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Timeline of HIV/AIDS

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This is an old revision of this page, as edited by 98.223.3.29 (talk) at 00:46, 19 January 2011 (→1980s: add 1984 March 30, Gaëtan Dugas died.). The present address (URL) is a permanent link to this revision, which may differ significantly from the current revision.

For selected AIDS cases prior to 1981, see also Timeline of early AIDS cases.

This is a timeline of AIDS, including AIDS cases before 1980.

Pre-1980s

See also: Timeline of early AIDS cases
1930s
1959
X-ray showing infection with Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia.
  • The first known case of HIV in a human occurs in a person who died in the Congo, later confirmed as having HIV infection from his preserved blood samples. [2] [3] The authors of the study did not sequence a full virus from his samples, writing that "attempts to amplify HIV-1 fragments of >300 base pairs (bp) were unsuccessful, . . . However, after numerous attempts, four shorter sequences were obtained" that represented small portions of two of the six genes of the complete AIDS virus.[3]
  • In New York City, "Ardouin A.", a 49-year-old American shipping clerk dies of Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia, a disease closely associated with AIDS. Dr. Gordon Hennigar, who performed the postmortem examination of the man's body, found "the first reported instance of unassociated Pneumocystis carinii disease in an adult" to be so unusual that he pickled Ardouin's lungs for later study. The case was written up in two medical journals at the time, and Hennigar has been quoted in numerous publications saying that he believes Ardouin probably had AIDS.[4][5]
1960s
  • HIV-2, a viral variant found in West Africa, is thought to have transferred to people from sooty mangabey monkeys in Guinea-Bissau during this period.[1]
1964
  • Jerome Horwitz of Barbara Ann Karmanos Cancer Institute and Wayne State University School of Medicine synthesized AZT, under a US National Institutes of Health (NIH) grant. AZT was originally intended as an anticancer drug.
1966
  • Genetic studies of the virus indicate that, in or about 1966, HIV first arrived in the Americas, infecting a single person in Haiti. At this time, many Haitians were working in Congo, providing the opportunity for infection.[6]
1968
  • A 2003 analysis of HIV types found in the United States, compared to known mutation rates, suggests that the virus may have first arrived in the United States in this year.[1] The disease spread from the 1966 American strand, but remained unrecognized for another 12 years.[6]
1969
  • A St. Louis teenager, identified only as Robert R., dies of an illness that baffles his doctors. Eighteen years later, molecular biologists at Tulane University in New Orleans test samples of his remains and find evidence of HIV present.[7]
1975
  • The first reports of wasting and other symptoms, later determined to be AIDS, are reported in residents of Africa.[8]
1976
  • Norwegian sailor Arvid Noe dies; it is later determined that he contracted HIV/AIDS in Africa during the early 1960s.
1977
  • Danish physician Grethe Rask dies of AIDS contracted in Africa.
  • A San Francisco prostitute gives birth to the first of three children who would later be diagnosed with AIDS, and whose blood, when tested after their deaths, would reveal HIV infection. The mother would herself die of AIDS in May 1987. She was clearly infected by 1977 and perhaps earlier.[9]
1978
  • A Portuguese man known as Senhor Jose dies; he will later be confirmed as the first known infection of HIV-2. He was believed to have been exposed to the disease in Guinea-Bissau in 1966.

1980s

1980
  • April 24, San Francisco resident Ken Horne, the first AIDS case in the United States to be recognized at the time, is reported to Center for Disease Control with Kaposi's sarcoma (KS). He was also suffering from Cryptococcus at the time.[10]
  • On October 31, French-Canadian flight attendant Gaëtan Dugas pays his first known visit to New York City bathhouses. He would later be deemed "Patient Zero" for his apparent connection to many early cases of AIDS in the United States.[11]
  • Rick Wellikoff, a Brooklyn schoolteacher, dies of AIDS in New York City on December 23. He is the 4th American to have died from the new disease.
1981
Kaposi's sarcoma on the skin of an AIDS patient.
  • January 15, Nick Rock becomes the first known AIDS death in New York City.[11]
  • May 18, Dr. Lawrence Mass becomes the first journalist in the world to write about the epidemic, in the "New York Native," a gay newspaper. A gay tipster overheard his physician mention that some gay men were being treated in intensive-care units in New York City for a strange pneumonia. "Disease Rumors Largely Unfounded" was the headline on Mass's article. Mass repeated a New York City public-health official's claims that there was no wave of disease sweeping through the gay community. At this point, however, the Centers for Disease Control (CDC) had been gathering information for about a month on the outbreak that Mass's source was dismissing.
  • June 5, The CDC reports a cluster of Pneumocystis pneumonia in five gay men in Los Angeles.[12]
  • July 4, CDC reports clusters of Kaposi's sarcoma and Pneumocystis pneumonia among gay men in California and New York City.[13]
  • By the end of the year, 121 people are known to have died from the disease.[1]
  • First known case in the United Kingdom.[14]
1982
  • June 18, CDC MMWR 1982 31(23);305-7
"Exposure to some substance (rather than an infectious agent) may eventually lead to immunodeficiency among a subset of the homosexual male population that shares a particular style of life."[15] For example, Marmor et al. recently reported that exposure to amyl nitrite was associated with an increased risk of KS in New York City.[16] Exposure to inhalant sexual stimulants, central-nervous-system stimulants, and a variety of other "street" drugs was common among males belonging to the cluster of cases of KS and PCP in Los Angeles and Orange counties."[15]
  • July 9, CDC reports a cluster of opportunistic infections (OOI) and Kaposi's sarcoma among Haitians recently entering the United States. [1]
  • July 27, The term AIDS (for acquired immune deficiency syndrome) is proposed at a meeting in Washington of gay-community leaders, federal bureaucrats and the CDC to replace GRID (for gay-related immune deficiency) as evidence showed it was not gay specific.[17]
  • Summer, First known case in Italy [18]
  • September 24, Current Trends Update on Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS) - United States[19]
CDC defines a case of AIDS as a disease, at least moderately predictive of a defect in cell-mediated immunity, occurring in a person with no known cause for diminished resistance to that disease. Such diseases include KS, PCP, and serious OOI. [...] Diagnoses are considered to fit the case definition only if based on sufficiently reliable methods (generally histology or culture). Some patients who are considered AIDS cases on the basis of diseases only moderately predictive of cellular immunodeficiency may not actually be immunodeficient and may not be part of the current epidemic.
  • December 10, a baby in California becomes ill in the first known case of AIDS from a blood transfusion.[11]
  • First known case in Brazil.[20]
  • First known case in Canada.[21]
1983
  • In January, Dr. Françoise Barré-Sinoussi, at the Pasteur Institute in Paris, isolates a retrovirus that kills T-cells from the lymph system of a gay AIDS patient. In the following months, she would find it in additional gay and hemophiliac sufferers. This retrovirus would be called by several names, including LAV and HTLV-III before being named HIV in 1986.[22]
  • CDC National AIDS Hotline established.
  • March, United States Public Heath Service (PHS) or (USPHS) issues donor screening guidelines. AIDS high-risk groups should not donate blood/plasma products.
  • Australia has first death from AIDS in Melbourne, the Hawke Labor government invests in a significant campaign that ultimately gives HIV/AIDS in Australia one of the lowest infection rates in the world.
  • AIDS is diagnosed in Mexico for the first time. HIV can be traced in the country back to 1981.[23]
  • Within a few days of each other, cult musicians Jobriath and Klaus Nomi are the first internationally-known recording artists known to have died from AIDS-related illness.
1984
  • March 30, Gaëtan Dugas died. He was a French Canadian flight attendant linked by the CDC directly or indirectly with 40 of the first 248 reported cases of AIDS in the U.S..
  • April 23, U.S. Health and Human Services Secretary Margaret Heckler announces at a press conference that an American scientist, Dr. Robert Gallo, has discovered the probable cause of AIDS: the retrovirus subsequently named human immunodeficiency virus or HIV in 1986. She also declares that a vaccine will be available within two years.
  • September 6, first performance at Theatre Rhinoceros in San Francisco of The AIDS Show which runs for two years and is the subject of a 1986 documentary film of the same name.
  • December 17, Ryan White was diagnosed with AIDS by a doctor performing a partial lung removal. White became infected with HIV from a blood product, known as Factor VIII, as part of his treatment for hemophilia which was given to him on a regular basis. When the public school that he attended, Western Middle School in Russiaville, Indiana, learned of his disease in 1985 there was enormous pressure from parents and faculty to bar him from school premises. Due to the widespread fear of AIDS and lack of medical knowledge, principal Ron Colby and the schoolboard assented. His family filed a lawsuit, seeking to overturn the ban.
1985
  • March 2, FDA approves first AIDS antibody screening tests for use on all donated blood and plasma intended for transfusion.
  • October 2, Rock Hudson, the first American celebrity to publicly admit having AIDS, dies of the disease.
  • October, a conference of public health officials including representatives of the Centers for Disease Control and World Health Organisation meet in Bangui and define AIDS in Africa as "prolonged fevers for a month or more, weight loss of over 10% and prolonged diarrhoea".
  • First officially reported cases in China.[24]
1986
This image revealed the presence of both HTLV-1, and HIV.
  • HIV (human immunodeficiency virus) is adopted as name of the retrovirus that was first proposed as the cause of AIDS by Luc Montagnier of France, who named it LAV (lymphadenopathy associated virus) and Robert Gallo of the United States, who named it HTLV-III (human T-lymphotropic virus type III)
  • January 14, "...one million Americans have already been infected with the virus and that this number will jump to at least 2 million or 3 million within 5 to 10 years..." - NIAID Director Anthony Fauci, New York Times.[25]
  • February, President Reagan instructs his Surgeon General C. Everett Koop to prepare a report on AIDS. (Koop was excluded from the Executive Task Force on AIDS established in 1983 by his immediate superior, Assistant Secretary of Health Edward Brandt.) Without allowing Reagan's domestic policy advisers to review the report, Koop released the report at a press conference on October 22, 1986.[26][27]
  • Attorney Geoffrey Bowers is fired from the firm of Baker & McKenzie after AIDS-related Kaposi's sarcoma lesions appeared on his face. The firm maintained that he was fired purely for his performance.[28] He sued the firm, in one of the first AIDS discrimination cases to go to a public hearing. These events were inspiration for the film Philadelphia.[29]
  • Model Gia Carangi dies of AIDS related illness on November 18.
  • First officially known cases in the U.S.S.R.[30] and India.[31]
1987
1988
  • May, C. Everett Koop sends an eight-page, condensed version of his Surgeon General's Report on Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome report named Understanding AIDSto all 107,000,000 households in the United States, becoming the first federal authority to provide explicit advice to Americans on how to protect themselves from AIDS.[32][33]
  • December 1, the first World AIDS Day
  • In Argentina takes place the deaths of popular and legendary Rock singers Federico Moura( December 21),and Miguel Abuelo (March 26),both from AIDS complications and in Buenos Aires.
1989
  • The television movie "The Ryan White Story" aired. It starred Judith Light as Jeanne, Lukas Haas as Ryan and Nikki Cox as sister Andrea. Ryan White had a small cameo appearance as Chad, a young patient with AIDS. Another AIDS-themed film, The Littlest Victims, debuted in 1989, biopicing James Oleske, the first U.S. pyhsician to discover AIDS in newborns during AIDS' early years, when many thought it was only homosexually-spread.

1990s

1990
Ryan White
  • British actor Ian Charleson dies on January 6, 1990 from AIDS at the age of 40 — the first show-business death in the United Kingdom openly attributed to complications from AIDS.
  • Ryan White - Dies on April 8, 1990 at the age of 18 from pneumonia caused by AIDS complications.
  • Congress enacted The Ryan White Comprehensive AIDS Resources Emergency (CARE) Act or Ryan White Care Act, the United States' largest federally funded health related program (excluding Medicaid and Medicare).
  • Brazilian singer Cazuza dies in Rio de Janeiro on July 7, 1990 at the age of 32 from an AIDS related illness.
1991
  • Elizabeth Glaser, wife of Starsky & Hutch's Paul Michael Glaser, dies from related complications almost ten years after receiving an infected blood transfusion while giving birth and unknowingly passing it on to her daughter, Ariel, and son, Jake. Ariel died in 1988 and Jake is still HIV positive (Paul Michael is negative).
  • A little over 24 hours after issuing the statement confirming that he has been tested HIV positive and had AIDS, Freddie Mercury (Singer of the British band Queen) dies on November 24, 1991 at the age of 45. The official cause of death was bronchial pneumonia resulting from AIDS.
  • NBA star Magic Johnson publicly announces that he is HIV-positive.
1992
  • The first combination drug therapies for HIV are introduced. Such "cocktails" are more effective than AZT alone and slow down the development of drug resistance.[1]
  • American actor Anthony Perkins, known for his role as Norman Bates in the Psycho movies, dies from AIDS.
  • Tennis star Arthur Ashe dies from related complications
  • Australian singer Peter Allen dies from complications due to AIDS on June 18, 1992
  • Popular science fiction writer Isaac Asimov dies on April 6. Ten years later, his wife revealed that his death was due to AIDS-related complications. The writer was infected during a blood transfusion in 1983.[34]
  • At the Royal Free Hospital in London, an out-patients' centre for HIV and AIDS is opened by Sir Ian McKellen, and is named the Ian Charleson Day Centre after actor Ian Charleson.
1993
  • The PCR (polymerase chain reaction) technique is developed by Kary Mullis, improving the researches on microbiology and genetics, also widely used in AIDS research.
1995
1996
Robert Gallo
  • Robert Gallo's discovery that some natural compounds known as chemokines can block HIV and halt the progression of AIDS is hailed by Science magazine as one of that year's most important scientific breakthroughs.
1997
  • September 2, "The most recent estimate of the number of Americans infected (with HIV), 750,000, is only half the total that government officials used to cite over a decade ago, at a time when experts believed that as many as 1.5 million people carried the virus." article in the Washington Post
  • Based on the Bangui definition the WHO's cumulative number of reported AIDS cases from 1980 through 1997 for all of Africa is 620,000.[35] For comparison, the cumulative total of AIDS cases in the USA through 1997 is 641,087.
  • December 7, "French President Jacques Chirac addressed Africa's top AIDS conference on Sunday [December 7, 1997] and called on the world's richest nations to create an AIDS therapy support fund to help Africa. According to Chirac, Africa struggles to care for two-thirds of the world's persons with AIDS without the benefit of expensive AIDS therapies. Chirac invited other countries, especially European nations, to create a fund that would help increase the number of AIDS studies and experiments. AIDS workers welcomed Chirac's speech and said they hoped France would promote the idea to the Group of Eight summit of the world's richest nations.”[36]
1998
  • December 10, International Human Rights Day, Treatment Action Campaign (TAC) is launched to campaign for greater access to HIV treatment for all South Africans, by raising public awareness and understanding about issues surrounding the availability, affordability and use of HIV treatments. TAC campaigns against the view that AIDS is a death sentence.
1999
  • January 31, studies suggest that a retrovirus, SIVcpz (simian immunodeficiency virus) from the common chimpanzee Pan troglodytes, may have passed to human populations in west equatorial Africa during the twentieth century and developed into various types of HIV.[37][38]
  • Edward Hooper releases a book called The River, which accuses doctors who tested a polio vaccine in 1950s Africa of unintentionally starting the AIDS epidemic. The theory receives a great deal of publicity.[1] It was later refuted by studies demonstrating the origins of HIV as a mutated variant of a simian immunodeficiency virus that is lethal to humans.[39][40][41][42][43]

2000s

2000
  • WHO estimates between 15% and 20% of new HIV infections worldwide are the result of blood transfusions, where the donors were not screened or inadequately screened for HIV.
2001
  • September 21, FDA licenses the first nucleic acid test (NAT) systems intended for screening of blood and plasma donations.
2004
  • January 5, "Individual risk of acquiring HIV and experiencing rapid disease progression is not uniform within populations", says Anthony S. Fauci, M.D., director of NIAID.[44] [2]
2005
  • January 21, CDC recommends anti-retroviral post-exposure prophylaxis for people exposed to HIV from rapes, accidents or occasional unsafe sex or drug use. This treatment should start no more than 72 hours after a person has been exposed to the virus, and the drugs should be used by patients for 28 days. This emergency drug treatment has been recommended since 1996 for health-care workers accidentally stuck with a needle, splashed in the eye with blood, or exposed in some other way on the job.[45]
  • A highly resistant strain of HIV linked to rapid progression to AIDS is identified in New York City.[1]
2006
  • November 9, SIV found in gorillas[46]

See also

References

  1. ^ a b c d e f g h i "Timeline: HIV & AIDS," John Pickrell, New Scientist, September 4, 2006
  2. ^ Pence, G. E. (2008). Preventing the Global Spread of AIDS. In Medical Ethics Accounts of the Cases That Shaped and Define Medical Ethics (p. 330). New York, NY: McGraw-Hill.
  3. ^ a b Zhu T, Korber BT, Nahmias AJ, Hooper E, Sharp PM, Ho DD (1998). "An African HIV-1 sequence from 1959 and implications for the origin of the epidemic". Nature. 391 (6667): 594–7. doi:10.1038/35400. PMID 9468138. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  4. ^ "Strange Trip Back to the Future - The case of Robert R. spurs new questions about AIDS", TIME Magazine, November 9, 1987
  5. ^ "The River : A Journey to the Source of HIV and AIDS," Edward Hooper, 1999
  6. ^ a b "Solved: the mystery of how AIDS left Africa," New Scientist, November 3, 2007, p.20
  7. ^ Kolata, Gina (1987-10-28). "Boy's 1969 Death Suggests AIDS Invaded U.S. Several Times". The New York Times. The New York Times Company. Retrieved 2008-07-05. {{cite news}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  8. ^ Did Modern Medicine Spread an Epidemic?/After decades, and millions of injections, scientists are asking the chilling question
  9. ^ "And the Band Played On", Randy Shilts, p.512-513
  10. ^ KQED LGBT Timeline
  11. ^ a b c AIDS in New York, a Biography
  12. ^ Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (1981-06-05). "Pneumocycstis Pneumonia - Los Angeles" (PDF). Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report. 30 (21): 250–2. PMID 6265753. Retrieved 2008-05-10. {{cite journal}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help); More than one of |author1= and |last= specified (help)
  13. ^ Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (1981-07-04). "Kaposi's Sarcoma and Pneumocycstis Pneumonia Among Homosexual Men - New York City and California" (PDF). Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report. 30 (25): 305–8. PMID 6789108. Retrieved 2008-05-10. {{cite journal}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help); More than one of |author1= and |last= specified (help)
  14. ^ Dubois, R.M., Braitwaite, M.A., Mikhail, J.R. et al., (1981) 'Primary Pneumocystis Carinii and Cytomegalovirus Infections', the Lancet, ii, 1339
  15. ^ a b Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (1982). "A Cluster of Kaposi's Sarcoma and Pneumocystis carinii Pneumonia among Homosexual Male Residents of Los Angeles and range Counties, California". Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report. 31 (23): 305–7. PMID 6811844. Retrieved 2008-05-11. {{cite journal}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help); More than one of |author1= and |last= specified (help)
  16. ^ Marmor M, Friedman-Kien AE, Laubenstein L; et al. (1982). "Risk factors for Kaposi's sarcoma in homosexual men". Lancet. 1 (8281): 1083–7. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(82)92275-9. PMID 6122889. {{cite journal}}: Explicit use of et al. in: |author= (help); Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  17. ^ TIME
  18. ^ from: Bruno de Michelis, Remo Modica, Giorgio Re et al.:Trattato di Clinica Odontostomatologica, Turin 1992, 3rd edition; "[the patient was] a homosexual subject that has been many times in United States; ... in 1983 were reported other 4 cases about homosexuals that travelled to USA, when in 1984 AIDS cases [in Italy] were 18; among these, was described in Milan the first case about a drug addicted subject that never had been in the exterior".
  19. ^ http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/00001163.htm
  20. ^ HIV & AIDS in Brazil
  21. ^ "AIDS: The global epidemic". Canadian Broadcasting Corporation. 2008-07-02. Retrieved 2008-07-14.
  22. ^ And The Band Played On, Randy Shilts, p.227
  23. ^ AIDS in Mexico, November, 1998
  24. ^ HIV & AIDS in China
  25. ^ Boffey, Philip (1986-01-14). "AIDS IN THE FUTURE: EXPERTS SAY DEATHS WILL CLIMB SHARPLY". The New York Times. The New York Times Company. Retrieved 2008-05-04. {{cite news}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  26. ^ http://profiles.nlm.nih.gov/QQ/Views/Exhibit/narrative/aids.html The C. Everett Koop Papers - AIDS, the Surgeon General, and the Politics of Public Health
  27. ^ http://profiles.nlm.nih.gov/QQ/Views/AlphaChron/date/10004/ Surgeon General's Report on Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome
  28. ^ Lawyer With AIDS Charges Job Discrimination
  29. ^ Philadelphia' Screenplay Suit To Reach Court
  30. ^ AIDS in Russia
  31. ^ Overview of HIV and AIDS in India
  32. ^ http://profiles.nlm.nih.gov/QQ/Views/Exhibit/narrative/aids.html The C. Everett Koop Papers - AIDS, the Surgeon General, and the Politics of Public Health
  33. ^ http://profiles.nlm.nih.gov/QQ/Views/AlphaChron/date/10004/ Understanding AIDS - A Message from the Surgeon General
  34. ^ http://www.asimovonline.com/asimov_FAQ.html#non-literary2
  35. ^ Shisana, O (2003). The impact of HIV/AIDS on the health sector : national survey of health personnel, ambulatory and hospitalised patients and health facilities, 2002. Pretoria: Human Sciences Research Council. p. 146. ISBN 9781875017850. OCLC 54406814. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  36. ^ Bunce, 1997, Reuters
  37. ^ Gao F, Bailes E, Robertson DL; et al. (1999). "Origin of HIV-1 in the chimpanzee Pan troglodytes troglodytes". Nature. 397 (6718): 436–41. doi:10.1038/17130. PMID 9989410. {{cite journal}}: Explicit use of et al. in: |author= (help); Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  38. ^ Weiss RA, Wrangham RW (1999). "From Pan to pandemic". Nature. 397 (6718): 385–6. doi:10.1038/17008. PMID 9989400. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  39. ^ Hillis DM (2000). "AIDS. Origins of HIV". Science. 288 (5472): 1757–9. doi:10.1126/science.288.5472.1757. PMID 10877695.
  40. ^ Birmingham K (2000). "Results make a monkey of OPV-AIDS theory". Nat Med. 6 (10): 1067. doi:10.1038/80356. PMID 11017114.
  41. ^ Cohen J (2001). "AIDS origins. Disputed AIDS theory dies its final death". Science. 292 (5517): 615. doi:10.1126/science.292.5517.615a. PMID 11330303.
  42. ^ Origin of Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV/AIDS) Centers for Disease Control and Prevention website , Accessed 30th January 2007
  43. ^ Worobey M, Santiago M, Keele B, Ndjango J, Joy J, Labama B, Dhed'A B, Rambaut A, Sharp P, Shaw G, Hahn B (2004). "Origin of AIDS: contaminated polio vaccine theory refuted". Nature. 428 (6985): 820. doi:10.1038/428820a. PMID 15103367.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  44. ^ US National Institutes of Health (2005-01-06). "Scientists Discover Key Genetic Factor in Determining HIV/AIDS Risk". US National Institutes of Health. Retrieved 2008-05-10. {{cite news}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help) [dead link‍]
  45. ^ Antiretroviral Postexposure Prophylaxis After Sexual, Injection-Drug Use, or Other Nonoccupational Exposure to HIV in the United States Recommendations from the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services
  46. ^ Van Heuverswyn F, Li Y, Neel C; et al. (2006). "Human immunodeficiency viruses: SIV infection in wild gorillas". Nature. 444 (7116): 164. doi:10.1038/444164a. PMID 17093443. {{cite journal}}: Explicit use of et al. in: |author= (help); Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
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