International Weddell Sea Oceanographic Expeditions
The International Weddell Sea Oceanographic Expeditions or IWSOE are a series of scientific research expeditions to the Weddell Sea begun in 1967, involving cooperation between Norway, Canada, Chile and the United States.
IWSOE research projects have involved a variety of institutions and covered a wide range of disciplines. For example in 1969 scientists from the Universities of Bergen (Norway) and Minnesota, Connecticut and California, Los Angeles, (USA), and the US Coast Guard Oceanographic Unit studied the formation of Antarctic Bottom Water, the population density and diversity of the deep sea benthos of the Weddell Sea, the population dynamics of Antarctic seals and sedimentation processes in the Weddell Sea and carried out physical, chemical and photographic oceanographic surveys.[1]
Other subjects of IWSOE research include the Weddell Sea currents and the biology of krill, a species of plankton abundant in the area.
The expeditions were initially led aboard the USCGC Glacier, an icebreaker modified for oceanographic research which in 1968 was the first ship to cross the Weddell Sea from the edge of the ice pack to the continental landmass.[2] [3][4][1][5]
References
- ^ a b Introduction, page 1, "Oceanography of the Weddell Sea in 1969" by Gary L. Hufford and Lcdr. James M. Seabrooke, United States Coast Guard Oceanographic Report No. 31, publ. Washington DC, Feb. 1970, accessed 1 March 2011
- ^ "Har du møtt Peder pingvin?" (PDF). CMR Annual report 07. Historikk (in Norwegian and English). Bergen, Norway: Christian Michelsen Research AS: 24. 2007. Retrieved 18 February 2011.
{{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter|trans_title=ignored (|trans-title=suggested) (help) - ^ Michel, Robert L. (1978). "Tritium Distributions in Weddell Sea Water Masses". Journal of Geophysical Research. 83 (C12): 6192–6198.
{{cite journal}}:|access-date=requires|url=(help) - ^ Ross, Robin M. (1996). Robin M. Ross, Eileen Elizabeth Hofmann, Langdon B. Quetin (ed.). Foundations for ecological research West of the Antarctic Peninsula. American Geophysical Union. p. 6. ISBN 9780875908915. Retrieved 1 March 2011.
{{cite book}}: More than one of|pages=and|page=specified (help); Unknown parameter|coauthors=ignored (|author=suggested) (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: editors list (link) - ^ Fred's Place website USCGC Glacier Archive, personal report by SO1 John Murphy of Glacier's 1968 IWSOE Weddell Sea voyage, accessed 1 March 2011
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