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No-fly zone

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A no-fly zone (or no-flight zone) is a territory over which aircraft are not permitted to fly. Such zones are usually set up in a military context, somewhat like a demilitarized zone in the sky.

Iraq, 1991–2003

Main article: Iraqi no-fly zones

In 1991, the United States, United Kingdom, France, Turkey and other states intervened in Kurdish-Iraqi dispute in northern Iraq by establishing a no-fly zone in which Iraqi aircraft were prevented from flying. The intent of the no-fly zone was to prevent possible bombing and chemical attacks against the Kurdish people by the Iraqi regime. The initial operations were dubbed Operation Provide Comfort and Operation Provide Comfort II and were followed by Operation Northern Watch. While the enforcing powers had cited United Nations Security Council Resolution 688 as authorising the operations, the resolution contains no explicit authorization. The Secretary-General of the UN at the time the resolution was passed, Boutros Boutros-Ghali called the no-fly zones "illegal" in a later[when?] interview with John Pilger.[1][2] In southern Iraq, Operation Southern Watch was established in 1992 to protect Iraq's Shia population. It originally extended to the 32nd parallel[3] but was extended to the 33rd parallel in 1996.[4]

Bosnia and Herzegovina, 1993–1995

Main article: Operation Deny Flight

In 1992, the United Nations Security Council passed United Nations Security Council Resolution 781, prohibiting unauthorized military flights in Bosnian airspace. This led to Operation Sky Monitor, where NATO monitored violations of the no-fly zone but did not take action against violators of the resolution. In response to 500 documented violations by 1993,[5] including one combat violation,[6] the Security Council passed Resolution 816, which prohibited all unauthorized flights and allowed all UN member states to "take all necessary measures...to ensure compliance with [the no-fly zone restrictions]."[7][8] This led to Operation Deny Flight. NATO later launched air strikes during Operation Deny Flight and during Operation Deliberate Force.

Current no-fly zones

[clarification needed]

Australia

Cuba

  • Unscheduled foreign aircraft are prohibited from entering or encroaching Cuban airspace including disputed international water zones except when permission has been explicitly given by the Cuban Government. The Cuban military has been known to shoot down and destroy unauthorized aircraft without warning including a 1996 incident in which two U.S.-registered aircraft were shot down and destroyed by Cuban Air Force MiGs.[9]

India

Israel

Pakistan

Peru

Russian Federation

  • City Of Moscow[10] — technically, it is just a "P" (i.e. Prohibited) airspace (according to international classification and aeronavigational maps).[citation needed] Many flights are being regularly routed through the outer regions of this airspace.

Sri Lanka

According to Air Navigation (Air Defence) Regulations (No: 1 of 2007) by which skies over territory and the territorial waters of Sri Lanka (except Ruhuna Open Skies Area) has been declared an Air Defence Identification Zone (ADIZ) with Prohibited Areas and Restricted Areas within it. No aircraft may operate in prohibited areas and in restricted areas flight or aircraft will be allowed to operate without valid Air Defence Clearance (ADC) from the Sri Lanka Air Force (SLAF).

Prohibited Areas
Restricted Areas

Taiwan

United Kingdom

United States

Prohibited Areas

In the United States, the phrase "no-fly zone" has no legal meaning. What most people would consider a "no-fly zone" is termed by the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) a "Prohibited Area". Prohibited Areas are permanent until canceled and are published in the Federal Register and at http://sua.faa.gov, and are depicted by blue hashed boundaries on aeronautical charts.

Active Prohibited Areas:[clarification needed]

Temporary Flight Restrictions

The FAA may also issue Temporary Flight Restrictions, or TFRs, which are similar to Prohibited Areas but which are typically effective for a few days or weeks, versus the essentially permanent nature of a Prohibited Area. For example, a TFR is typically issued to prohibit flights near the President's destination when he travels outside Washington. TFRs are also issued to ensure a safe environment for firefighting operations in the case of wildfires and for other reasons as necessary. A TFR was quickly issued around the crash site of Cory Lidle's airplane in New York City. Later, a broader TFR was issued to require pilots traveling over the East River to obtain air traffic control clearance.

TFRs are issued by Notice to Airmen (NOTAM), and are available at http://tfr.faa.gov or by calling a Flight Service Station.

There are active TFRs that have been effective since 2003 over Disneyland and Walt Disney World, and an indirect TFR that prohibits flight below 3000' above ground level, and within a three nautical mile (6 km) radius of a stadium having a seating capacity of 30,000 or more "in which a major league baseball, national football league, NCAA division one football, or major motor speedway event is occurring" from one hour before to one hour after the event, with exceptions for essentially anyone connected with the event sponsor.

Aviation groups have questioned whether these last TFRs really serve a public need, or the needs of politically connected venue operators. [1] [2] [3] [4]

Other restrictions

In addition to areas completely off limits to civil aviation, a variety of other airspace restrictions exist in the United States. Some notable ones include the Flight Restriction Zone (FRZ) encompassing all airspace up to 18,000 feet (5,500 m) within approximately 15 nautical miles (28 km) of Ronald Reagan National Airport around Washington, D.C. Flights within this airspace, while not entirely prohibited, are highly restricted. All pilots flying within the FRZ are required to undergo a background check and fingerprinting. An additional area encompassing most of the Baltimore-Washington D.C. metropolitan area requires the filing of a flight plan and communication with air traffic control.

Potential no-fly zones under discussion (as of March 2011)

Libya

As part of the 2011 Libyan protests, the United Nations discussed the possibility of a no-fly zone over Libya to prevent the Libyan army from launching air attacks on civilians.[13] US Senators John Kerry, John McCain and Mitch McConnell also supported a no-fly zone over Libya.[14]

See also

Notes

  1. ^ Pilger, John (February 23, 2003). "A People Betrayed". ZNet. Retrieved March 5, 2011.
  2. ^ Pilger, John (August 7, 2000). "Labour Claims Its Actions Are Lawful While It Bombs Iraq, Strarves Its People and Sells Arms To Corrupt States". johnpilger.com. Retrieved March 5, 2011.
  3. ^ Staff writer (December 29, 1998). "Containment: The Iraqi No-Fly Zones". BBC News. Retrieved March 5, 2011.
  4. ^ [dead link‍] 2nd Cruise Missile Strikes in Iraq
  5. ^ Beale, Michael (1997). Bombs over Bosnia – The Role of Airpower in Bosnia-Herzegovina. Air University Press (Maxwell Air Force Base, Montgomery, Alabama). p. 19. OCLC 444093978.
  6. ^ Lewis, Paul (March 19, 1993). "U.N. Moving To Toughen Yugoslav Flight Ban". The New York Times. Retrieved March 5, 2011.
  7. ^ "Resolution 816" (PDF). United Nations Security Council Resolutions. UN Security Council. 1993-03-31. Retrieved 2009-02-17.
  8. ^ Resolution 816 (1993) Adopted by the Security Council at its 3191st meeting, on 31 March 1993
  9. ^ Staff writer (February 24, 1996). "Civilian U.S. Planes Shot Down Near Cuba". CNN. Retrieved March 5, 2011.
  10. ^ [dead link‍] May9thParade. Moscow Blog.
  11. ^ "9/4985 NOTAM Details". FAA. Retrieved May 10, 2010.
  12. ^ (subscription required) Curtis, Henry Pierson (June 5, 2003). "Group Sues To Fly Anti-Gay Banner over Disney Parks – Today a Judge Will Be Asked To Lift the Ban on Such Flyovers, Which Is Meant To Fight Terrorism" (Abstract; full text available for fee). Orlando Sentinel. Retrieved March 3, 2011.
  13. ^ Meikle, James; Black, Ian (February 22, 2011.). "Libya Crisis: UN Security Council To Meet over Gaddafi Crackdown – Libya's Deputy Ambassador to UN Appeals for No-Fly Zone over Country Amid Fears of Bloodbath After Dictator's TV Appearance". The Guardian. Retrieved March 5, 2011. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  14. ^ http://www.csmonitor.com/USA/Military/2011/0306/Pressure-mounts-for-no-fly-zone-in-Libya

References

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