syllabic
Spanish^[6]		[[[Spanish orthography\|perro]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help)	[ˈpe̞ro̞]	'dog'	See Spanish phonology
Swedish	Central Standard	[[[Swedish alphabet\|rov]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help)	[ruːv]^ⓘ	'prey'	See Swedish phonology
Tajik		[[[Cyrillic alphabet\|арра]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help)	[ʌrrʌ]	'saw'
Titan^[3]		[ⁿrakeiʔin]		'girls'
Ubykh		[bəqˤʼərda]		'to roll around'	See Ubykh phonology
Welsh		[[[Welsh alphabet\|Rhagfyr]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help)	[ˈr̥aɡvɨr]	'December'	Contrasts voiced and voiceless alveolar trills. See Welsh phonology.
Zapotec	Tilquiapan^[7]	r-ree	[rəˤə]	'habitual-go out'	Underlyingly two sequences of /ɾ/

Voiceless alveolar trill

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Raised alveolar non-sonorant trill

In Czech there are two contrasting alveolar trills. Besides the typical trill, written r, there is another, written ř, in words such as rybáři [ˈrɪbaːr̝ɪ] 'fishermen' and the common surname Dvořák. Its manner of articulation is similar to [r] but the tongue is raised; it is partially fricative, with the frication sounding rather like [ʒ], though not so retracted. Thus in the IPA it is written as ‹r› plus the raising diacritic, ‹r̝›. (Before the 1989 IPA Kiel Convention, it had a dedicated symbol ‹ɼ›). It is normally voiced, but there is a voiceless allophone [r̝̊] as with many other Czech consonants.

This sound occurred historically in Polish, where it was written rz, but it has since merged with ż [ʐ].

(Listen: [r̝]^ⓘ)

References

^ Carbonell & Llisterri (1992:53)
^ Rogers & d'Arcangeli (2004:117)
^ ^a ^b Ladefoged (2005:165)
^ Jassem (2003:103)
^ Skalozub (1963:?); cited in Ladefoged & Maddieson (1996:?)
^ Martínez-Celdrán, Fernández-Planas & Carrera-Sabaté (2003:255)
^ Merrill (2008:109)

Bibliography

Carbonell, Joan F.; Llisterri, Joaquim (1992), "Catalan", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 22 (1–2): 53–56, doi:10.1017/S0025100300004618
Jassem, Wiktor (2003), "Polish", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 33 (1): 103–107, doi:10.1017/S0025100303001191
Ladefoged, Peter (2005), Vowels and Consonants (Second ed.), Blackwell
Ladefoged, Peter; Maddieson, Ian (1996), The Sounds of the World's Languages, Blackwell Publishing, ISBN ISBN 0-631-19815-6 {{citation}}: Check |isbn= value: invalid character (help)
Martínez-Celdrán, Eugenio; Fernández-Planas, Ana Ma.; Carrera-Sabaté, Josefina (2003), "Castilian Spanish", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 33 (2): 255–259, doi:10.1017/S0025100303001373
Merrill, Elizabeth (2008), "Tilquipan Zapotec", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 38 (1): 107–114
Rogers, Derek; d'Arcangeli, Luciana (2004), "Italian", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 34 (1): 117–121, doi:10.1017/S0025100304001628
Skalozub, Larisa (1963), Palatogrammy i Rentgenogrammy Soglasnyx Fonem Russkogo Literaturnogo Jazyka, Izdatelstvo Kievskogo Universiteta

[1] Carbonell & Llisterri (1992:53)

[2] Rogers & d'Arcangeli (2004:117)

[ReferenceA-3] Ladefoged (2005:165)

[4] Jassem (2003:103)

[5] Skalozub (1963:?); cited in Ladefoged & Maddieson (1996:?)

[6] Martínez-Celdrán, Fernández-Planas & Carrera-Sabaté (2003:255)

[7] Merrill (2008:109)

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v t e The letter R
General	Rhotic consonants (R-like sounds) Perception of English /r/ and /l/ by Japanese speakers Pronunciation of English /r/ Rhoticity in English R-colored vowel Rhotacism Guttural R Linking and intrusive R
Pronunciations	Voiceless alveolar trill [r̥] Voiced alveolar trill [r] Voiced alveolar or postalveolar approximant [ɹ] Voiceless alveolar tap [ɾ̥] Voiced alveolar tap [ɾ] Voiced alveolar lateral flap [ɺ] Voiced retroflex approximant [ɻ] Voiced retroflex flap [ɽ] Voiced retroflex trill [ɽr] Voiced velar approximant [ɰ] Voiced velar bunched approximant [ɹ̈] Voiceless velar fricative [x] Voiced velar fricative [ɣ] Voiceless uvular trill [ʀ̥] Voiced uvular trill [ʀ] Voiceless uvular fricative [χ] Voiced uvular fricative [ʁ] Voiced pharyngeal fricative [ʕ] Voiceless glottal fricative [h] Voiced glottal fricative [ɦ]
Variations	Ꝛꝛ (R rotunda) Ꞃꞃ (Insular) Ɽɽ (R with tail) Ɍɍ (R with stroke) Ʀʀ Ȑȑ Ŕŕ Ŗŗ Řř Ȓȓ R̃r̃ Ṙṙ Ṛṛ R̄r̄ Ṝṝ Ṟṟ Rd Rh Rl Rm Rn Rp Rr Rs Rt Rw Rz Rnd ᚱ (Raidô) ℝ (Real number) ® (Registered trademark symbol) Ⓡ (Enclosed R) ℞ (Medical prescription)