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Anxiolytic

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An anxiolytic (also antipanic or antianxiety agent[1]) is a drug used for the treatment of anxiety, and its related psychological and physical symptoms. Anxiolytics have been shown to be useful in the treatment of anxiety disorders.

Beta-receptor blockers such as propranolol and oxprenolol, although not anxiolytics, can be used to combat the somatic symptoms of anxiety.

Anxiolytics are also known as minor tranquilizers,[2]. The term is less common in modern texts, and was originally derived from a dichotomy with major tranquilizers, also known as neuroleptics or antipsychotics.[citation needed]

Types of anxiolytics

Benzodiazepines

Main article: Benzodiazepine

Benzodiazepines are prescribed for short-term relief of severe and disabling anxiety. Benzodiazepines may also be indicated to cover the latent periods associated with the medications prescribed to treat an underlying anxiety disorder. They are used to treat a wide variety of conditions and symptoms and are usually a first choice when short-term CNS sedation is needed. Longer-term uses include treatment for severe anxiety. There is a risk of a benzodiazepine withdrawal and rebound syndrome after continuous usage for longer than two weeks, and tolerance and dependence may occur if patients stay under this treatment for longer.[3] There is also the added problem of the accumulation of drug metabolites and adverse effects.[4] Benzodiazepines include:

Benzodiazepines exert their anxiolytic properties at moderate dosage. At higher dosage hypnotic properties occur.[5]

  • Tofisopam (Emandaxin and Grandaxin) is a drug which is a benzodiazepine derivative. Like other benzodiazepines, it possesses anxiolytic properties but unlike other benzodiazepines it does not have anticonvulsant, sedative, skeletal muscle relaxant, motor skill-impairing or amnestic properties.

SSRIs

Main article: Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor

Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors or serotonin-specific reuptake inhibitor[6] (SSRIs) are a class of compounds typically used as antidepressants in the treatment of depression, anxiety disorders, and some personality disorders. SSRIs are primarily classified as antidepressants and typically higher dosages are required to be effective against anxiety disorders than to be effective against depression but nevertheless most SSRIs have anxiolytic properties, but are anxiogenic when first initiating treatment, and in some individuals continue to be anxiety-provoking. For this reason, a low dose of a benzodiazepine is often used for several weeks when initiating SSRI/SNRI therapy in order to counteract the initial anxiety caused by the drugs until the therapeutic delay of the SSRI/SNRI is finished and the drug becomes effective.

Azapirones

Main article: Azapirone

Azapirones are a class of 5-HT1A receptor agonists. They lack the sedation and the dependence associated with benzodiazepines and cause much less cognitive impairment[Quote Needed]. They may be less effective than benzodiazepines in patients who have been previously treated with benzodiazepines as they do not provide the sedation that these patients may expect or equate with anxiety relief. Currently approved azapirones include buspirone (Buspar) and tandospirone (Sediel). Gepirone (Ariza, Variza) is also in clinical development.

Barbiturates

Main article: Barbiturate

Barbiturates exert an anxiolytic effect linked to the sedation they cause. The risk of abuse and addiction is high. Many experts consider these drugs obsolete for treating anxiety but valuable for the short-term treatment of severe insomnia, though only after benzodiazepines or non-benzodiazepines have failed. They are rarely prescribed anymore.

Hydroxyzine

Hydroxyzine (Atarax) is an old antihistamine originally approved for clinical use by the FDA in 1956. It possesses anxiolytic properties in addition to its antihistamine properties and is also licensed for the treatment of anxiety and tension. It is also used for its sedative properties as a premed before anesthesia or to induce sedation after anesthesia.[7] It has been shown to be as effective as benzodiazepines in the treatment of generalized anxiety disorder while producing fewer side effects.[8]

Pregabalin

Pregabalin's therapeutic effect appears after 1 week of use and is similar in effectiveness to lorazepam, alprazolam and venlafaxine but pregabalin has demonstrated superiority by producing more consistent therapeutic effects for psychic and somatic anxiety symptoms. Long-term trials have shown continued effectiveness without the development of tolerance and additionally unlike benzodiazepines it does not disrupt sleep architecture and produces less severe cognitive and psychomotor impairment; it also has a low potential for abuse and dependence and may be preferred over the benzodiazepines for these reasons.[9][10]

Herbal treatments

Certain natural substances are reputed to have anxiolytic properties, including the following:

As of 2006, only Kava and Brahmi have shown anxiolytic effects in randomized clinical trials, and only Kava's effect has been independently replicated.[16]

Over-the-counter pharmaceutical drugs

Chlorpheniramine[17] (Chlor-Trimeton) and diphenhydramine (Benadryl) have hypnotic and sedative effects with mild anxiolytic-like properties(off-label use). These drugs are approved by the FDA for allergies, rhinitis, and urticaria.

Future drugs

Due to deficits with existing anxiolytics (either in terms of efficacy or side-effect profile), research into novel anxiolytics is active. Possible candidates for future drugs include:

Alternatives to medication

Psychotherapeutic treatment can be an effective alternative to medication.[18] Exposure therapy is the recommended treatment for phobic anxiety disorders. Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) has been found to be effective treatment for panic disorder, social anxiety disorder, generalized anxiety disorder, and obsessive-compulsive disorder. Healthcare providers can also help by educating suffers about anxiety disorders and referring individuals to self help resources.[19] CBT has been shown to be effective in the treatment of generalized anxiety disorder, and possibly more effective than pharmacological treatments in the long term.[20] Sometimes medication is combined with psychotherapy but research has found that there is no benefit of combined pharmacotherapy and psychotherapy versus monotherapy.[21]

See also

References

  1. ^ "antianxiety agent" at Dorland's Medical Dictionary
  2. ^ "anxiolytic (tranquilizer)". Memidex (WordNet) Dictionary/Thesaurus. Retrieved 2 December 2010.
  3. ^ Gelder, M, Mayou, R. and Geddes, J. 2005. Psychiatry. 3rd ed. New York: Oxford. pp236.
  4. ^ Lader M, Tylee A, Donoghue J (2009). "Withdrawing benzodiazepines in primary care". CNS Drugs. 23 (1): 19–34. doi:10.2165/0023210-200923010-00002. PMID 19062773.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  5. ^ Montenegro M, Veiga H, Deslandes A (2005). "[Neuromodulatory effects of caffeine and bromazepam on visual event-related potential (P300): a comparative study.]". Arq Neuropsiquiatr. 63 (2B): 410–5. doi:10.1590/S0004-282X2005000300009. PMID 16059590. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  6. ^ Barlow, David H. Durand, V. Mark (2009). "Chapter 7: Mood Disorders and Suicide". Abnormal Psychology: An Integrative Approach (Fifth ed.). Belmont, CA: Wadsworth Cengage Learning. p. 239. ISBN 0495095567. OCLC 192055408.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  7. ^ medicine net. "hydroxyzine (Vistaril, Atarax)". medicinenet.com. Retrieved 17 May 2008.
  8. ^ Llorca PM, Spadone C, Sol O (2002). "Efficacy and safety of hydroxyzine in the treatment of generalized anxiety disorder: a 3-month double-blind study" (PDF). J Clin Psychiatry. 63 (11): 1020–7. PMID 12444816. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  9. ^ Bandelow, B.; Wedekind, D.; Leon, T. (2007). "Pregabalin for the treatment of generalized anxiety disorder: a novel pharmacologic intervention". Expert Rev Neurother. 7 (7): 769–81. doi:10.1586/14737175.7.7.769. PMID 17610384. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  10. ^ Owen, RT. (2007). "Pregabalin: its efficacy, safety and tolerability profile in generalized anxiety". Drugs Today (Barc). 43 (9): 601–10. doi:10.1358/dot.2007.43.9.1133188. PMID 17940637. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  11. ^ Emamghoreishi M, Khasaki M, Aazam MF (2005). "Coriandrum sativum: evaluation of its anxiolytic effect in the elevated plus-maze". Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 96 (3): 365–370. doi:10.1016/j.jep.2004.06.022. PMID 15619553. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |unused_data= ignored (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  12. ^ [1] Maribel Herrera-Ruiza, Yolanda García-Beltrána, Sergio Morab, Gabriela Díaz-Vélizb, Glauce S.B. Vianac, Jaime Tortorielloa, Guillermo Ramíreza, "Antidepressant and anxiolytic effects of hydroalcoholic extract from Salvia elegans", Journal of Ethnopharmacology, Vol. 107, No. 1, pp. 53-58 (Aug. 2006)
  13. ^ Fux M, Levine J, Aviv A, Belmaker RH (1996). "Inositol treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder". American Journal of Psychiatry. 153 (9): 1219–21. PMID 8780431.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  14. ^ Palatnik A, Frolov K, Fux M, Benjamin J (2001). "Double-blind, controlled, crossover trial of inositol versus fluvoxamine for the treatment of panic disorder". Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology. 21 (3): 335–339. doi:10.1097/00004714-200106000-00014. PMID 11386498.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  15. ^ Zuardi, A.W; Crippa, JA; Hallak, JE; Moreira, FA; Guimarães, FS (2006). "Cannabidiol as an antipsychotic drug" (PDF). Brazilian Journal of Medical and Biological Research. 39 (4): 421–429. doi:10.1590/S0100-879X2006000400001. ISSN 0100-879X ISSN 0100-879X. PMID 16612464. {{cite journal}}: Check |issn= value (help)
  16. ^ Ernst E (2006). "Herbal remedies for anxiety - a systematic review of controlled clinical trials". Phytomedicine. 13 (3): 205–8. doi:10.1016/j.phymed.2004.11.006. PMID 16428031. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  17. ^ Psychopharmacology (Berl). 2009 Oct 13;doi:10.1007/s00213-009-1695-0 http://www.anxietyinsights.info/abstract_chlorpheniramine_exerts_anxiolyticlike_effects_an.htm
  18. ^ Zwanzger, P.; Deckert, J. (2007). "[Anxiety disorders. Causes, clinical picture and treatment]". Nervenarzt. 78 (3): 349–59, quiz 360. doi:10.1007/s00115-006-2202-z. PMID 17279399. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  19. ^ Shearer, SL. (2007). "Recent advances in the understanding and treatment of anxiety disorders". Prim Care. 34 (3): 475–504, v–vi. doi:10.1016/j.pop.2007.05.002. PMID 17868756. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  20. ^ Gould, RA; Otto, M; Pollack, M; Yap, L (1997). "Cognitive behavioral and pharmacological treatment of generalized anxiety disorder: A preliminary meta-analysis". Behavior Therapy. 28 (2): 285–305. doi:10.1016/S0005-7894(97)80048-2. Retrieved 8 November 2008.
  21. ^ Pull, CB. (2007). "Combined pharmacotherapy and cognitive-behavioural therapy for anxiety disorders". Curr Opin Psychiatry. 20 (1): 30–5. doi:10.1097/YCO.0b013e3280115e52. PMID 17143079. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)

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