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Kegel exercise

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A Kegel exercise, named after Dr. Arnold Kegel, consists of contracting and relaxing the muscles that form part of the pelvic floor (which some people now colloquially call the "Kegel muscles").

Explanation

The aim of Kegel exercises is to improve muscle tone by strengthening the pubococcygeus muscles of the pelvic floor. Kegel is a popular prescribed exercise for pregnant women to prepare the pelvic floor for physiological stresses of the later stages of pregnancy and vaginal childbirth. Kegel exercises are said to be good for treating vaginal prolapse[1] and preventing uterine prolapse[2] in women and for treating prostate pain and swelling resulting from benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) and prostatitis in men. Kegel exercises may be beneficial in treating urinary incontinence in both men and women.[3] Kegel exercises may also increase sexual gratification and aid in reducing premature ejaculation.[4]

A Kegel exerciser

Pelvic Toning Devices

A Pelvic Toning Device (generically referred to as a Kegel exerciser, pelvic floor toner, pelvic floor muscle toner or pelvic toner) is a medical or pseudo-medical device designed to help women exercise their pelvic floor muscle and improve the muscle tone of the Pubococcygeal or vaginal muscle.

The original pelvic toning device was the perineometer invented by Arnold Kegel to facilitate the measurement of the strength of the Pubococcygeus muscle when it was resting and being actively squeezed - sometimes referred to as the Kegel tone.

Unfortunately his device was a combination of rubber balloons and tubes that measured pressure using a column of water. It was difficult to use and anything but portable.

During the latter part of the 20th Century a number of medical and pseudo-medical devices were developed and launched onto the market. Some of these are used in a clinical setting, but most are designed for women to use in the privacy of their own home.

Pelvic Toning Devices fall into a number of different types:

  • barbells, vaginal weights or cones designed to be held in the vagina. The action of passively/actively retaining the device internally is supposed to improve muscle tone. Barbells are made of smooth, polished solid stainless steel, cylindrical in shape, with a rounded bulge at each end. They typically weigh one pound (454g) and measure approximately 6¾ inches (17.1 cm) in length with a diameter of one inch (2.5 cm) at the widest part. Being made of stainless steel, vaginal barbells are nonporous and can be wiped clean with a cloth moistened with mild soap and water.
  • electro-stimulation or TENS devices that administer an electrical current through an internal probe. The current stimulates the adjacent muscles to twitch.
  • rubber resistance balls and indicators. These devices provide a nominal resistance to squeeze against. An advantage of rubber bulb devices is that they provide visual feedback (via a gauge) of how much pressure is being applied.
  • progressive resistance vaginal exercisers with springs are the only devices that meet all of Kegel's criteria. They provide a biofeedback that the correct muscles are being engaged and are capable of fulfilling the basic fundamentals of an exercise regime by applying a variable and increasing resistive force to maximise the exercise effort.

Unfortunately there are a number of products on the market that have no impact at all on the Pubococcygeus muscle. If the PC Muscle is not engaged then it is impossible to improve the muscle tone or strengthen the muscle. Devices that are used externally, for example between the thighs, may exercise the Adductor muscle but do nothing for the pelvic floor.

Clinical research published in the British Medical Journal [5] compared pelvic floor exercises, vaginal weights and electro-stimulation in a randomised trial. The research recommended that pelvic floor exercise should be the first choice of treatment for genuine stress incontinence because simple exercises proved to be far more effective than electro-stimulation or vaginal cones.

This situation was confirmed in a comprehensive review of the treatment of stress incontinence published in the British Journal of Urology International in 2010 [6]. The report author noted that electrical stimulation devices and weighted vaginal cones are not recommended by the UK National Institute for Clinical Excellence (NICE) and "are not universally advocated by clinicians as they have yet to produce sufficient evidence of efficacy".

Clinical trials[7] of a Progressive Resistance Vaginal Exerciser concluded that the device was as effective as Supervised Pelvic Floor Muscle Training, the Gold Standard treatment of the UK NHS where patients are referred to a specialist continence advisor for one on one training over a three month period. The report also noted that the device can help overcome the fundamental weaknesses associated with Pelvic Floor Muscle Exercises (PFME), i.e. poor training, lack of patient confidence and poor compliance with the exercise recommendations.

Key points noted by the research are that:

  • the device gives “confidence to women that they were correctly contracting their pelvic floor, and this may be helpful encouragement when a woman is starting out on a regime of PFME.”
  • the biofeedback given by the device “may be particularly helpful to demonstrate to the woman that she is carrying out the PFME appropriately.”
  • the device is particularly relevant to those women “who do not consult their physician and wish to maintain confidentiality regarding their SUI symptom.”

A Progressive Resistance Vaginal Exerciser is the only form of pelvic toning device available on prescription in the UK to women presenting with symptoms of Urinary Stress Incontinence or pelvic floor weakness.

Benefits for women

Factors such as pregnancy, childbirth, aging, being overweight, and abdominal surgery such as cesarean section, often result in the weakening of the pelvic muscles. This can be assessed by either digital examination of vaginal pressure or using a Kegel perineometer. Kegel exercises are useful in regaining pelvic floor muscle strength in such cases.

Urinary incontinence

The consequences of weakened pelvic floor muscles may include urinary or bowel incontinence, which may be helped by therapeutic strengthening of these muscles. A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials by the Cochrane Collaboration concluded that "PFMT [Pelvic floor muscle training] be included in first-line conservative management programs for women with stress, urge, or mixed, urinary incontinence...The treatment effect might be greater in middle aged women (in their 40's and 50's) with stress urinary incontinence alone...".[8]

Pelvic prolapse

The exercises are also often used to help prevent prolapse of pelvic organs. A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials by the Cochrane Collaboration concluded that "there is some encouragement from a feasibility study that pelvic floor muscle training, delivered by a physiotherapist to symptomatic women in an outpatient setting, may reduce severity of prolapse".[9]

Benefits for men

Though most commonly used by women, men can also use Kegel exercises. Kegel exercises are employed to strengthen the pubococcygeal muscle and other muscles of the pelvic diaphragm. Kegels can help men achieve stronger erections and gain greater control over ejaculation.[10] The objective of this may be similar to that of the exercise in women with weakened pelvic floor: to increase bladder and bowel control and sexual function.

Incontinence

Regarding postprostatectomy urinary incontinence, a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials by the Cochrane Collaboration found "conflicting information about the benefit of pelvic floor muscle training for either prevention or treatment of urine leakage".[11]

Sexual function

Kegel workouts can provide men with stronger erections.[10] Research published in 2005 issue of BJU International, have shown that pelvic floor exercises could help restore erectile function in men with erectile dysfunction.[12] There are said to be significant benefits for the problem of premature ejaculation from having more muscular control of the pelvis.[13] It is also possible that strengthening the pelvic floor may allow some men to achieve a form of orgasm without allowing ejaculation, and thereby perhaps reach multiple "climaxes" during sexual activity.[14] In men, this exercise lifts up the testicles, also strengthening the cremaster muscle, as well as the anal sphincter muscles, as the anus is the main area contracted when a Kegel is done. This is because the pubococcygeus muscle begins around the anus and runs up to the urinary sphincter.

See also

References

  1. ^ eMedicineHealth: Vaginal Prolapse
  2. ^ MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia: Uterine prolapse
  3. ^ MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia: Kegel exercises
  4. ^ La Pera, G; Nicastro, A (1996). "A new treatment for premature ejaculation: the rehabilitation of the pelvic floor". Journal of sex & marital therapy. 22 (1): 22–6. PMID 8699493.
  5. ^ http://www.bmj.com/content/318/7182/487.abstract
  6. ^ http://www.bjui.org/ContentFullItem.aspx?id=427&LinkTypeID=1&SectionType=4
  7. ^ http://www.bjui.org/ContentFullItem.aspx?id=427&LinkTypeID=1&SectionType=4
  8. ^ Hay-Smith, Jean; Dumoulin, Chantale (2006). Hay-Smith, Jean (ed.). "Pelvic floor muscle training versus no treatment, or inactive control treatments, for urinary incontinence in women". doi:10.1002/14651858.CD005654. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  9. ^ Hagen, Suzanne; Stark, Diane; Maher, Christopher; Adams, Elisabeth J (2006). Hagen, Suzanne (ed.). "Conservative management of pelvic organ prolapse in women". doi:10.1002/14651858.CD003882.pub3. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  10. ^ a b Alan P. Brauer (2001). ESO: How You and Your Lover Can Give Each Other Hours of Extended Sexual Orgasm (Revised ed.). Warner Books. p. 59. ISBN 0446677620. Retrieved 2009-09-11. Learning to tighten, to relax, and to push out the PC muscle allows a man to control his sexual system the way he controls a car. Tightening is the accelerator, increasing arousal. Pushing out is the brake—it can help stop ejaculation. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |coauthor= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  11. ^ Hunter, Kathleen F; Moore, Katherine N; Glazener, Cathryn MA (2007). Hunter, Kathleen F (ed.). "Conservative management for postprostatectomy urinary incontinence". doi:10.1002/14651858.CD001843.pub3. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  12. ^ Dorey, Grace; Speakman, Mark J.; Feneley, Roger C.L.; Swinkels, Annette; Dunn, Christopher D.R. (2005). "Pelvic floor exercises for erectile dysfunction". BJU International. 96 (4): 595–7. doi:10.1111/j.1464-410X.2005.05690.x. PMID 16104916.
  13. ^ Management of premature Ejaculation, Baum and Spiedler, Medical concepts of human sexuality 2001
  14. ^ http://www.whitelotuseast.com/MultipleOrgasm.htm
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