Jump to content

Tinnitus

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

This is an old revision of this page, as edited by Jwalling (talk | contribs) at 00:08, 30 January 2011 (Reverted 1 edit by 68.188.32.146 (talk) identified as vandalism to last revision by Mindmatrix. (TW)). The present address (URL) is a permanent link to this revision, which may differ significantly from the current revision.

Tinnitus
SpecialtyOtorhinolaryngology, audiology, neurology Edit this on Wikidata

Tinnitus (Template:PronEng or /ˈtɪnɪtəs/,[1] from the Latin word tinnītus meaning "ringing") is the perception of sound within the human ear in the absence of corresponding external sound.

Tinnitus is not a disease, but a symptom that can result from a wide range of underlying causes: abnormally loud sounds in the ear canal for even the briefest period (but usually with some duration), ear infections, foreign objects in the ear, nose allergies that prevent (or induce) fluid drain, or wax build-up. Withdrawal from a benzodiazepine addiction may cause tinnitus as well. In-ear headphones, whose sound enters directly into the ear canal, without any opportunity to be deflected or absorbed elsewhere, are a popular cause of tinnitus when volume is set beyond modest or moderate levels.

Tinnitus can also be caused by natural hearing impairment (as in aging), as a side effect of some medications, and as a side effect of genetic (congenital) hearing loss. However, the most common cause is noise-induced hearing loss.

As tinnitus is usually a subjective phenomenon, it is difficult to measure using objective tests, such as by comparison with noise of known frequency and intensity, as in an audiometric test. The condition is often rated clinically on a simple scale from "slight" to "catastrophic" according to the practical difficulties it imposes, such as interference with sleep, quiet activities, and normal daily activities.[2]

Tinnitus is common; about one in five people between 55 and 65 years old report symptoms on a general health questionnaire, and 11.8% on more detailed tinnitus-specific questionnaires.[3]

Characteristics

Tinnitus can be perceived in one or both ears or in the head. It is usually described as a ringing noise, but in some patients it takes the form of a high pitched whining, electric, buzzing, hissing, screaming, humming, tinging or whistling sound, or as ticking, clicking, roaring, "crickets" or "tree frogs" or "locusts (cicadas)", tunes, songs, beeping, or even a pure steady tone like that heard during a hearing test.[4] It has also been described as a "wooshing" sound, as of wind or waves.[5] Tinnitus can be intermittent or it can be continuous, in which case it can be the cause of great distress. In some individuals, the intensity can be changed by shoulder, head, tongue, jaw, or eye movements.[6]

Most people with tinnitus have some degree of hearing loss,[7] in that they are often unable to hear clearly external sounds which occur within the same range of frequencies as their "phantom sounds."[8] This has led to the suggestion that one cause of tinnitus might be a homeostatic response of central dorsal cochlear nucleus auditory neurons that makes them hyperactive in compensation to auditory input loss.[9]

The sound perceived may range from a quiet background noise to one that can be heard even over loud external sounds. The term "tinnitus" usually refers to more severe cases. Heller and Bergman (1953) conducted a study of 100 tinnitus-free university students placed in an anechoic chamber, and found 93% reported hearing a buzzing, pulsing or whistling sound. Cohort studies have demonstrated damage to hearing (among other health effects) from unnatural levels of noise exposure is very widespread in industrialized countries.[10]

For research purposes, the more elaborate Tinnitus Handicap Inventory is often used.[11] Persistent tinnitus may cause irritability, fatigue, and on occasions, clinical depression[12][13] and musical hallucinations.[14]

As with all diagnostics, other potential sources of the sounds normally associated with tinnitus should be ruled out. For instance, two recognized sources of very high pitched sounds might be electromagnetic fields common in modern wiring, and various sound signal transmissions. A condition which mimics tinnitus is [radio frequency (RF) hearing], in which subjects have been tested and found to hear high pitched transmission frequencies that sound similar to tinnitus.

Causes

Objective tinnitus

In some cases, a clinician can perceive an actual sound (e.g., a bruit) emanating from the patient's ears. This is called objective tinnitus. Objective tinnitus can arise from muscle spasms that cause clicks or crackling around the middle ear.[15] Some people experience a sound that beats in time with the pulse (pulsatile tinnitus or vascular tinnitus).[16] Pulsatile tinnitus is usually objective in nature, resulting from altered blood flow or increased blood turbulence near the ear (such as from atherosclerosis or venous hum,[17]) but it can also arise as a subjective phenomenon from an increased awareness of blood flow in the ear.[16] Rarely, pulsatile tinnitus may be a symptom of potentially life-threatening conditions such as carotid artery aneurysm[18] or carotid artery dissection.[19] Pulsatile tinnitus may also indicate vasculitis, or more specifically, giant cell arteritis.

Subjective tinnitus

Subjective tinnitus can have many possible causes, but most commonly results from otologic disorders – the same conditions that cause hearing loss. The most common cause is noise-induced hearing loss, resulting from exposure to excessive or loud noises. But tinnitus, along with sudden onset hearing loss, may have no obvious external cause. Ototoxic drugs can cause subjective tinnitus either secondary to hearing loss or without hearing loss, and may increase the damage done by exposure to loud noise, even at doses that are not in themselves ototoxic.[20]

Subjective tinnitus is also a side effect of some medications, such as aspirin, and may also result from an abnormally low level of serotonin activity. It is also a classical side effect of quinidine, a Class IA anti-arrhythmic. Over 260 medications have been reported to cause tinnitus as a side effect.[21] In many cases, however, no underlying physical cause can be identified.

Tinnitus can also occur due to the discontinuation of therapeutic doses of benzodiazepines as part of the benzodiazepine withdrawal syndrome. It can sometimes be a protracted symptom from benzodiazepines withdrawal, and persist for many months.[22][23]

Causes of subjective tinnitus include:[24]

Pathophysiology

One of the possible mechanisms relies on otoacoustic emissions. The inner ear contains thousands of minute hairs, called stereocilia, which vibrate in response to sound waves, and cells which convert neural signals back into acoustical vibrations. The sensing cells are connected with the vibratory cells through a neural feedback loop, whose gain is regulated by the brain. This loop is normally adjusted just below onset of self-oscillation, which gives the ear spectacular sensitivity and selectivity. If something changes, it is easy for the delicate adjustment to cross the barrier of oscillation, and tinnitus results. Listening to loud music kills hair cells, and studies have shown as hair cells are lost, different neurons are activated, activating auditory parts of the brain and giving the perception of sound.[citation needed]

Another possible mechanism underlying tinnitus is damage to the receptor cells. Although receptor cells can be regenerated from the adjacent supporting Deiters cells after injury in birds, reptiles, and amphibians, in mammals it is believed they can be produced only during embryogenesis. Although mammalian Deiters cells reproduce and position themselves appropriately for regeneration, they have not been observed to transdifferentiate into receptor cells except in tissue culture experiments.[29][30] Therefore, if these hairs become damaged, through prolonged exposure to excessive sound levels, for instance, then deafness to certain frequencies results. In tinnitus, they may relay information that an externally audible sound is present at a certain frequency when it is not.

The mechanisms of subjective tinnitus are often obscure. While it is not surprising that direct trauma to the inner ear can cause tinnitus, other apparent causes (e.g., temporomandibular joint disorder (TMJD or TMD) and dental disorders) are difficult to explain. Research has proposed there are two distinct categories of subjective tinnitus: otic tinnitus, caused by disorders of the inner ear or the acoustic nerve, and somatic tinnitus, caused by disorders outside the ear and nerve, but still within the head or neck. It is further hypothesized somatic tinnitus may be due to "central crosstalk" within the brain, as certain head and neck nerves enter the brain near regions known to be involved in hearing.[31]

Studies by researchers at the University of Western Australia suggest tinnitus is caused by increased neural activity in the auditory brainstem where the brain processes sounds, causing some auditory nerve cells to become overexcited. The basis of this theory is most people with tinnitus also have hearing loss,[7] and the frequencies they cannot hear are similar to the subjective frequencies of their tinnitus.[8] Models of hearing loss and the brain support the idea a homeostatic response of central dorsal cochlear nucleus neurons could result in them being hyperactive in a compensation process to the loss of hearing input.[9] This, in turn, is related to changes in the genes involved in regulating the activity of those nerve cells. This proposed mechanism suggests possible treatments for the condition, involving the normalization or suppression of overactive neural activity through electrical or chemical means.[32]

While most discussions of tinnitus tend to emphasize physical mechanisms, there is strong evidence the level of an individual's awareness of his or her tinnitus can be stress-related, and so should be addressed by improving the state of the nervous system generally, using gradual, unobtrusive, long-term treatments.[33]

Since some tinnitus mimics electronic sounds, some recent research is focusing on electronics, the use of cell phones,[34] and other modern electronic devices as possible causes.

Diagnosis

The basis of quantitatively measuring tinnitus relies on the brain’s tendency to select out only the loudest sounds heard. Based on this tendency, the amplitude of a patient's tinnitus can be measured by playing sample sounds of known amplitude and asking the patient which he or she hears. The volume of the tinnitus will always be equal to or less than that of the sample noises heard by the patient. This method works very well to gauge objective tinnitus (see above.) For example: if a patient has a pulsatile paraganglioma in his ear, he will not be able to hear the blood flow through the tumor when the sample noise is 5 decibels louder than the noise produced by the blood. As sound amplitude is gradually decreased, the tinnitus will become audible, and the level at which it does so provides an estimate of the amplitude of the objective tinnitus.

Objective tinnitus, however, is quite uncommon. Often patients with pulsatile tumors will report other coexistent sounds, distinct from the pulsatile noise, that will persist even after their tumor has been removed. This is generally subjective tinnitus, which, unlike the objective form, cannot be tested by comparative methods.

If the attention of a subject is focused on a sample noise, he can often detect it at levels below 5 decibels, which would indicate his tinnitus would be almost impossible to hear. Conversely, if the same test subject is told to focus only on the tinnitus, he will report hearing the sound even when test noises exceed 70 decibels, making the tinnitus louder than a ringing phone. This quantification method suggests subjective tinnitus relates only to what the patient is attempting to hear. Whilst it is tempting to assume patients actively complaining about tinnitus have simply become obsessed with the noise, this is only partially true. The noises are often present in both quiet and noisy environments, and can become quite intrusive to their daily lives. The problem is involuntary; generally, complaining patients simply cannot override or ignore their tinnitus.

Subjective tinnitus may not always be correlated with ear malfunction or hearing loss. Even people with near-perfect hearing may still complain of it. Tinnitus may also have a connection to memory problems, anxiety, fatigue or a general state of poor health.[citation needed]

Prevention

Tinnitus and hearing loss can be permanent conditions. If a ringing in the ears is audible following lengthy exposure to a source of loud noise, such as a music concert or an industrial workplace, it means lasting damage may already have occurred.[citation needed]

Prolonged exposure to sound or noise levels as low as 70 dB can result in damage to hearing (see noise health effects). For musicians and DJs, special musicians' earplugs play an important role in preventing tinnitus; they can lower the volume of the music without distorting the sound and can prevent tinnitus from developing in later years. For anyone using loud electrical appliances, such as hair dryers or vacuum cleaners, or who work in noisy environments such as building sites, where earmuffs are impractical, earplugs are also helpful in reducing noise exposure. While operating lawn mowers, hammer drills, grinders, and similar, earmuffs may be more appropriate for hearing protection.

It is also important to check medications for potential ototoxicity. Ototoxicity of multiple medicines can have a cumulative effect, and can greatly increase the damage done by noise. If ototoxic medications must be administered, close attention by the physician to prescription details, such as dose and dosage interval, can reduce the damage done.[35]

Treatment

Many treatments for tinnitus have been claimed, with varying degrees of statistical reliability:

Objective tinnitus:

Subjective tinnitus:

Notable individuals

Notable individuals with tinnitus include:

See also

References

  1. ^ American Tinnitus Association | Home | Help For Ringing In The Ears
  2. ^ "Guidelines for the Grading of Tinnitus Severity". Retrieved 2009-12-31.
  3. ^ Demeester K, van Wieringen A, Hendrickx JJ, Topsakal V, Fransen E, Van Laer L, De Ridder D, Van Camp G, Van de Heyning P. (2007). Prevalence of tinnitus and audiometric shape. B-ENT. 3 Suppl 7:37-49. PMID 18225607.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  4. ^ RNID.org.uk: Information and resources: Tinnitus: About tinnitus: What is tinnitus
  5. ^ MedlinePlus Encyclopedia: Ear noises or buzzing
  6. ^ Simmons, R; Dambra, C; Lobarinas, E; Stocking, C; Salvi, R (2008). "Head, Neck, and Eye Movements That Modulate Tinnitus". Seminars in hearing. 29 (4): 361–370. doi:10.1055/s-0028-1095895. PMC 2633109. PMID 19183705. {{cite journal}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |author-name-separator= (help); Unknown parameter |author-separator= ignored (help); Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  7. ^ a b Nicolas-Puel, C; Faulconbridge, RL; Guitton, M; Puel, JL; Mondain, M; Uziel, A (2002). "Characteristics of tinnitus and etiology of associated hearing loss: a study of 123 patients". The international tinnitus journal. 8 (1): 37–44. PMID 14763234. {{cite journal}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |author-name-separator= (help); Unknown parameter |author-separator= ignored (help)
  8. ^ a b K�nig, O; Schaette, R; Kempter, R; Gross, M (2006). "Course of hearing loss and occurrence of tinnitus". Hearing research. 221 (1–2): 59–64. doi:10.1016/j.heares.2006.07.007. PMID 16962270. {{cite journal}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |author-name-separator= (help); Unknown parameter |author-separator= ignored (help); Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help); replacement character in |last1= at position 2 (help)
  9. ^ a b Schaette, R; Kempter, R. (2006). "Development of tinnitus-related neuronal hyperactivity through homeostatic plasticity after hearing loss: a computational model". Eur J Neurosci. 23 (11): 3124–38. doi:10.1111/j.1460-9568.2006.04774.x. PMID 16820003. {{cite journal}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |author-name-separator= (help); Unknown parameter |author-separator= ignored (help)
  10. ^ Holgers KM, Pettersson B (2005). "Noise exposure and subjective hearing symptoms among school children in Sweden". Noise & Health. 7 (27): 27–37. doi:10.4103/1463-1741.31635. PMID 16105247.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link)
  11. ^ Newman CW, Jacobson GP, Spitzer JB (1996). "Development of the Tinnitus Handicap Inventory". Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 122 (2): 143–8. PMID 8630207. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  12. ^ Berrios, G E; Rose, G S (1992). "Psychiatry of subjective tinnitus: conceptual, historical and clinical aspects". Neurology, Psychiatry and Brain Research. 1: 76–82.
  13. ^ Berrios, G E; Ryley, J R; Garvey, N; Moffat, DA (1988). "Psychiatric Morbidity in subjects with inner ear disease". Clinical Otolaryngology. 13 (4): 259–266. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2273.1988.tb01129.x. PMID 3180496.
  14. ^ Berrios, G E (1990). "Musical hallucinations: a historical and clinical study". British Journal of Psychiatry. 156: 188–194. doi:10.1192/bjp.156.2.188. PMID 2180526. {{cite journal}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |author-name-separator= (help); Unknown parameter |author-separator= ignored (help)
  15. ^ ENT Health Information > Hearing > Tinnitus
  16. ^ a b RNID.org.uk: Information and resources: Our factsheets and leaflets: Tinnitus: Factsheets and leaflets
  17. ^ Chandler JR (1983). "Diagnosis and cure of venous hum tinnitus". Laryngoscope. 93 (7): 892–5. doi:10.1288/00005537-198307000-00009. PMID 6865626. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  18. ^ Moonis G, Hwang CJ, Ahmed T, Weigele JB, Hurst RW (2005). "Otologic manifestations of petrous carotid aneurysms". AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 26 (6): 1324–7. PMID 15956490.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  19. ^ Selim M, Caplan LR (2004). "Carotid Artery Dissection" (– Scholar search). Curr Treat Options Cardiovasc Med. 6 (3): 249–253. doi:10.1007/s11936-996-0020-z. PMID 15096317. {{cite journal}}: External link in |format= (help); Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help) [dead link‍]
  20. ^ Brown RD, Penny JE, Henley CM; et al. (1981). "Ototoxic drugs and noise". Ciba Found Symp. 85: 151–71. PMID 7035098. {{cite journal}}: Explicit use of et al. in: |author= (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  21. ^ http://stason.org/TULARC/health/body/tinnitus-ringing-ears/6-What-are-some-ototoxic-drugs.html
  22. ^ a b Riba, Michelle B.; Ravindranath, Divy (12 April 2010). Clinical manual of emergency psychiatry. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Publishing Inc. p. 197. ISBN 978-1-58562-295-5.
  23. ^ a b Delanty, Norman (27 November 2001). Seizures: medical causes and management. Totowa, N.J.: Humana Press. p. 187. ISBN 978-0-89603-827-1.
  24. ^ Crummer RW, Hassan GA (2004). "Diagnostic approach to tinnitus". Am Fam Physician. 69 (1): 120–6. PMID 14727828. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  25. ^ Passchier-Vermeer W, Passchier WF (2000). "Noise exposure and public health". Environ. Health Perspect. 108 Suppl 1: 123–31. doi:10.2307/3454637. PMC 1637786. PMID 10698728.
  26. ^ "Vibramycin, Vibramycin 50, Patient Information Leaflet from the eMC". Emc.medicines.org.uk. Retrieved 2009-05-18.
  27. ^ Online Books : "TIHKAL" - #36. 5-MEO-DET
  28. ^ https://www.erowid.org/experiences/exp.php?ID=26540,Erowid Experience Vaults: DiPT - More Tripping & Revelations - 26540
  29. ^ Yamasoba T, Kondo K (2006). "Supporting cell proliferation after hair cell injury in mature guinea pig cochlea in vivo". Cell Tissue Res. 325 (1): 23–31. doi:10.1007/s00441-006-0157-9. PMID 16525832. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  30. ^ White PM, Doetzlhofer A, Lee YS, Groves AK, Segil N (2006). "Mammalian cochlear supporting cells can divide and trans-differentiate into hair cells". Nature. 441 (7096): 984–7. doi:10.1038/nature04849. PMID 16791196. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  31. ^ Engmann, Birk: Ohrgeräusche (Tinnitus): Ein lebenslanges Schicksal? PTA-Forum. Supplement Pharmazeutische Zeitung. 1997 July
  32. ^ "Tinnitus cure 'is a step closer'". BBC News (news.bbc.co.uk). 2009-03-25. Retrieved 2009-03-27.
  33. ^ "Cause of Tinnitus". Paralumun.com. Retrieved 2009-05-18.
  34. ^ http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2010/07/100719205636.htm
  35. ^ IngentaConnect Drug-induced Otoxicity: Current Status
  36. ^ Willen SN, Einstein DB, Maciunas RJ, Megerian CA (2005). "Treatment of glomus jugulare tumors in patients with advanced age: planned limited surgical resection followed by staged gamma knife radiosurgery: a preliminary report". Otol Neurotol. 26 (6): 1229–34. doi:10.1097/01.mao.0000176170.41399.fd. PMID 16272947. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  37. ^ De Ridder D, De Ridder L, Nowé V, Thierens H, Van de Heyning P, Møller A (2005). "Pulsatile tinnitus and the intrameatal vascular loop: why do we not hear our carotids?". Neurosurgery. 57 (6): 1213–7, discussion 1213–7. PMID 16331169. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  38. ^ Penney SE, Bruce IA, Saeed SR (2006). "Botulinum toxin is effective and safe for palatal tremor: a report of five cases and a review of the literature". J Neurology. 253 (7): 857–60. doi:10.1007/s00415-006-0039-9. PMID 16845571. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  39. ^ hygieneexpert.co.uk Ear Care and Wax Build Up
  40. ^ [1] Homepage from Science Institute Jülich
  41. ^ Swedish website about tinnitus
  42. ^ Darlington, CL.; Smith, PF. (2007). "Drug treatments for tinnitus". Prog Brain Res. 166: 249–62. doi:10.1016/S0079-6123(07)66023-3. PMID 17956789. {{cite journal}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |month= (help)
  43. ^ Madeira, G.; Montmirail, Ch.; Decat, M.; Gersdorff, M. (2007). "[TRT: results after one year treatment]". Rev Laryngol Otol Rhinol (Bord). 128 (3): 145–8. PMID 18323325.
  44. ^ American Hearing Research Foundation Chicago, Illinois 2008
  45. ^ Rogers, June Walker (1984). Only When I Eat: Tinnitus - Hope at Last. J.Rogers,London and Ki Publishing Richmond, Surrey. ISBN 0-9510769-0-6.
  46. ^ Meyerhoff WL, Mickey BE (1988). "Vascular decompression of the cochlear nerve in tinnitus sufferers". Laryngoscope. 98 (6 Pt 1): 602–4. doi:10.1288/00005537-198806000-00004. PMID 3374234. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  47. ^ a b Knox GW, McPherson A (1997). "Menière's disease: differential diagnosis and treatment". Am Fam Physician. 55 (4): 1185–90, 1193–4. PMID 9092280. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  48. ^ Pugh R, Budd RJ, Stephens SD (1995). "Patients' reports of the effect of alcohol on tinnitus". Br J Audiol. 29 (5): 279–83. doi:10.3109/03005369509076743. PMID 8838550. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  49. ^ Arda HN, Tuncel U, Akdogan O, Ozluoglu LN (2003). "The role of zinc in the treatment of tinnitus". Otol Neurotol. 24 (1): 86–9. doi:10.1097/00129492-200301000-00018. PMID 12544035. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  50. ^ Yetiser S, Tosun F, Satar B, Arslanhan M, Akcam T, Ozkaptan Y (2002). "The role of zinc in management of tinnitus". Auris, Nasus, Larynx. 29 (4): 329–33. doi:10.1016/S0385-8146(02)00023-8. PMID 12393036. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  51. ^ Paaske PB, Pedersen CB, Kjems G, Sam IL (1991). "Zinc in the management of tinnitus. Placebo-controlled trial". Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol. 100 (8): 647–9. PMID 1872515. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  52. ^ Azevedo AA, Figueiredo RR (2005). "Tinnitus treatment with acamprosate: double-blind study". Braz J Otorhinolaryngol. 71 (5): 618–23. doi:/S0034-72992005000500012. PMID 16612523. {{cite journal}}: Check |doi= value (help)
  53. ^ Brookler KH, Tanyeri H (1997). "Etidronate for the neurotologic symptoms of otosclerosis: preliminary study". Ear, nose, & throat journal. 76 (6): 371–6, 379–81. PMID 9210803. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  54. ^ Goodey RJ (1981). "Drugs in the treatment of tinnitus". Ciba Found Symp. 85: 263–78. PMID 6799263.
  55. ^ Levine RA (2006). "Typewriter tinnitus: a carbamazepine-responsive syndrome related to auditory nerve vascular compression". ORL J Otorhinolaryngol Relat Spec. 68 (1): 43–6, discussion 46–7. doi:10.1159/000090490. PMID 16514262.
  56. ^ Megwalu UC, Finnell JE, Piccirillo JF (2006). "The effects of melatonin on tinnitus and sleep". Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 134 (2): 210–3. doi:10.1016/j.otohns.2005.10.007. PMID 16455366. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  57. ^ Zöger S, Svedlund J, Holgers KM (2006). "The effects of sertraline on severe tinnitus suffering--a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study". J Clin Psychopharmacol. 26 (1): 32–9. doi:10.1097/01.jcp.0000195111.86650.19. PMID 16415703. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  58. ^ Williams HL, Maher FT, Corbin KB; et al. (1963). "Eriodictyol glycoside in the treatment of Ménière's disease". Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol. 72: 1082–101. PMID 14088725. {{cite journal}}: Explicit use of et al. in: |author= (help); Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  59. ^ http://www.bixby.org/faq/tinnitus/treatmnt.html#gingko
  60. ^ Langguth B, Zowe M, Landgrebe M; et al. (2006). "Transcranial magnetic stimulation for the treatment of tinnitus: a new coil positioning method and first results". Brain Topography. 18 (4): 241–7. doi:10.1007/s10548-006-0002-1. PMID 16845596. {{cite journal}}: Explicit use of et al. in: |author= (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  61. ^ Fregni F, Marcondes R, Boggio PS; et al. (2006). "Transient tinnitus suppression induced by repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation and transcranial direct current stimulation". Eur J Neurol. 13 (9): 996–1001. doi:10.1111/j.1468-1331.2006.01414.x. PMID 16930367. {{cite journal}}: Explicit use of et al. in: |author= (help); Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  62. ^ Aydemir G, Tezer MS, Borman P, Bodur H, Unal A (2006). "Treatment of tinnitus with transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation improves patients' quality of life". J Laryngol Otol. 120 (6): 442–5. doi:10.1017/S0022215106000910. PMID 16556347. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  63. ^ De Ridder D, De Mulder G, Verstraeten E; et al. (2006). "Primary and secondary auditory cortex stimulation for intractable tinnitus". ORL J Otorhinolaryngol Relat Spec. 68 (1): 48–54, discussion 54–5. doi:10.1159/000090491. PMID 16514263. {{cite journal}}: Explicit use of et al. in: |author= (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  64. ^ news.bbc.co.uk, New hope for tinnitus sufferers
  65. ^ http://www.hearinglossweb.com/Medical/Tinnitus/reb.htm
  66. ^ Goto F, Ogawa K, Kunihiro T, Kurashima K, Kobayashi H, Kanzaki J (2001). "Perilymph fistula—45 case analysis". Auris, Nasus, Larynx. 28 (1): 29–33. doi:10.1016/S0385-8146(00)00089-4. PMID 11137360. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  67. ^ Filtered Noise Generator
  68. ^ Herraiz C, Hernandez FJ, Plaza G, de los Santos G (2005). "Long-term clinical trial of tinnitus retraining therapy". Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 133 (5): 774–9. doi:10.1016/j.otohns.2005.07.006. PMID 16274808. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  69. ^ Henry JA, Schechter MA, Zaugg TL; et al. (2006). "Outcomes of clinical trial: tinnitus masking versus tinnitus retraining therapy". J Am Acad Audiol. 17 (2): 104–32. doi:10.3766/jaaa.17.2.4. PMID 16640064. {{cite journal}}: Explicit use of et al. in: |author= (help); Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  70. ^ Kusatz M, Ostermann T, Aldridge D (2005). "Auditive stimulation therapy as an intervention in subacute and chronic tinnitus: a prospective observational study". Int Tinnitus J. 11 (2): 163–9. PMID 16639917.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  71. ^ Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
  72. ^ OHSU Tinnitus Clinic: Comprehensive Treatment Programs including Tinnitus Retraining Therapy (TRT)
  73. ^ Goldstein BA, Shulman A, Lenhardt ML (2005). "Ultra-high-frequency ultrasonic external acoustic stimulation for tinnitus relief: a method for patient selection". Int Tinnitus J. 11 (2): 111–4. PMID 16639909.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  74. ^ Goldstein BA, Lenhardt ML, Shulman A (2005). "Tinnitus improvement with ultra-high-frequency vibration therapy". Int Tinnitus J. 11 (1): 14–22. PMID 16419683.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  75. ^ Claussen CF (2005). "Subdividing tinnitus into bruits and endogenous, exogenous, and other forms". Int Tinnitus J. 11 (2): 126–36. PMID 16639912.
  76. ^ Andersson G, Porsaeus D, Wiklund M, Kaldo V, Larsen HC (2005). "Treatment of tinnitus in the elderly: a controlled trial of cognitive behavior therapy". Int J Audiol. 44 (11): 671–5. doi:10.1080/14992020500266720. PMID 16379495. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  77. ^ Telegraph.co.uk "Richard Attenborough: the trouper"
  78. ^ "International News | Tinnitus trips up another top DJ". inthemix. 2004-10-11. Retrieved 2009-05-18.
  79. ^ Beethoven: A Life of Sound and Silence - Huxtable 1 (1): 8 - Molecular Interventions
  80. ^ BBC Sports
  81. ^ a b c Perusse B (2007-12-10). "Artists sound off on hearing loss". The Gazette (Montreal).
  82. ^ a b [2]
  83. ^ Disco-disco.com
  84. ^ Van Guard News Network Article
  85. ^ American Tinnitus Association
  86. ^ "How I struggled with tinnitus | Mail Online". Dailymail.co.uk. 2007-01-15. Retrieved 2009-05-18.
  87. ^ Charles Darwin's illness
  88. ^ - BBC News The Doors postpone reuinion
  89. ^ 90's a symphony and 100 is loud
  90. ^ OCRegister.com - "Pop Life"
  91. ^ - Music Section - New York Times
  92. ^ Metalsludge.com: 20 Questions with Paul Gilbert. 27 April 2004
  93. ^ - Scotsman - "Gary Glitter boards flight to Hong Kong"
  94. ^ a b c d e Wallechinsky, David (2005). The New Book of Lists. US: Canongate. p. 161. ISBN 1841957194. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  95. ^ http://www.ums.org/assets/pdf/studyguide/haden-sg.pdf
  96. ^ "Japanese pop star deaf in one ear". BBC. 2008-01-07. Retrieved 2008-01-08.
  97. ^ "Metallica's Hetfield Diagnosed With Tinnitus". Rolling Stone. 1997-04-10. Retrieved 2009-05-18.
  98. ^ "Biography for Adolf Hitler"
  99. ^ "Howard Hughes: The Untold Story" page 282
  100. ^ A Prairie Home Companion. The Old Scout: The Unknown Person at the Airport June 19, 2007
  101. ^ Spokane7.com
  102. ^ a b The Church, Interview 27 July 2006
  103. ^ Rush Limbaugh on Shatner's Raw Nerve
  104. ^ Feldmann H (1989). "[Martin Luther's seizure disorder]". Sudhoffs Archiv (in German). 73 (1): 26–44. PMID 2529669.
  105. ^ a b c The Independent. Health & Wellbeing. 11 December 2002. Hearing Things.
  106. ^ - Telegraph.co.uk - Joseph Mawle: Playing Jesus
  107. ^ "The Magnetic Fields' fuzzy sound is just peachy | Albums | Chron.com - Houston Chronicle". Chron.com. 2008-02-01. Retrieved 2009-05-18.
  108. ^ AAA: Tinnitus: Noises No One Else Can Hear
  109. ^ City Pages "Mission Impossible"
  110. ^ a b Tinnitus: home: What is tinnitus?: Celebrities
  111. ^ Internet Movie Database. Biography for Leonard Nimoy
  112. ^ The Independent Online. Day In The Life: Andy Partridge, guitarist and chief songwriter with XTC, and the founder of Ape House records
  113. ^ [3]
  114. ^ Internet Movie Database profile
  115. ^ "HOW REAGAN COPES WITH 1930S EAR INJURY". Pqasb.pqarchiver.com. 1987-11-09. Retrieved 2009-05-18.
  116. ^ "Shatner almost committed suicide over tinnitus trouble". Yahoo News UK (uk.news.yahoo.com). 2009-03-06. Retrieved 2009-03-27. [dead link‍]
  117. ^ Cleveland State University - Czech Garden
  118. ^ - Telegraph.co.uk - How he went to the dogs
  119. ^ Action for Tinnitus Research
  120. ^ British Tinnitus Association
  121. ^ Trebek mentioned his tinnitus in a contestant interview with an audiologist in the Jeopardy! episode originally aired October 5, 2010.
  122. ^ CNN Health. Metallica drummer struggles with ringing in ears
  123. ^ Reader's Digest. Healthier Living. Tinnitus: Terror in Your Ear. Francine Fiore and Anne Paillard
  124. ^ The Sun

Books

  • Laurence McKenna; Gerhard Andersson; Baguley, David (2005). Tinnitus: A Multidisciplinary Approach. Whurr Publishers, Ltd. ISBN 1-86156-403-1.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  • Kevin Hogan, PhD; Jennifer Battaglino, (2007). Tinnitus: Turning the Volume Down (Revised & Expanded). Network 3000. ISBN 1-93426-603-5.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: extra punctuation (link) CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Tinnitus&oldid=410859013"