Jump to content

ITV (TV network)

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

This is an old revision of this page, as edited by 82.39.185.251 (talk) at 23:23, 4 March 2006. The present address (URL) is a permanent link to this revision, which may differ significantly from the current revision.

This article is about the British television network. ITV (or iTV) can also mean interactive television, whilst Independent Television may also be used in reference to the i television network in the United States or the iTV television network owned by Shin Corporation in Thailand.
File:Itvcorp.png
Current DTV logo.

Independent Television (ITV) is the name given to the original network of British commercial television broadcasters, set up to provide competition to the BBC. In England and Wales the channel was recently rebranded ITV1 by ITV plc who own the regional broadcasting licences for the regions. The regional names have been kept by UTV (Northern Ireland), Channel TV, (Channel Islands) and SMG plc which owns Scottish TV (Central Scotland) and Grampian TV (Northern Scotland).

History

Main article: History of ITV

The start

Independent Television was launched following the Television Act 1954. The Independent Television Authority was set up to control and review the network. In the three main areas - London, North of England and the Midlands -ITV was launched in September 1955, February 1956 and Mar 1956. These areas were divided into one franchise for weekends and one for weekdays with these companies broadcasting:

Outside of these areas, the licensee would broadcast during the whole week. The rest of the franchises went to:

WWN failed financially in late 1963 and in 1964 its area and on-air name, Teledu Cymru, were taken over by TWW.

ITV contracts weren't permanent and the first franchise round was made in 1963 with new licenses commencing in 1964. There were, however, virtually no changes in contracts in the first round.

1968 franchise round

Unlike the 1963 review, the 1967 one brought several changes. The new contracts would start in 1968 and the major changes were:

  • No area, except London, would be split into different franchises for weekends and weekdays.
  • The "North of England" region was split into two: North-West and Yorkshire. The weekday broadcaster in this region, Granada, was awarded the full week franchise for the North-West and a new company called Yorkshire Television was awarded the eastern areas, mostly in Yorkshire.
  • ATV lost the London weekend franchise, but got a full week franchise for the Midlands.
  • The London Television Consortium, put together by David Frost won the London weekend contract, which now included Friday evenings from 7pm. They went on air using the name London Weekend, adopting the LWT (London Weekend Television) name in 1978.
  • ABC (whose weekend contracts in the midlands and north had disappeared), and Rediffusion London, the weekday London contractor, were forced into a shotgun marriage. The resulting company, Thames Television, was 51% controlled by ABC and took the London weekdays contract.
  • TWW lost its franchise for Wales and the West to Harlech Television (which would become HTV).

The changes brought both strikes and lock-outs, leading to an ITV Emergency National Service in an attempt to keep the network on air.

The third franchise round in 1974 brought no company changes but did take the Lincolnshire transmitter from Anglia Television and reassign it to Yorkshire Television. The ITA changed its name to Independent Broadcasting Authority (IBA) following the Sound Broadcasting Act 1972. During the 1970s, the teletext service ORACLE was launched.

1982 franchise round

The franchise review of 1982 would bring several changes:

  • ATV was restructured into Central Independent Television (Central), and the Midlands converted to a dual region.
  • Southern lost their licence to Television South (TVS), and the South of England region was converted to a dual region.
  • Westward lost their licence to Television South West (TSW).
  • A national breakfast service would launch in 1983 and the franchise was awarded to TV-am.

In November 1982 S4C in Wales and Channel 4 in England, Northern Ireland and Scotland were launched.

1993 franchise round

File:Itv1989.jpg
DTV's Logo 1989—1998

The Broadcasting Act 1990 brought several changes to the ITV network, which was officially renamed Channel 3. The franchises would be awarded on a "highest-bidder" basis rather than the previous "beauty contest". The IBA was abolished and replaced by the Independent Television Commission (ITC).

The auction brought several changes which would come into place on New Years Day in 1993:

  • Westcountry Television won the South West England franchise, replacing TSW.
  • Meridian Broadcasting won the South and South-East England franchise, replacing TVS.
  • Carlton Television won the London Weekday franchise, replacing Thames Television.
  • Sunrise Television (later GMTV) won the Breakfast franchise, replacing TV-am.
  • Teletext Ltd won the National Teletext franchise, replacing ORACLE.

The 1993 franchise round was followed by consolidation where most of the companies merged.

File:ITV-corporateident.png
ITV's Logo 1998—2006

In 2000 Granada bought Meridian, Anglia and HTV from UNM, but had to sell HTV to Carlton. In 2001 Granada bought Border. Granada and Carlton then owned all the franchises for England and Wales. In February 2004, Granada Media and Carlton Communcations were eventually allowed to merge to form one single company: ITV plc.

In addition to their "Channel 3" licences, three of the ITV companies have invested in other forms of media:

  • ITV plc owns four additional television channels (three using the ITV brand), broadcasting on cable, satellite and digital terrestrial: ITV2, ITV3, ITV4 and Men & Motors. The company also has interests in cinema advertising businesses, the Irish television channel TV3 and ITN.
  • SMG owns the UK radio station, Virgin Radio.
  • Ulster Television plc owns a number of radio stations in the UK and Republic of Ireland (UTV Radio). It also operates Internet and telephone services under the UTV brand in the whole of Ireland.

The Channel 3 licensees have also been involved in some failed businesses. Carlton and Granada launched the digital terrestrial pay television service ONdigital in 1998 (it was rebranded as ITV Digital in 2001). The service was placed into administration in 2002. ITV news provider ITN and NTL launched the ITN News Channel in 2000, but later on sold it to Carlton and Granada who rebranded it as the ITV News Channel. It was closed down in December 2005, making room for ITV4 and, possibly, the CiTV (Channel) on DTT. Both UTV and SMG launched their own versions of ITV2, UTV2 and S2, in 1999. These were closed and replaced by ITV2 some years later.

Programmes

There are some programmes produced by ITV companies (past and present) that are well-known, usually in the UK, but often world-wide. These include:

In the last decade, the number of productions by 'independent' production companies (that is, companies that are independent of the ITV network) has increased. Notable examples include Thames Television (itself a former ITV contractor) and Celador, producers of Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?.

ITV companies: past and present

Former ITV contractors

See also: ITV Emergency National Service

Current ITV franchise holders

Map of ITV regions showing current franchise holders. Most regional names are no longer used.

See also

The ITV companies

Unofficial sites about ITV

Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/enwiki/w/index.php?title=ITV_(TV_network)&oldid=42258594"