Jump to content

Rock paper scissors

Listen to this article
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

This is an old revision of this page, as edited by Chealar (talk | contribs) at 12:33, 4 March 2011 (→Main game mechanics: Added a space for better legibility). The present address (URL) is a permanent link to this revision, which may differ significantly from the current revision.

"Roshambo" redirects here. For the phonetically similar name and terms derived from it, see Rochambeau. For the bullying practice see sack tapping.
Rock-paper-scissors chart
Listen to this article
(2 parts, 28 minutes)
  2. Part 2
Spoken Wikipedia icon
These audio files were created from a revision of this article dated
Error: no date provided
, and do not reflect subsequent edits.
(Audio help · More spoken articles)

Rock-paper-scissors is a hand game played by two or more people. The game is known by many names, including other orderings of the three items in the name (with "stone" often substituted by speakers of British English), piedra papel o tijera, fargling, cachi-pún, burung-batu-air ("bird-stone-water"), jan-ken-pon (and variants including jan-ken-poi and janken), baau-jin-dup("cantonese: wrap-cut-crash"), kauwi-bauwi-bo, камень-ножницы-бумага and rochambeau.[1][2]

The game is often used as a selection method in a way similar to coin flipping, drawing straws, or throwing dice. However, unlike truly random selection methods, rock-paper-scissors can be played with a degree of skill, especially if the game extends over many sessions with the same players; it is often possible to recognize and exploit the non-random behavior of an opponent.[3]

Game play

The players count aloud to three, or speak the name of the game (e.g. "Rock! Paper! Scissors!" or "Ro! Cham! Beau!"), each time raising one hand in a fist and swinging it down on the count. On the third count (saying, "Scissors!" or "Beau!"), the players change their hands into one of three gestures, which they then "throw" by extending it towards their opponent. Variations include a version where players use a fourth count — "Shoot!" — before throwing their gesture, or a version where they only shake their hands twice before "throwing." Others prefer a five count cadence by saying "Says Shoot!" or "And Shoot!" before throwing their gesture. The gestures are:

  • Rock, represented by a clenched fist.
  • Scissors, represented by two fingers extended and separated.
  • Paper, represented by an open hand, with the fingers connected (horizontal).

The objective is to select a gesture which defeats that of the opponent. Gestures are resolved as follows:

  • Rock blunts or breaks scissors: that is, rock defeats scissors
  • Scissors cut paper: scissors defeats paper
  • Paper covers, sands or captures rock: paper defeats rock

If both players choose the same gesture, the game is tied and the players throw again.

History

According to Xie Zhaozhe (谢肇淛)'s book ‘’Wuzazu(五杂组)‘’, in the Chinese Ming dynasty period, the game could date back to the time of Chinese Han dynasty, it is called (手势令). Li rihua(李日华)'s book Note of Liuyanzhai(六砚斋笔记)also reveals this game, calling it shoushiling(手势令), or huozhitou（豁指头）, or huoquan（豁拳）. In the 18th century these games were popular in Japan.　 The Japanese people invented Janken(Rock-paper-scissors) in the latter half of 19th century. As for Rock-paper-scissors, it came to be played all over the world in the 20th century. Jan-ken-pon (じゃんけんぽん), or more commonly janken (じゃんけん), often transliterated in other ways such as jack-en-poy (tagalog), janken-po, etc., sometimes called rock ken (石拳, ishiken), and known as rock-paper-scissors or paper-scissors-stone in the English-speaking world. The origin or the derivation of the name is unknown. ken (拳, ken) is a fist in Japanese and Jan-ken-po is categorized as a "ken (fist) games" (拳遊び, ken asobi). Janken is believed to have been based on two older ken games, sū ken (数拳, number competing game with fingers, likely similar to or identical with Morra) and san sukumi ken (三すくみ拳, san sukumi means the freezing aspects of a snake, frog, and slug with fear). San sukumi ken has existed in Japan since ancient times, and sū ken was imported from China in the late 17th century; the name in China of sū ken is shǒushìlìng (手勢令). Ken games began to increase in popularity in the middle of the 19th century.

Variations

Players have developed numerous cultural and personal variations on the game, from simply playing the same game with different objects, to expanding into more weapons and rules.

  • Rock-paper-scissors is frequently played in a "best two out of three" match, and in many cases psych-outs, shouting, and trick gestures are performed to confuse or trick the other player into throwing an illegal toss resulting in a loss. Some players prefer to shout the name of a throw they do not intend to throw in order to misdirect and confuse their opponent. It generally applies that what is thrown is what is officially counted in the match. For instance, yelling Scissors or Paper, and actually throwing Rock. The rock is what is judged and tallied. During tournaments, players often prepare their sequence of three gestures prior to the tournament's commencement.[4][5]

Additional weapons

With an odd number of choices, each beats half the weapons and loses to half the weapons. No even number of weapons can be made balanced, unless some pairs of weapons result in a draw; there will always be some weapons superior to others.

An example of an unbalanced four-weapon game adds "dynamite" as a trump. Dynamite, expressed as the extended index finger or thumb, always defeats rock, but is defeated by scissors. The paper-dynamite relationship is disputed; using it as a trump generally implies that "dynamite shreds paper," but there are those who claim that the paper would supposedly smother the fuse. Because of this dispute (and the potential unfair advantage that would result), organized rock-paper-scissors contests never use dynamite. A game theory analysis would eliminate one of the four symbols for being a strategy strictly dominated, and the resulting game would be isomorphic to the original rock, paper, scissor (i.e., only a symbol's name would change).[6]

Rock Paper Scissors Lizard Spock resolution diagram
Rock Paper Scissors Lizard Spock gestures
Resolution and gesture diagrams for Rock, Paper, Scissors, Lizard, Spock

Similarly, the French game "pierre, papier, ciseaux, puits" (rock, paper, scissors, well) is unbalanced; both the rock and scissors fall in the well and lose to it, while paper covers both rock and well. This means two "weapons", well and paper, can defeat two moves, while the last two weapons can only defeat one of the other three choices.

Main article: Rock-paper-scissors-lizard-spock

One popular five-weapon expansion, claimed to have been invented by Sam Kass and Karen Bryla,[7] adds "Spock" and "lizard" to the standard three. "Spock" is signified with the Star Trek Vulcan salute, while "lizard" is shown by forming the hand into a sock-puppet-like mouth. Spock smashes scissors and vaporizes rock; he is poisoned by lizard and disproved by paper. Lizard poisons Spock and eats paper; it is crushed by rock and decapitated by scissors. This variant was mentioned in a 2005 article of The Times[8] and appeared in an episode of the sitcom The Big Bang Theory, "The Lizard-Spock Expansion," in 2008. As long as the number of moves is an odd number and that each move defeats exactly half of the other moves while being defeated by the other half, any combinations of moves will function as a game. For example, a 101-move version exists.[9]

Instances of use in real-life scenarios

Federal case

In 2006, Federal Judge Gregory Presnell from the Middle District of Florida ordered opposing sides in a lengthy court case to settle a trivial (but lengthily debated) point over the appropriate place for a deposition using the game of rock-paper-scissors.[10] The ruling in Avista Management v. Wausau Underwriters stated:

Upon consideration of the Motion – the latest in a series of Gordian knots that the parties have been unable to untangle without enlisting the assistance of the federal courts – it is ORDERED that said Motion is DENIED. Instead, the Court will fashion a new form of alternative dispute resolution, to wit: at 4:00 P.M. on Friday, June 30, 2006, counsel shall convene at a neutral site agreeable to both parties. If counsel cannot agree on a neutral site, they shall meet on the front steps of the Sam M. Gibbons U.S. Courthouse, 801 North Florida Ave., Tampa, Florida 33602. Each lawyer shall be entitled to be accompanied by one paralegal who shall act as an attendant and witness. At that time and location, counsel shall engage in one game of "rock, paper, scissors." The winner of this engagement shall be entitled to select the location for the 30(b)(6) deposition to be held somewhere in Hillsborough County during the period July 11–12, 2006.[11]

The public release of this judicial order, widely circulated among area lawyers, was intended to shame the respective law firms regarding their litigation conduct by settling the dispute in a farcical manner.[citation needed]

Auction house rock-paper-scissors match

Large Trees Under the Jas de Bouffan sold for $11,776,000 at Christie's.[12]

When Takashi Hashiyama, CEO of a Japanese television equipment manufacturer, decided to auction off the collection of impressionist paintings owned by his corporation, including works by Cézanne, Picasso, and van Gogh, he contacted two leading auction houses, Christie's International and Sotheby's Holdings, seeking their proposals on how they would bring the collection to the market as well as how they would maximize the profits from the sale. Both firms made elaborate proposals, but neither was persuasive enough to get Hashiyama’s business. Unwilling to split up the collection into separate auctions, Hashiyama asked the firms to decide between themselves who would hold the auction, which included Cézanne's "Large Trees Under the Jas de Bouffan", worth $12–16 million.

The houses were unable to reach a decision. Hashiyama told the two firms to play rock-paper-scissors to decide who would get the rights to the auction, explaining that "it probably looks strange to others, but I believe this is the best way to decide between two things which are equally good".

The auction houses had a weekend to come up with a choice of move. Christie's went to the 11-year-old twin daughters of an employee, who suggested "scissors" because "Everybody expects you to choose 'rock'." Sotheby's said that they treated it as a game of chance and had no particular strategy for the game, but went with "paper".[13]

Christie's won the match, with millions of dollars of commission for the auction house.

Rock-paper-scissors in video games

Main game mechanics

Some Facebook apps revolve almost entirely around Rock-Paper-Scissors matches, like Rock-Paper-Sumo and Red Bull Roshambull.

Secondary main game mechanics

In these games, RPS is not the main way of resolving conflict or advancing in a game, but is mixed with other mechanics.

  • Sega's 1986 Alex Kidd in Miracle World: right at the end of each level, the player must beat an enemy at a best-of-three game of rock-paper-scissors.
  • Naruto Shippūden: Ultimate Ninja 4: when two players collide, one must press a button to determine rock, paper, or scissors. The winner then proceeds to attack the loser.
  • Dragon Warrior Monsters, players must beat Goopi in rock-paper-scissors contests in order to progress in the game.
  • Hudson Soft's NES title Princess Tomato in the Salad Kingdom used "Finger Wars," a modified game of Rock, Paper, Scissors, to fight against enemies.
  • In Mother 3 the main character, Lucas, has to play Stone-Sheet-Clippers, the game's version of rock, paper, scissors, with the fictional band DCMC at the end of the 4th chapter.
  • In the Fire Emblem series, there is a Rock-paper-scissor-like term called Weapon Triangle (Sword, Axe and Lance). Swords are fast attacking weapons, Axe are powerful weapons and Lances have long reach. Sword beats Axe, Axe beats Lance and Lance beats Sword. But there's still a chance for the weaker weapon to win if the character is strong enough.
  • In the Playstation game Xenogears, the character Fei Fong Long has a chance to win the RPS badge by playing a series of Rock Paper Scissors games for money. This is used later in the game for a power up to another character, Chu-Chu.
  • In some real-time strategy games, such as Empire Earth, use a rock-paper-scissors type of function for basic combat with some or all units, with one type of unit being advantageous against another while being weak to a different one. For example, infantry are typically portrayed as being advantageous against cavalry, while archers beat infantry, and cavalry beat archers.
  • Conversely, in older versions of the Mind's Eye Theatre line of LARPs, conflicts and skill challenges were resolved with RPS, but subject to modifiers specific to the character. More recent versions have replaced RPS with a 1-10 card draw as a contest-resolving mechanism.
  • In Raskulls, when the Raskull King and Captain J. Turncoat of the Pirats meet at the last level of the game, the King suggests that they play a game of rock-paper-scissors. The player can then choose a move, which results in King making a pun concerning the subject of his throw. No matter what the player chooses, Captain Turncoat always chooses a six-cannon ship, creating an unbalanced game while sarcastically commenting, "I choose... SHIP WITH LOTS OF CANNONS!"

Rock-paper-scissors analogs in nature

Lizard mating strategies

Main article: Common side-blotched lizard § Mating strategy

The common side-blotched lizard (Uta stansburiana) exhibits a rock-paper-scissors pattern in its mating strategies. Of its three color types of males, "orange beats blue, blue beats yellow, and yellow beats orange" in competition for females, which is similar to the rules of rock-paper-scissors.[14][15]

Coliform bacteria

Some bacteria also exhibit a rock-paper-scissors dynamic when they engage in antibiotic production. The theory for this finding was demonstrated by computer simulation and in the laboratory by Benjamin Kerr, working at Stanford University with Brendan Bohannan.[16] The antibiotics in question are the bacteriocins - more specifically, colicins produced by Escherichia coli. Biologist Benjamin C. Kirkup, Jr. further demonstrated that the colicins were active as E. coli compete with each other in the intestines of mice, and that the rock-paper-scissors dynamics allowed for the continued competition among strains: antibiotic-producers defeat antibiotic-sensitives; antibiotic-resisters multiply and withstand and out-compete the antibiotic-producers, letting antibiotic-sensitives multiply and out-compete others; until antibiotic-producers multiply again.[17]

Tournaments

World Rock Paper Scissors Society sanctioned tournaments

Starting in 2002, the World Rock Paper Scissors Society standardized a set of rules for international play[18] and has overseen annual International World Championships. These open, competitive championships have been widely attended by players from around the world and have attracted widespread international media attention.[19][20][21][22][23] WRPS events are noted for their large cash prizes, elaborate staging, and colorful competitors.[24] In 2004, the championships were broadcast on the U.S. television network Fox Sports Net, with the winner being Lee Rammage, who went on to compete in at least one subsequent championship.[25][26]

Year World Champion Country
2002 Peter Lovering Canada
2003 Rob Krueger Canada
2004 Lee Rammage Canada
2005 Andrew Bergel Canada
2006 Bob Cooper United Kingdom
2007 Andrea Farina[27] USA
2008 Monica Martinez Canada
2009 Tim Conrad USA

USARPS Tournaments

USA Rock Paper Scissors League is a US-based rock-paper-scissors league. It is sponsored by Bud Light. Leo Bryan Pacis is the commissioner of the USARPS.

In April 2006, the inaugural USARPS Championship was held in Las Vegas. Following months of regional qualifying tournaments held across the US, 257 players were flown to Las Vegas for a single-elimination tournament at the House of Blues where the winner received $50,000. The tournament was shown on the A&E Network on June 12, 2006.

The $50,000 2007 USARPS Tournament took place at the Las Vegas Mandalay Bay in May 2007.

In 2008, Sean "Wicked Fingers" Sears beat out 300 other contestants and walked out of the Mandalay Bay Hotel & Casino with $50,000 after defeating Julie "Bulldog" Crossley in the finals.

The inaugural Budweiser International Rock, Paper, Scissors Federation Championship was held in Beijing, China after the close of the 2008 Summer Olympic Games at Club Bud. A Belfast man won the competition.[28] Sean finished 3rd.

National XtremeRPS Competition 2007-2008

The XtremeRPS National Competition[29] is a US nationwide RPS competition with Preliminary Qualifying contests that started in January 2007 and ended in May 2008, followed by regional finals in June and July 2008. The national finals were to be held in Des Moines, Iowa in August 2008, with a chance to win up to $5,000.

UK Rock Paper Scissors Championship

The 1st UK Championship took place on July 13, 2007, and then again on July 14, 2008, in Rhayder, Powys. Steve Frost of Powys is the current holder of this WRPS sanctioned event.

The 3rd UK Championships took place on June 9, 2009 in Exeter, Devon. Nick Hemley, from Surrey, won the contest.[30]

The 4th UK Championships took place on Saturday 13th November 2010 at the Durell Arms in West London. Paul Lewis from Woking beat Ed Blake in the final and collected the £100 first prize and UK title. Richard Richard Daynes Appreciation Society won the team event. 80 competitors took part in the main contest and 10 entries in the team contest.

Guinness Book of World Records

On April 3, 2009, Colonel By Secondary School in Ottawa, Canada, held the largest recorded rock-paper-scissors tournament, with approximately 1150 participants. The contest was throughout all the Grade 9-12s, and included teachers. The winner, Cody Lombardo, took home a trophy, and had his name in the Guinness Book of World Records.[31]

On July 9, 2010, over 6500 attendees of the LIFE 2010 Conference in Louisville, Kentucky, participated in the largest tournament of Rock-Paper-Scissors ever, shattering the previous record of 1150 participants.

World Series of Rock Paper Scissors

Former Celebrity Poker Showdown host and USARPS Head Referee[32] Phil Gordon has hosted an annual $500 World Series of Rock Paper Scissors event in conjunction with the World Series of Poker since 2005.[33] The winner of the WSORPS receives an entry into the WSOP Main Event. The event is an annual fundraiser for the "Cancer Research and Prevention Foundation" via Gordon's charity Bad Beat on Cancer. Poker player Annie Duke won the Second Annual World Series of Rock Paper Scissors.[34][35] The tournament is taped by ESPN and highlights are covered during "The Nuts" section of ESPN's annual WSOP broadcast.[36][37][38] 2009 was the fifth year of the tournament.

Red Bull Roshambull World Online Series

The Red Bull Roshambull is a Recognized Unofficial event by the World RPS which takes place over the Facebook Application "Red Bull Roshambull". Although originally a unrecognized event, in January 2011 it was given a Official Recognized event status due to the number of people who regulary take part in the World Championships and other recognized leagues starting to compete.However the event is still seen as a Non Ranking event and any awards or titles given in the tournament are not officially recognized outside the event.

The World Series is a Multiple Tournament contest in which a players performance in each separate tournament is scored, and after a number of Tournaments within the event have taken place, a Triple Elimination Playoff takes place to decide a overall Championship. Over the last few seasons extra events have been added to the series, the most popular of them being the Hidden Stars (a tournament for Novice players on the application who may not know about the event being given a chance to compete without any regulars taking part) and the World Series Blitz (where all the events take place over 1 day rather than once a week like in the main event).

The key feature of this event is the number of players who are not known as people who play in real-life tournaments who show a lot of ambition to try and compete with those who Play in the most recognized events on a regular basis. This has created a small Community of players as well as a small rivalry between both sets of players to prove who is better

Season Overall Result League Phase Hidden Stars World Series Blitz Team Event
Summer 2009 1ST England Alan Giles

2nd United States Mark Thomas
3rd Australia Frances Anne Ricketts

1ST United States Mark Thomas

2nd Norway Monika Hjelmas
3rd Republic of Ireland Dave Dungan

Not Competed in This season
Winter 2009/10 1ST Australia Frances Anne Ricketts

2nd United States Mark Thomas
3rd Canada Roman P

1ST Australia Frances Anne Ricketts

2nd Australia Clayton Dwyer
3rd Canada Andrew Lampman

Not Competed in This season
Summer 2010 1ST Australia Brett McFarlane

2nd United States Tom Bussineau
3rd Republic of Ireland Dave Dungan

1ST Canada Andrew Lampman

2nd Australia Brett McFarlane
3rd United States Mark Tuden

1ST England Lex Harrison

2nd England Jaden Urquhart
3rd Canada Aaron Huehn

Not competed in this Season World Team Challenge

1ST South Africa African Nations Mac Anamourlis,Craig Von Hagen,Jakqui KroboGhana
2nd Norway Norway Erik Westnes,Anna Kvalheim,Monika Hjelmas
3rd England England James Heyes,Sarah Dixon, Andy Mills

Winter 2010/11 Not Yet Started

Playoff Qualified Players
England Richard Morgan
Canada Carol Lampman
Canada Andrew Lampman

Currently in session 1ST United StatesAmanda Parsons

2nd England Leona Colton
3rd United States Braxton R. Rodgers

1ST CanadaAndrew Lampman

2nd Canada Carol Lampman
3rd United States Mark Tuden

Not competed in this Season

. In December 2010 a player called Maxamillion Air became one of the first Online only players to play in a official event.

See also

Notes

  1. ^ "Game Basics". Retrieved 2009-12-05.
  2. ^ St. John, Kelly (2003-03-19). "Ready, set ... Roshambo! Contestants vie for $1,000 purse in Rock, Scissors, Paper contest". San Francisco Chronicle. Retrieved 2007-11-20.
  3. ^ Fisher, Len (2008). Rock, paper, scissors: game theory in everyday life. Basic Books. p. 94. ISBN 9780465009381.
  4. ^ Steve Vockrodt, "Student rivals throw down at rock, paper, scissors tournament", Lawrence Journal-World, April 8, 2007. Retrieved April 13, 2007.
  5. ^ Michael Y. Park, "Rock, Paper, Scissors, the Sport", Fox News, March 20, 2006. Retrieved April 13, 2007.
  6. ^ World RPS Society (2002). elephant kills human human kills ant and ant crawls up elephant nose and kills it "The Myth of Dynamite Exposed". Retrieved 2007-11-09. {{cite web}}: Check |url= value (help)
  7. ^ Sam Kass. "Original Rock-Paper-Scissors-Spock-Lizard Page". Retrieved 2009-03-11.
  8. ^ "... and paper scissors". London: The Times Online. 11 June 2005. Retrieved 2009-06-09.
  9. ^ "RPS101".
  10. ^ "Exasperated judge resorts to child's game". The Seattle Times. Associated Press. 2006-06-26. Retrieved 2006-08-20.
  11. ^ Presnell, Gregory (June 7, 2006). "Order of the court: Avista Management vs. Wausau Underwriters Insurance Co". CNN.com. Retrieved 2006-06-08.
  12. ^ Art/Auctions logo, Impressionist & Modern Art, Christie's, 7 pm, May 4, 2005, Sale 1514.
  13. ^ Vogel, Carol (April 29, 2005). "Rock, Paper, Payoff: Child's Play Wins Auction House an Art Sale". The New York Times.
  14. ^ Sinervo, Barry (2001-02-20). "The rock-paper-scissors game and the evolution of alternative male strategies". Retrieved 2006-08-20.
  15. ^ Barry Sinervo on the 7th Avenue Project Radio Show. "The Games Lizards Play".{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  16. ^ Nature. 2002 Jul 11;418(6894):171-4
  17. ^ Nature. 2004 Mar 25;428(6981):412-4
  18. ^ "Game Basics". World Rock Paper Scissors Society. Retrieved 2006-08-20.
  19. ^ Hruby, Patrick (2004-12-10). "Fists fly in game of strategy". The Washington Times. Retrieved 2006-08-20.
  20. ^ "2003 World Rock Paper Scissors Championship". All Things Considered. National Public Radio. 2003-10-24. Retrieved 2006-08-20.
  21. ^ "Rock, Paper, Scissors A Sport?". CBS News. 2003-10-23. Retrieved 2006-08-20.
  22. ^ "Rock Paper Scissors contest being held". USA Today. Associated Press. 2003-10-27. Retrieved 2006-08-20.
  23. ^ Park, Michael Y. (2006-03-20). "Rock, Paper, Scissors, the Sport". Fox News. Retrieved 2006-08-20.
  24. ^ "Gallery". World RPS society. 2005-11-13. Archived from the original on 2006-03-15. Retrieved 2006-08-20.
  25. ^ Crick, Jennifer (2005-06-13). "HAND JIVE - June 13, 2005". Money.cnn.com. Retrieved 2009-06-05.
  26. ^ "World RPS Society - 2004 Champion Lee Rammage crushes a pair of Scissors". Stanley-paul.com. 2005-11-13. Retrieved 2009-06-05. [dead link‍]
  27. ^ http://cnews.canoe.ca/CNEWS/WeirdNews/2007/10/15/4577669-sun.html
  28. ^ "Belfast man tops world at rock, paper, scissors | Irish Examiner". Examiner.ie. 2008-08-27. Retrieved 2009-06-05.
  29. ^ "XTreme RPS Competition by Showtime Entertainment". Retrieved 2007-01-07.
  30. ^ "Pub hosts UK 'rock' championship". BBC News. 28 May 2009. Retrieved 2009-05-28.
  31. ^ Sherwin, Fred. "Colonel By sets new World Record for largest rock, paper, scissors tournament". Orleans Online. Retrieved 2009-04-04.
  32. ^ "Master Rosh's Analysis of the Final Match". USARPS Leagues. USARPS. 2005-06-28. Retrieved 2009-07-31.
  33. ^ Friess, Steven (2007-05-14). "Las Vegas's latest game: Rock, paper, scissors". NY Times. Retrieved 2009-07-23.
  34. ^ Levitt, Steven (2006-07-26). "Annie Duke Wins 2nd Annual World Series of Poker's Rock, Paper, Scissors Tournament". New York Times. Retrieved 2009-07-24.
  35. ^ "Where's Annie?". ESPN.com. 2006-08-05. Retrieved 2009-07-24.
  36. ^ Caldwell, John (2005-06-15). "The REAL championship at the World Series of Poker". Poker News. Retrieved 2009-07-24.
  37. ^ "WSOP Schedule Whiplash". Poker Pages. 2005-06-14. Retrieved 2009-07-24.
  38. ^ Craig, Michael. "EXCLUSIVE COVERAGE: Roshambo - The Rematch". Pokerworks. Retrieved 2009-07-21.

References

  • Alonzo, Suzanne H. & Sinervo, Barry (2001): Mate choice games, context-dependent good genes, and genetic cycles in the side-blotched lizard, Uta stansburiana. Behavioral Ecology Sociobiology 49 (2-3): 176–186. doi:10.1007/s002650000265 (HTML abstract)
  • Culin, Stewart (1895): Korean Games, With Notes on the Corresponding Games at China and Japan. (evidence of nonexistence of rock-paper-scissors in the West)
  • Gomme, Alice Bertha (1894, 1898): The traditional games of England, Scotland, and Ireland, 2 vols. (more evidence of nonexistence of rock-paper-scissors in the West)
  • Opie, Iona & Opie, Peter (1969): Children's Games in Street and Playground Oxford University Press, London. (Details some variants on rock-paper-scissors such as 'Man, Earwig, Elephant' in Indonesia, and presents evidence for the existence of 'finger throwing games' in Egypt as early as 2000 B.C.)
  • Sinervo, Barry (2001): Runaway social games, genetic cycles driven by alternative male and female strategies, and the origin of morphs. Genetica 112-113(1): 417-434. doi:10.1023/A:1013360426789 (HTML abstract)
  • Sinervo, Barry & Clobert, Jean (2003): Morphs, Dispersal Behavior, Genetic Similarity, and the Evolution of Cooperation. Science 300(5627): 1949-1951. doi:10.1126/science.1083109 (HTML abstract) Supporting Online Material
  • Sinervo, Barry & Lively, C. M. (1996): The Rock-Paper-Scissors Game and the evolution of alternative male strategies. Nature 380: 240-243. doi:10.1038/380240a0 (HTML abstract)
  • Sinervo, Barry & Zamudio, K. R. (2001): The Evolution of Alternative Reproductive Strategies: Fitness Differential, Heritability, and Genetic Correlation Between the Sexes. Journal of Heredity 92(2): 198-205. PDF fulltext
  • Sogawa, Tsuneo (2000): Janken. Monthly Sinica 11(5). [Article in Japanese]
  • Walker, Douglas & Walker, Graham (2004): The Official Rock Paper Scissors Strategy Guide. Fireside. (strategy, tips and culture from the World Rock Paper Scissors Society).
Look up じゃんけん in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.

Template:Link GA

Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Rock_paper_scissors&oldid=417072793"