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This is an old revision of this page, as edited by 71.221.123.158 (talk) at 03:05, 20 February 2011 (→The Company: Many things wrong with this paragraph. A catalyst, by definition, is not a fuel source. Additional hydrogen fuel must be added to replace the quantity that was converted to hydrinos. No detailed plans for a vehicle.). The present address (URL) is a permanent link to this revision, which may differ significantly from the current revision.

Blacklight Power Inc.
IndustryChemistry
FoundedHydroCatalysis Inc.[1] in 1991.[2]
FounderRandell L. Mills
Headquarters
493 Old Trenton Rd.
Cranbury, NJ
,
USA
SubsidiariesMillsian, Inc.
WebsiteBlacklightPower.com

Blacklight Power, Inc. (BLP) of Cranbury, New Jersey[3] is an alternative energy company linked to the ideas of its founder Randell L. Mills, which he self-published in a treatise entitled The Grand Unified Theory of Classical Physics (GUT-CP).[4]

Theory

Mills claims that chemicals, under controlled experiments, may react catalytically with atomic hydrogen to generate an "ultraviolet plasma". The company claims that the special plasma byproducts predicted by GUT-CP, called "hydrinos", have been experimentally observed to have an energy state below what quantum mechanics refers to as the ground state of hydrogen.[3]

Mills first announced his hydrino state theory on April 25, 1991 in a press conference in Lancaster, as an explanation for the cold fusion phenomena that had been revealed in 1989. According to Mills, no fusion was actually happening in the cells: all the effects would be caused by the hydrogen atoms which shrunk as they fell to a state lower than the ground state of hydrogen. The increased proximity between the shrunk atoms would cause them to fusion sporadically. Some of those atoms would be deuterium atoms (a hydrogen atom with one extra neutron), which would explain why there were occasional readings of neutrons. No experimental evidence was offered by Mills, and his claim was ignored by the scientific community.[1][5][6][7]

The Company

By 2009 BLP has raised about $60 million in venture capital,[8][9] and claims to have seven commercial agreements to license BLP energy technology for the production of thermal or electric power to utilities and private corporations.[10] Mills envisions that CIHT cell stacks can provide power for long-range electric vehicles.[8][9]

The company subsidiary, Millsian Inc., has developed and released a molecular modeling program based on the book.[11]

Rejection of mainstream particle physics

Mills claims that much of standard particle physics, while having experimental validation, should be rejected due to its reliance on overfitting:[12]

The Dirac equation does not reconcile this situation. Many additional shortcomings arise such as instability to radiation, negative kinetic energy states, intractable infinities, virtual particles at every point in space, self-interaction, the Klein paradox, violation of Einstein causality, and 'spooky' action at a distance. Despite its successes, quantum mechanics (QM) has remained mysterious to all who have encountered it. Starting with Bohr and progressing into the present, the departure from intuitive, physical reality has widened. The connection between quantum mechanics and reality is more than just a "philosophical" issue. It reveals that quantum mechanics is not a correct or complete theory of the physical world and that inescapable internal inconsistencies and incongruities arise when attempts are made to treat it as a physical as opposed to a purely mathematical 'tool.'

Model of the free and bound electron

Mills claims that the electron is an extended particle or membrane that in free space would consist of a flat disk of spinning charge.[4]: 159–79  Mills' mathematical model for the bound electron treats the electron not as a point nor as a probability wave, but as a dynamic spherical shell of zero thickness surrounding the nucleus. The resulting model, called the "orbitsphere", is claimed to provide a fully classical physical explanation for phenomena including quantization of angular momentum and magnetic moment, while avoiding the problem of a singularity. The model is not restricted to the integer orbitals of the hydrogen atom described by the Bohr model and calculated from Schrödinger's equation for it allows the existence of fractional integer orbitals. Mills' model derives "classical" orbitals from the classical nonradiation condition defined by Hermann A. Haus in 1986.[13]

Blacklight process

According to Mills, a specific chemical process he calls "The BlackLight Process" allows a bound electron to fall to energy states below what quantum theory predicts to be possible. In the hydrogen atom, these states are postulated to have an effective radius of 1/p of the ground state radius, with p being limited by the speed of light to a positive integer less than or equal to 137.[4]: 31, 207  He terms these below-ground hydrogen atoms 'hydrinos'. Mills' mechanism consists of a non-radiative energy transfer between a hydrogen atom and a catalyst that is capable of absorbing a certain amount of energy. The total energy Mills says is released for hydrino transitions is large compared to the chemical burning of hydrogen, but less than nuclear reactions. Mills claims that limitations on confinement and terrestrial conditions have prevented the achievement of hydrino states below 1/30, which would correspond to an energy release of approximately 15 keV per hydrogen atom.[14]

Book

Mills claims he has unified Maxwell's Equations, Newton's Laws, and Einstein's General and Special Relativity on the basis that they must hold on all scales from the subatomic to the cosmic. Mills has put forward his thesis in his book, originally called The Grand Unified Theory of Classical Quantum Mechanics (GUT-CQM), and later given the new title The Grand Unified Theory of Classical Physics (GUT-CP).[4] The book is divided into three volumes:

  1. Atomic Physics
  2. Molecular Physics
  3. Collective Phenomena, High-Energy Physics, and Cosmology

Reactions from various scientists

A small group of experimental scientists from NASA and the US Navy research labs have expressed mild support for the claims of Blacklight Power.[2] Dr. Melvin H. Miles, an electro-chemist, said of the hydrino compounds that Dr. Mills manufactured in macroscopic quantities, "he has a tangible product to show people."[15] However, Mills has met general skepticism in the academic community since the founding of BLP in 1991. CQM and hydrinos have been doubted by mainstream physicists who consider it to be pseudoscience. These physicists reject it due to its inconsistencies with the quantum theory.[2][6][8][9][16]

Although Mills has published CQM theory papers in peer-reviewed journals, he has published only in those dealing with speculative work.[8] The most visible critic of Mills' theories has been Robert L. Park, the spokesman for the American Physical Society, insists that Mills has failed to address several deep flaws in the theory.[2] A 2005 evaluation by Andreas Rathke claims there are "severe inconsistencies" in Mills' theory, including a lack of "solutions that predict the existence of hydrinos."[16] Rathke concludes that Mills' equations are not Lorentz invariant, a requirement of any theory that explains the behavior of particles moving close to the speed of light.[17] Mills responded to Rathke with an article (listed as "in press" on the BlackLight Power website) claiming Rathke made nine major errors in his analysis.[18][19] Jan Naudts of the University of Antwerp argues that Rathke did not take into account complexities introduced by relativistic quantum mechanics, and that without doing so Rathke was not justified in rejecting the possibility of a hydrino state.[20] Inspired by Naudts' response to Rathke, Norman Dombey concluded that hydrino states were "unphysical" due to certain problems with non-relativistic counterparts, coupling strength and binding strength.[21]

Edmund Storms (2007) claimed that Mills' theory explains reports of cold fusion experiments.[22] Those cold fusion experiments have subsequenly been discredited by the scientific community.

Two Noble Larueates in Physics, Wolfgang Ketterle and Anthony Leggett, disagree strongly with the idea of hydrino energy. Ketterle characterized Mills claims as "scientific nonsense", and Leggett asserted that Blacklight Power is unable to prove its claims about Quantum physics.[8]

Responses by outside researchers in chronological order

"Unlike most schemes for free energy, the hydrino process of Randy Mills is not without ample theory (WN 8 Jan 99). Mills has written a 1000 page tome, entitled,"The Grand Unified Theory of Classical Quantum Mechanics," that takes the reader all the way from hydrinos to antigravity (WN 9 May 97). Fortunately, Aaron Barth (not to be confused with Erik Baard, the Randy Mills' apologist), has taken upon himself to look through it, checking for accuracy. Barth is a post doctoral researcher at the Harvard-Smithsonian Institute, and holds a PhD in Astronomy, 1998, from UC, Berkeley. What he found initially were mathematical blunders and unjustified assumptions. To his surprise, however, portions of the book seemed well organized. These, it now turns out, were lifted verbatim from various texts. This has been the object of a great deal of discussion from Mills' Hydrino Study Group. Mills seems not to understand what the fuss is all about." - Park[23]

  • May–November 2002: A NASA Institute for Advanced Concepts (NIAC) Phase I study is conducted at Rowan University, led by mechanical engineering professor Anthony Marchese, to investigate the so-called BlackLight Process for use in spacecraft propulsion. The team reports that with assistance from BlackLight Power, they successfully replicated previous results, including the observation of line broadening indicative of hydrogen atoms moving much faster than would ordinarily be expected under the experimental conditions.[24]
  • January 4, 2005: Šišović et al. have reported that observed line-broadening contradicts Mills's models.[25]

"We found that CQM is inconsistent and has several serious deficiencies. Amongst these are the failure to reproduce the energy levels of the excited states of the hydrogen atom, and the absence of Lorentz invariance. Most importantly, we found that CQM does not predict the existence of hydrino states!" - Rathke[16][26]

  • August 5, 2005: Jan Naudts of the University of Antwerp argues that Rathke did not take into account complexities introduced by relativistic quantum mechanics, and that without doing so Rathke was not justified in rejecting the possibility of a hydrino state.[27]
  • 2006: inspired by Naudts' response, Norman Dombey concluded that Mill's theory of hydrino states is "unphysical". According to Dombey, the hydrino states would require:[21]
  1. non-relativistic counterparts to remain physical, but they don't have them.
  2. compatibility with a coupling strength (fine structure constant) equal to zero to remain physical, yet "hydrino states" seem to exist in the absence of any coupling strength.
  3. binding strength that falls with the coupling strength. The hydrino model predicts that binding strength for hydrino states increases as the coupling strength falls, rendering the states unphysical.
  • April 2007: Antonio Di Castro showed that the states below the ground state, as described in Mills' theory, are incompatible with the Schrödinger, Klein-Gordon and Dirac equations."[28]
  • 2007: In a review of cold fusion research, Edmund Storms, a cold fusion researcher, concludes that the hydrino model provides a possible explanation for cold fusion.[22]
  • May 1, 2008: Hans-Jürgen Kunze suggests "that spectral lines, on which the fiction of fractional principal quantum numbers in the hydrogen atom is based, are nothing else but artefacts." [29]

"BlackLight Power (BLP), founded 17 years ago as HydroCatalysis, announced last week that the company had successfully tested a prototype power system that would generate 50 KW of thermal power. BLP anticipates delivery of the new power system in 12 to 18 months. The BLP process, (WN 26 Apr 91) , discovered by Randy Mills, is said to coax hydrogen atoms into a "state below the ground state," called the "hydrino." There is no independent scientific confirmation of the hydrino, and BLP has a patent problem. So they have nothing to sell but bull shit. The company is therefore dependent on investors with deep pockets and shallow brains." - Park[30]

  • September 2008: BLP publishes the assertion that researchers at Rowan University reported reproducible bursts of heat when testing BlackLight cells and prototype reactors, using materials provided by BlackLight.[31] Critics have complained about borrowing reactors from Blacklight instead of building their own, past collaboration of the author with Mills, and lack of detail in the calorimeter measurements, which makes it difficult to tell if all sources of error were taken into account.[8][9] Mills said in October 2008 that, for now, it is keeping secret how to loop the system to achieve a self-sustaining reaction that provides a continuous output of heat, in order to keep its own researchers a step ahead in the research of the system.[9] He also predicted that totally independent researchers should be able to test the full system by around October 2009.[9]
  • August 12, 2009: A BLP press release asserts that scientists at Rowan University have for the first time independently formulated and tested fuels that on demand generated energy greater than that of combustion at power levels of kilowatts using BLP’s proprietary solid-fuel chemistry capable of continuous regeneration. Operating power systems using BLP’s chemistry, Rowan University professors have reported a net energy gain of up to 6.5 times the maximum energy potential of the materials in the system from known chemical reactions. "It does portend some type of novel energy source," said Peter Jansson, associate engineering professor at Rowan.[32]

Alleged experimental findings

According to the BLP website, Mills et al. have published over 70[34] peer-reviewed experimental studies reporting significant observations, including:

  • Chemical reactions that produce plasmas in gas cells with input energies far below the level that conventional theory predicts is required to produce such plasmas.
  • Spectral lines from gas cell plasmas which match the predictions for hydrino transitions.[35]
  • Detection of excess heat from plasma cells using water bath calorimetry.
  • New chemical compounds said to have been formed from hydrino hydrides (i.e. a hydrino which has captured another electron to form a negative hydride ion) which show unusual properties and structure.
  • Molecular 'dihydrino' gas formation and detection.
  • Experiments demonstrating excess energy when sodium hydride is heated in contact with Raney nickel catalyst (R-Ni)[36]

Corporate history

Founder and CEO Randell Mills

Randell Mills graduated from Harvard Medical School,[2] and studied biotechnology and electrical engineering at MIT.[37] He has a Bachelor of Arts Degree in Chemistry, summa cum laude and Phi Beta Kappa, from Franklin & Marshall College in 1982.[citation needed]

Blacklight Power says it may have tapped the energy that cosmologists have struggled to explain, called dark matter, which fills the universe. "It represents a boundless form of new primary energy". "I think it's going to replace all forms of fuel in the world.", said Randell Mills to Reuters.[32]

An article in the technology column of the New York Times described in 2008 how Mills had kept plugging on and getting $60 million in venture funding despite his theories being first rejected and then ignored by the scientific community during years; it called the Blacklight reactors an interesting technology that could revolutionize the energy world, although it said that it was prudent to wait for more independent verification.[9] IEEE Spectrum magazine listed Blacklight as a "loser" technology in its 2009 report because "Most experts don’t believe such lower states exist, and they say the experiments don’t present convincing evidence."[8]

Development

  • Randell Mills founded the company in 1991.[2] According to Park it was founded as HydroCatalysis Inc. and later renamed to Blacklight Power Inc.[1]
  • By 1999 the company was claiming to have produced excess energy for over a year.[38]
  • By 2000 Mills raised $25 million in funding for the company, and in 2009 he had raised $60 million.[8][9] Mills convinced several researchers that supported him to sit at the board of his company.[2] Subsequently, several venture capital firms placed representatives on the board, and other important persons in business joined the board, including a former CEO of Westinghouse.[2]
  • On June 14, 2007, Blacklight Power's subsidiary, Millsian, offered a molecular-modeling software-application based on CQM theory. The subsidiary had been formed in June 2006 as Molegos Inc. and renamed in October 2006.[11]
  • On May 28, 2008, a press release by BLPI claimed successful testing of a prototype generating 50,000 watts of thermal power on demand.[39]

Commercial licensing and agreements

BLP claims to have seven commercial agreements to license BLP energy technology for the production of thermal or electric power to utilities and private corporations.[10] BLP has identified four of these companies in its press releases. The four companies and the date of the press release announcing the licensing are as follows:

  • Estacado Energy Services (wholly-owned subsidiary of Roosevelt County Electric Cooperative), December 11, 2008 [40]
  • Farmers’ Electric Cooperative, Inc., January 6, 2009 [41]
  • Akridge Energy, LLC (wholly owned by John E. Akridge, III), July 30, 2009 [42]
  • GEOENERGIE SpA (Energy Subsidiary of Geogreen (part of the RadiciGroup)), March 23, 2009 [10]

As of February 10, 2011, the agreements were not mentioned on the websites of any of the identified companies and details of the contracts were not publicly available. However, John E. Akridge, owner of the real estate development company that is the parent company of Akridge Energy, LLC and a BLP stock holder stated "we believe BLP technology will have a profound impact on the environment and the economy" and "We are excited to be one of the early adopters of BLP technology."[42]

In addition to the agreements listed above, BLP has had agreements with other utilities including Connectiv and PacifiCorp which, as of 1999, had invested $10 million in BLP.[43] The status of these agreements is not publicly described and neither the PacificCorp, the Connectiv (Atlantic City Electric today) web sites nor the BLP web site today have any mention of these agreements.

Involvement with Rowan University

  • On October 20, 2008, BLPI made a statement that Peter Jansson of Rowan University had completed a three month test of their reactors and validated excess heat production.[44]
  • August 12, 2009: BLP press release through Hill & Knowlton claims that researchers at Rowan University reproduced BlackLight process, using their own materials. Results were claimed to show 1.2 times to 6.5 times the energy released than can be attributed by known chemical reactions. Detailed instructions of the process are said to be released so that third party verification can take place. Rowan researchers were said to have produced their own material from purchased chemicals, to avoid the caveats realised in the previous 2008 test.[45]

Patents

In 2000, the United States Patent and Trademark Office (USPTO) approved Blacklight's patent application 09/009,294 entitled "Hydride Compounds" after an initial rejection, and gave it US 6030601 . The fee had already been paid, but it hadn't still reached the stage of final issuance. The company was later granted US 6024935  "Lower-Energy Hydrogen Methods and Structures". A mocking column by Robert L. Park[46] and an outside query by an unknown person[47] apparently prompted Director Group Director Kepplinger to review this new patent himself, and he expressed concerns about the patent's theoretical basis, the existence of fractional quantum numbers. He also noticed that the patent application, 09/009,294, had the same theoretical basis. He contacted another Director, Robert Spar, who also expressed doubts on the patentability of the patent application. This caused the USPTO to withdraw from issue the patent application before it was granted and re-open it for review, and to withdraw four related applications, including one for an hydrino power plant.[46] This prompted Blacklight to sue in the US District Court of Columbia, saying that withdrawing the 09/009,294 application after having paid the fee was contrary to law. In 2002 the District Court concluded that the USPTO was acting inside the limits of its authority in withdrawing a patent over whose validity it had doubts, and later that year the United States Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit ratified this decision.[47][48][49] Application 09/009,294 was so near issuance that it slipped into the list of issued patents as US 6030601 .[46] The status of withdrawn patent US 6024935  in unclear since it still appears in the USPTO website as an granted patent.[50]

In March and April 2008, Blacklight Power had four UK patent applications relating to models and apparatus based on hydrino theory refused by the UK Intellectual Property Office. The decision was based on "the experimental evidence provided and the acceptance of the theory by the physics community generally", which led to the conclusion that the theory "was probably not valid", and therefore that the inventions were not "capable of industrial application" as required by UK patent law.[51] In November 2008, the UK Patents Court overturned the rejection of the four patents, ruling that they should only have been rejected if the theory was clearly invalid (rather than probably invalid) and remitted the case to the Patent Office for reconsideration.[52][53] In June 2009 a hearing officer at the UK patent office found that a full investigation with the help of an expert in GUTCQM wouldn't have a reasonable prospect of finding it a valid theory, and rejected the patents again.[54]

The company does hold US 7188033  for rendering the chemical bonds of hydrogen using imaging software, covering their "Millsian" molecular modeling software application.[55]

Patent applications appearing in a Google Patents search
# Filed Patent
US Pat. 10331725 2002-12-31 Synthesis and characterization of a highly stable amorphous silicon hydride ...
US Pat. 10/513,026 2003-04-30 Diamond synthesis
US Pat. 10469913 2003-09-05 Microwave power cell, chemical reactor, and power converter
US Pat. 10552585 2004-04-08 Plasma reactor and process for producing lower-energy hydrogen species
US Pat. 10494571 2004-05-06 Hydrogen power, plasma, and reactor for lasing, and power conversion
US Pat. 11596218 2005-05-17 Method and System of Computing and Rendering the Nature of the Excited ...
Patents Granted appearing in a Google Patents search
# Filed Patent
US Pat. 6024935 1997-03-21 Lower-energy hydrogen methods and structures
US Pat. 7188033 2004-07-19 Method and system of computing and rendering the nature of the chemical bond ...

Corporate Governance

Directors of the company have included

References

  1. ^ a b c Robert L. Park (26 April 1991). "What's New Friday, 26 April 1991 Washington, DC". and Robert L. Park (31 October 2008). "What's New Friday, October 31, 2008".
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h Jacqueline A. Newmyer (May 17, 2000). "Academics Question The Science Behind BlackLight Power, Inc". Harvard Crimson. Retrieved February 10, 2009.
  3. ^ a b http://www.blacklightpower.com/ Official site
  4. ^ a b c d Mills, Randell L. (2008). "The Grand Unified Theory of Classical Physics" (DjVu). Blacklight Power. Retrieved 2009-08-15. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help) (Self-published)
  5. ^ Robert L. Park (2002). Voodoo science: the road from foolishness to fraud (illustrated, reprint ed.). Oxford University Press. pp. 133–135. ISBN 0198604432, 9780198604433. {{cite book}}: Check |isbn= value: invalid character (help)
  6. ^ a b E. Sheldon (September–October 2008). "An overview of almost 20 years' research on cold fusion". Contemporary Physics. 49 (5): 375–378. doi:10.1080/00107510802465229. [Mill's paper], which involves a nowadays widely discredited 'hydrino' model that was proposed in 1991 to account for the excess heat observations in 'cold fusion' studies. (...) [the notion that there are electron orbital states that are less energetic than the ground state], is contrary to conventional quantum principles and unacceptable to me or to the general theoretical-physics community.
  7. ^ William J. Broad (1991-04-26). "2 Teams Put New Life in 'Cold' Fusion Theory". New York Times.
  8. ^ a b c d e f g h Erico Guizzo (January 2009). "Loser: Hot or Not?". IEEE Spectrum. Why it's a loser: Most experts don't believe such lower states exist, and they say the experiments don't present convincing evidence. (part of Winners & Losers VI, by Philip E. Ross in the same publication)
  9. ^ a b c d e f g h Morrison, Chris (2008-10-21). "Blacklight Power bolsters its impossible claims of a new renewable energy source". New York Times.
  10. ^ a b c "March 23, 2010 BLP News Release - BlackLight Power, Inc. Announces First Commercial License in Europe with GEOENERGIE SpA, Energy Subsidiary of Geogreen". Retrieved 2011-02-10.
  11. ^ a b "Millsian". Millsian. Official site
  12. ^ Mills, Randell L. (2008). "Exact classical quantum mechanical solution for atomic helium which predicts conjugate parameters from a unique solution for the first time" (PDF). Phys. Essays. 21 (2): 103. doi:10.4006/1.3009282.
  13. ^ Haus, Hermann A. (1986). "On the radiation from point charges". American Journal of Physics. 54: 1126. doi:10.1119/1.14729.
  14. ^ Randell L. Mills (2008-01-21). "Physical solutions of the nature of the atom, photon, and their interactions to form excited and predicted hydrino states" (PDF). BlackLight Power. Retrieved 2009-03-02. (self published)
  15. ^ Erik Baard (October 6, 1999). "Researcher Claims Power Tech That Defies Quantum Theory". Dow Jones NewsWires.
  16. ^ a b c Rathke, A (2005). "A critical analysis of the hydrino model". New Journal of Physics. 2005 (7): 127. doi:10.1088/1367-2630/7/1/127. 'a state of the hydrogen atom that is less energetic than the ground state cannot be ruled out completely under some exotic conditions at our current level of understanding. Such conditions are however not likely to be fulfilled in the relatively low-energy, low electromagnetic field environment of the plasmas studied by Mills et al.' and 'standard quantum mechanics cannot encompass hydrino states, with the properties currently attributed to them' {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  17. ^ Rathke, A (2005). "A critical analysis of the hydrino model". New Journal of Physics. 2005 (7): 127. doi:10.1088/1367-2630/7/1/127. ...this wave equation is not Lorentz-invariant for any other phase velocity than the speed of light {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  18. ^ Mills, Randell L. "Physical solutions to the nature of the atom, photon, and their interaction to form excited and predicted hydrino states" (PDF). Blacklight Power.[dubious – discuss] (Self-published)
  19. ^ Mills. "Mills Rebuttal of Rathke Regarding Hydrinos" (PDF). Blacklight Power. (Self-published)
  20. ^ Naudts, Jan (5 August 2005). "On the hydrino state of the relativistic hydrogen atom" (v2 ed.). arXiv. arXiv:physics/0507193v2.
  21. ^ a b Dombey, Norman (8 August 2006). "The hydrino and other unlikely states". Phys Ltrs A. 360: 62. doi:10.1016/j.physleta.2006.07.069. arXiv:arXiv:physics/0608095.
  22. ^ a b Storms, Edmund (2007). Science of low energy nuclear reaction: a comprehensive compilation of evidence and explanations. Singapore: World Scientific. p. 184. ISBN 9812706208.
  23. ^ Park, Bob (27 October 2000). "What's New?". University of Maryland. Retrieved 2009-03-02.
  24. ^ Marchese, A. J. (May 1 – November 30, 2002). "The BlackLight Rocket Engine NIAC Phase I Final Report" (PDF). NIAC. Retrieved 2009-08-16. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)CS1 maint: date format (link)
  25. ^ Šišović, N. M.; Majstorović, G. Lj.; Konjević, N. (4 January 2005). "Excessive hydrogen and deuterium Balmer lines broadening in a hollow cathode glow discharges". European Physical Journal D-Atomic, Molecular, Optical and Plasma Physics. 32: 347–354. doi:10.1140/epjd/e2004-00192-1.
  26. ^ Rathke, Andreas (20 May 2005). "A critical analysis of the hydrino model". quant-ph/0505150].{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: extra punctuation (link)
  27. ^ Naudts, Jan (5 August 2005). "On the hydrino state of the relativistic hydrogen atom". arXiv. arXiv:[physics.gen-ph arXiv:physics/0507193v2 [physics.gen-ph]].
  28. ^ de Castro, Antonio S. (4 April 2007). "Orthogonality criterion for banishing hydrino states from standard quantum mechanics". Phys Ltrs A. 369: 380. arXiv:0704.0631v1.
  29. ^ Kunze, H-J (2008). "On the spectroscopic measurements used to support the postulate of states with fractional principal quantum numbers in hydrogen". J Phys D: Appl Phys. 41: 108001. doi:10.1088/0022-3727/41/10/108001.
  30. ^ Park, Bob (6 June 2010). "Hydrinos: How long can a really dumb idea survive?". What's New?. University of Maryland. Retrieved 2010-12-04.
  31. ^ Jansson, Peter. "Water Flow Calorimetry Experiments, Validation Tests and Chemical Analysis of Reactants for BlackLight Power Inc" (PDF). BlackLight Power. video of experiment
  32. ^ a b Gerard Wynn (September 3, 2000). "Sweet dreams are made of geoengineering". Reuters. Retrieved October 15, 2009.
  33. ^ "News Release". Retrieved 2011-01-20.
  34. ^ "BlackLight Power, Inc. Publications: Journals, Proceedings and Book" (PDF). Retrieved 2009-04-07.(self published)
  35. ^ Mills, R.; Ray, P. (7 July 2003). "Extreme ultraviolet spectroscopy of helium-hydrogen plasma". J Phys D. 36 (17): 1535–1542. doi:10.1088/0022-3727/36/13/316.
  36. ^ Mills, R. L.; Zhao, K.; Akhtar; Chang, R.; He, J.; Lu, Y.; Good, W.; Dhandapani, B. "Commercializable power source from forming new states of hydrogen" (PDF). BlackLight Power. Retrieved 2009-03-02. (self published)
  37. ^ Erik Baard (December 21, 1999). "Quantum Leap: Dr. Randell Mills says he can change the face of physics. The Scientfic Establishment thinks he's nuts". The Village Voice. Retrieved February 10, 2009.
  38. ^ Official website, Blacklight Power, copy of page in 20 February 1999
  39. ^ Mina Kimes (2008-07-29), "BlackLight's physics-defying promise: Cheap power from water", CNNMoney.com
  40. ^ "December 11, 2008 BLP News Release - BlackLight Power Inc. Announces First Commercial License with Estacado Energy Services". Retrieved 2011-02-11.
  41. ^ "January 6, 2009 BLP News Release - BlackLight Power Inc. Announces First Commercial License with Estacado Energy Services". Retrieved 2011-02-11.
  42. ^ a b "July 39, 2009 BLP News Release - BlackLight Power Inc. Announces Its Sixth Commercial License Agreement". Retrieved 2011-02-11.
  43. ^ "Dow Jones NewsWires (October 6, 1999) - Researcher Claims Power Tech That Defies Quantum Theory". Retrieved 2011-02-11.
  44. ^ Morrison, Chris (October 21, 2008). "Blacklight Power bolsters its impossible claims of a new renewable energy source". New York Times. Retrieved 2008-10-21.
  45. ^ Morrison, Chris (2009-08-13). "Blacklight Power Returns With More Lab Validation". BNET. Retrieved 2009-08-16.
  46. ^ a b c Erik Baard (2000-04-25), The Empire Strikes Back. Alternative-Energy Scientist Fights to Save Patent
  47. ^ a b Patent nonsense: court denies Blacklight Power appeal, What's New, Robert Park, September 6, 2002
  48. ^ United States Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit. "Blacklight Power, Inc. v. James E. Rogan".
  49. ^ Brendan Coffey (2000-05-15). "Follow-Through. Weird Science". Forbes.
  50. ^ US 6024935 , 6,024,935, Lower-energy hydrogen methods and structures, February 15, 2000, retrieved 11 February 2011
  51. ^ UK-IPO decisions "O/114/08". and "O/076/08".
  52. ^ "Blacklight Power Inc v Comptroller-General of Patents [2008] EWHC 2763 (Pat); [2008] WLR (D) 360". 2008-11-18.
  53. ^ Gale R Peterson, Derrick A Pizarro, Practising Law Institute (2003). 2003 Federal Circuit Yearbook: Patent Law Developments in the Federal Circuit. Practising Law Institute. p. 1. ISBN 9780872244436.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  54. ^ "UK-IPO decision O/170/09".
  55. ^ Chris Morrison (2008-05-30). "Blacklight Power claims nearly-free energy from water — is this for real?". VentureBeat. US 7188033 , granted March 6, 2007. For US 6024935  see other references

Advocacy

Commentaries by Critic Bob Park

General media

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