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Proton (rocket family)

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Proton 8K82K
Launch of a Proton rocket
FunctionUnmanned launch vehicle
ManufacturerKhrunichev
Country of originSoviet Union; Russia
Size
Height53 metres (174 ft)
Diameter7.4 metres (24 ft)
Mass693.81 metric tons (1,529,600 lb) (3 stage)
Stages3 or 4
Capacity
Payload to LEO20.7 metric tons (46,000 lb)
Payload to
GTO		5 metric tons (11,000 lb)
Launch history
StatusActive
Launch sitesBaikonur, LC-200 & LC-81
Total launches335
Success(es)294
Failure(s)41
First flightProton: 16 July 1965
Proton-K: 10 March 1967
Proton-M: 7 April 2001
Last flightProton: 6 July 1966
Type of passengers/cargoSalyut 6 & Salyut 7
Mir & ISS components
First stage
Engines6 RD-275
Thrust10.47 MN (1.9 million pounds)
Burn time2' 6"
PropellantN2O4/UDMH
Second stage
Engines3 RD-0210 & 1 RD-0211
Burn time3' 28"
PropellantN2O4/UDMH
Third stage
Engines1 RD-0212
PropellantN2O4/UDMH
Fourth stage - Block-D/DM
EnginesRD-58M
PropellantLOX/RP-1
[edit on Wikidata]

Proton (Прото́н) (formal designation: UR-500) is an expendable launch system used for both commercial and Russian government space launches. The first Proton rocket was launched in 1965 and the launch system is still in use as of 2011, which makes it one of the most successful heavy boosters in the history of spaceflight. All Protons are built at the Khrunichev plant in Moscow, and then transported for launch to the Baikonur Cosmodrome, where they are brought to the launch pad horizontally and then raised into vertical position for launch.[1][2]

Like many Soviet boosters, the names of recurring payloads became associated with their launchers. Thusly, the moniker "Proton" originates from a series of large scientific Proton satellites, which were among the rocket's first payloads. It is also known as the D-1/D-1e or SL-12/SL-13.

Launch capacity to low Earth orbit is about 22 tonnes (49,000 lb). Geostationary transfer capacity is about 5–6 tonnes (11,000–13,000 lb). Commercial launches are marketed by International Launch Services (ILS). In a typical launch of a commercial communications satellite destined for geostationary orbit, a Proton M/Breeze M can place a spacecraft with mass at separation of 9,127 pounds (4,140 kg) into an orbit with an apogee of 35,786 kilometres (22,236 mi), a perigee of 6,257 kilometres (3,888 mi) and an inclination of 19.7°.[3]

History

Proton [[4] [4]]. {{cite web}}: Check |url= value (help); Missing or empty |title= (help); ref stripmarker in |url= at position 1 (help) initially started life as a "super ICBM." It was designed to throw a 100-megaton (or larger) nuclear warhead over a distance of 13,000 km. It was hugely oversized for an ICBM, and was never deployed in such a capacity. It was eventually utilized as a space launch vehicle. It was the brainchild of Vladimir Chelomei's design bureau as a foil to Sergei Korolev's N1 booster with the specific intent of sending a two-man Zond craft around the Moon. With the termination of the Saturn V program, Proton became the largest expendable launch system in service until the Energia rocket first flew in 1987 and the U.S. Titan IV in 1989.

Between the 1965 first flight and 1970, the Proton experienced dozens of failures. However, once perfected it became one of the most reliable heavy launch vehicles. With a total of about 335 launches, it has a 96% success rate.

Proton launched the unmanned Soviet circumlunar flights, and was intended to have launched the first Soviet circumlunar spaceflights, before the United States flew the Apollo 8 mission. Proton launched the Salyut space stations, the Mir core segment and expansion modules, and both the Zarya and Zvezda modules of the ISS. It also launched many probes to the Moon, Mars, Venus, and even Halley's Comet (using the 4-stage D-1e version).

Proton also launches commercial satellites, most of them being managed by International Launch Services. The first ILS Proton launch was on 9 April 1996 with the launch of the SES Astra 1F communications satellite.[5]

Since 1994, Proton has earned $4.3 billion for the Russian space industry, and by 2011 this figure is expected to rise to $6 billion.[6]

Proton 8K82K

Main article: Proton-K

The (GRAU index) 8K82K version is now usually called "Proton K". It is fuelled by unsymmetrical dimethyl hydrazine and nitrogen tetroxide. Cite error: A <ref> tag is missing the closing </ref> (see the help page). |- | 23 April 1996 | | Proton-K (#237) | Priroda | Success |- | 25 May 1996 | | Proton-K (#238) / DM-2 | Gorizont-32 | Success |- | 6 September 1996 | | Proton-K (#239) / DM-1 | INMARSAT-3F2 | Success |- | 26 September 1996 | | Proton-K (#240) / DM-2M | Express-2 | Success |- | 16 November 1996 | | Proton-R (#241) (Block D-2) | Mars 96 | Failure, Block D-2 failed to restart, reentered atmosphere over Bolivia[7] |- | 24 May 1997 | | Proton-K (#242) / DM-4 | Telstar-5 | Success |- | 6 June 1997 | | Proton-K (#243) / DM-5 | Kosmos-2344 (Araks) | Success |- | 18 June 1997 | | Proton-K (#244) / DM-2 | Iridium Satellite LLC 11-16 (for Motorola) | Success |- | 14 August 1997 | | Proton-K (#245) / DM-2 | Kosmos-2345 (Araks) | Success |- | 28 August 1997 | | Proton-K (#246) / DM-3 | PanAmSat-5 (for ILS) | Success |- | 14 September 1997 | | Proton-K (#247) / DM-2 | Iridium Satellite LLC 27-33 (for Motorola) | Success |- | 12 November 1997 | | Proton-K (#248) / DM-2M | Coupon Купон (КА) | Success |- | 2 December 1997 | | Proton-K (#249) / DM-3 | Astra 1G (for ILS) | Success |- | 24 December 1997 | | Proton-K (#250) / DM-3 | Asiasat-3 (for ILS) | Failure. Block DM3 upper stage engine's failure.[8] |- | 7 April 1998 | | Proton-K (#251) / DM-2 | Iridium Satellite LLC 62-68 (for Motorola) | Success |- | 29 April 1998 | | Proton-K (#252) / DM-2 | Kosmos-2350 | Success |- | 7 May 1998 | | Proton-K (#253) / DM-3 | EchoStar-4 (for ILS) | Success |- | 30 August 1998 | | Proton-K (#254) / DM-3 | Astra 2A (for ILS) | Success |- | 4 November 1998 | | Proton-K (#255) / DM-3 | PanAmSat-8 (for ILS) | Success |- | 20 November 1998 | | Proton-K (#256) / ? | Zarya | Success |- | 30 December 1998 | | Proton-K (#257) / DM-2 | Kosmos 2362-2364 (GLONASS satellites) | Success |- | 15 February 1999 | | Proton-K (#258) / DM-3 | Telstar-6 (for ILS) | Success |- | 28 February 1999 | | Proton-K (#259) / DM-2 | Raduga 1-4 | Success |- | 21 March 1999 | | Proton-K (#260) / DM-3 | Asiasat 3S (for ILS) | Success |- | 20 May 1999 | | Proton-R (#261) (Block DM) | Nimiq-1 | Success |- | 18 June 1999 | | Proton-K (#262) / DM-3 | Astra 1H (for ILS) | Success |- | 5 July 1999 | | Proton-K (#263) / Breeze-M | Raduga | Failed |- | 6 September 1999 | | Proton-K (#264) / DM-2M | Yamal 101,102 | Success |- | 26 September 1999 | | Proton-K (#265) / DM-3 | LMI-1 (for ILS) | Success |- | 27 October 1999 | | Proton-K (#266) / DM-2 | Express-A1 | Failed |- | 12 February 2000 | | Proton-R (#267) (Block DM-3) | Garuda 1 | Success |- | 12 March 2000 | | Proton-K (#268) / DM-2M | Express-A2 | Success |- | 18 April 2000 | | Proton-K (#269) / DM-2M | Eutelsat SESAT 1 | Success |- | 6 June 2000 | | Proton-K (#270) / Breeze-M | Gorizont-45 | Success |- | 24 June 2000 | | Proton-K (#271) / DM-2M | Express-A3 | Success |- | 30 June 2000 | | Proton-K (#272) / DM-3 | Sirius-1 (for ILS) | Success |- | 4 July 2000 | | Proton-K (#273) / DM-2 | Geizer | Success |- | 12 July 2000 | | Proton-K (#274) / ? | Zvezda (ISS module) | Success |- | 28 August 2000 | | Proton-K (#275) / DM-2 | Raduga 1-5 | Success |- | 5 September 2000 | | Proton-K (#276) / DM-3 | Sirius-2 (for ILS) | Success |- | 1 October 2000 | | Proton-K (#277) / DM-3 | GE-1A (for ILS) | Success |- | 13 October 2000 | | Proton-K (#278) / DM-2 | GLONASS | Success |- | 21 October 2000 | | Proton-K (#279) / DM-3 | GE-6 (for ILS) | Success |- | 30 November 2000 | | Proton-K (#280) / DM-3 | Sirius-3 (for ILS) | Success |- | 15 May 2001 | | Proton-K (#281) / DM-3 | PanAmSat-10 | Success |- | 16 June 2001 | | Proton-K (#282) / DM-3 | Astra-2C (for ILS) | Success |- | 24 August 2001 | | Proton-K (#283) / DM-2 | Kosmos 2379 | Success |- | 6 October 2001 | | Proton-K (#284) / DM-2 | Globus-1 | Success |- | 1 December 2001 | | Proton-K (#285) / DM-2 | Kosmos 2380-2382 (GLONASS satellites) | Success |- | 30 March 2002 | | Proton-K (#286) / DM-3 | Intelsat-903 (for ILS) | Success |- | 7 May 2002 | | Proton-K (#287) / DM-3 | DirecTV-5 (for ILS) | Success |- | 10 June 2002 | | Proton-K (#288) / DM-2M | Express-A4 | Success |- | 25 July 2002 | | Proton-K (#289) / DM-5 | Kosmos-2392 (Arcon) | Success |- | 22 August 2002 | | Proton-K (#290) / DM-3 | EchoStar-8 (for ILS) | Success |- | 17 October 2002 | | Proton-K (#291) / DM-2 | INTEGRAL | Success |- | 25 November 2002 | | Proton-K (#292) / DM-2M | Astra 1K | Block DM-3 miscommanded, leaving payload in unusable orbit |- | 25 December 2002 | | Proton-K (#293) / DM-2M | Kosmos 2394-2396 (GLONASS satellites) | Success |- | 30 December 2002 | | Proton-M (#2) Breeze M | Nimiq-2 | Success |- | 24 April 2003 | | Proton-K (#294) / DM-2 | Kosmos 2397 | Success |- | 7 June 2003 | | Proton-K (#295) Breeze M | AMC-9 | Success. 300th flight of a Proton[9] |- | 24 November 2003 | | Proton-K (#296) / DM-2M | Yamal-200 1,2 | Success |- | 10 December 2003 | | Proton-K (#297) / Breeze-M | Kosmos 2402-2404 (GLONASS satellites) | Success |- | 28 December 2003 | | Proton-K (#298) / DM-2M | Express-AM22 | Success |- | 15 March 2004 | | Proton-M (#3) Breeze M | Eutelsat W3A | Success[10] |- | 27 March 2004 | | Proton-K (#299) / DM-2 | Raduga 1-7 #17 | Success |- | 26 April 2004 | | Proton-K (#300) / DM-2M | Express-AM11 | Success |- | 16 June 2004 | | Proton-M (#4) Breeze M | Intelsat-10 | Success[11] |- | 5 August 2004 | | Proton-M (#5) Breeze M | Hispasat Amazonas | Success[12] |- | 15 October 2004 | | Proton-M (#6) Breeze M | AMC-15 | Success[13] |- | 29 October 2004 | | Proton-K (#301) / DM-2M | Express-AM1 | Success |- | 26 December 2004 | | Proton-K (#302) / DM-2 | Kosmos 2411-2413 (GLONASS satellites) | Success |- | 3 February 2005 | | Proton-M (#7) Breeze M | AMC-12 | Success[14] |- | 29 March 2005 | | Proton-K (#303) / DM-2M | Express-AM2 | Success |- | 22 May 2005 | | Proton-M (#8) Breeze M | DirecTV-8 | Success[15] |- | 24 July 2005 | | Proton-K (#304) / DM-2 | Express-AM3 | Success |- | 9 September 2005 | | Proton-M (#9) Breeze M | Anik F1-R | Success[16] |- | 25 December 2005 | | Proton-K (#305) / DM-2 | Kosmos 2417-2419 (GLONASS satellites) | Success[17] |- | 29 December 2005 | | Proton-M (#10) Breeze M | AMC-23/Worldsat-3 | Success[18] |- | 28 February 2006 | | Proton-M (#11) Breeze M | Arabsat-4A | Failure. Briz-M upper stage turbopump malfunction[19] |- | 18 June 2006 | | Proton-K (#306) / DM-3 | Kazsat | Success[20] |- | 5 August 2006 | | Proton Breeze M | Eutelsat HotBird-8 | Success[21] |- | 9 November 2006 | | Proton Breeze M | Arabsat-4B | Success[22] |- | 25 December 2006 | | Proton-K (#307) / DM-2 | Kosmos 2424-2426 (GLONASS satellites) | Success[23] |- | 12 December 2006 | | Proton Breeze M | MEASAT-3 | Success[24] |- | 10 April 2007 | | Proton Breeze M | Anik F3 | Success[25] |- | 7 July 2007 | | Proton Breeze M Enhanced | DirecTV-10 | Success. First flight of an enhanced Proton M[26] |- | 5 September 2007 | | Proton Breeze M | JCSAT-11 | Failure– Failed to reach orbit due to malfunction of 2nd stage.[27] |- | 26 October 2007 | | Proton-K (#308) / DM-2 | Kosmos 2431-2433 (GLONASS satellites) | Success[28] |- | 17 November 2007 | | Proton Breeze M | Sirius-4 | Success[29] |- | 28 January 2008 | | Proton Breeze M | Ekspress-AM33 | Success |- | 11 February 2008 | | Proton Breeze M | Thor 5 | Success[30] |- | 15 March 2008 | | Proton Breeze M | AMC-14 | Failure–premature shutdown of Briz-M upper stage[31] |- | 27 June 2008 | | Proton-K (#309) / DM-3 | Kosmos 2440 | Success |- | 19 August 2008 | | Proton Breeze M | Inmarsat 4 F3 | Success[32] |- | 20 September 2008 | | Proton Breeze M | Nimiq-4 | Success[33] |- | 25 September 2008 | | Proton Block DM | Kosmos 2447-2449 (GLONASS satellites) | Success[34] |- | 6 November 2008 | | Proton Breeze M | Astra 1M | Success[35][36] |- | 10 December 2008 | | Proton Breeze M | Ciel-2 | Success[37] |- | 11 February 2009 | | Proton Breeze M Enhanced | Express-AM44 and Express-MD1 | Success[38] |- | 28 February 2009 | | Proton-K (#310) / DM-2 | Raduga 1-8 #18 | Success[39] |- | 3 April 2009 | | Proton Breeze M | Eutelsat W2A | Success[40] |- | 16 May 2009 | | Proton Breeze M | ProtoStar II | Success[41] |- | 1 July 2009 | | Proton Breeze M | Sirius FM-5 | Success[42] |- | 12 August 2009 | | Proton Breeze M | AsiaSat 5 |Success[43] |- | 18 September 2009 | | Proton Breeze M | Nimiq 5 |Success[44] |- | 24 November 2009 | | Proton Breeze M | Eutelsat W7 |Success[45] |- | 14 December 2009 | | Proton-M / DM-2 | Kosmos 2456-2458 (GLONASS satellites) |Success[46] |- | 29 December 2009 | | Proton Breeze M | DirecTV-12 |Success[47] |- | 12 February 2010 | | Proton Breeze M | Intelsat 16 | Success[48] |- | 2 March 2010 | | Proton Breeze M | Kosmos 2459-2461 (GLONASS satellites) | Success[49] |- | 20 March 2010 | | Proton Breeze M | EchoStar 14 | Success[50] |- | 24 April 2010 | | Proton Breeze M | SES-1 (AMC-4R) | Success[51] |- | 3 June 2010 | | Proton Breeze M | Badr 5 (Arabsat 5B) | Success[52] |- | 11 July 2010 | | Proton Breeze M | EchoStar 15 | Success[53] |- | 2 September 2010 | | Proton-M / DM-2 | Kosmos 2464-2466 (GLONASS satellites) |Success[54] |- | 14 October 2010 | | Proton Breeze M | XM 5 | Success[55] |- | 14 November 2010 | | Proton-M / DM-3 | SkyTerra 1 | Success[56] |- | 5 December 2010 | | Proton-M / DM-3 | GLONASS satellites | Failure–Block DM upper stage fueling error, causing crash into the Pacific Ocean[57] |- | 26 December 2010 | | Proton Breeze M | Eutelsat KA-SAT | Success[58] |}


Planned
Date Flight Payload
Early 2011 Proton Breeze M SkyTerra 2
Early 2011 Proton Breeze M KazSat 2 and SES 3
Early 2011 Proton Breeze M EuropaSat
Second quarter 2011 Proton Breeze M SES 4
First half 2011 Proton Breeze M ViaSat-1[citation needed]
Middle of 2011 Proton Breeze M Amos-5 and Luch 5A
August 2011 Proton Breeze M Telkom-3 and Yamal 300K
November 2011 Proton Breeze M QuetzSat 1[citation needed]
Fourth quarter 2011 Proton Breeze M Astra 4B
End of 2011 Proton Breeze M Ekspress AM8 and Ekspress MD2
Late 2011 Proton Breeze M Yahsat 1B[citation needed]
Late 2011 Proton Breeze M Intelsat 23[citation needed]
December 2011[59] ISS assembly flight 3R Multipurpose Laboratory Module and European Robotic Arm
2012 Proton Breeze M Intelsat 22
2012 Proton Breeze M Nimiq 6
2012 Proton Breeze M Yamal 402
2013 Proton Breeze M Yamal 401[citation needed]
~2015[60] Proton MDA Space Infrastructure Servicing vehicle[61]
2018 Proton ESA's ExoMars mission to Mars.[62]

Future developments

Significant upgrades were temporarily put on hold following announcement of the new Angara launch vehicle. The single largest upgrade was the KVRB stage. This cryogenic stage would have greatly increased capacity. The engine was developed successfully, and the stage as a whole had progressed to hardware. However, as KVRB is noticeably larger than Blok D, the vehicle's aerodynamics, flight control, software, and possibly electronics would have to be reevaluated. In addition, the launch pad can supply existing Protons with common hypergol fuels from single sources. The upper stages, in particular, are fed by common loading pipes running along the rocket. Switching to a stage with different fuels requires the addition of extra support articles; switching to cryogens requires that such support articles top off the stage periodically.

Heavy variants of Angara will be simpler and cheaper than Proton (and like the new Atlas V rocket, will not use hypergolics; instead, it will use the same RP-1 fuel as that used on the Soyuz rocket). They will also be designed from the start to accept a KVRB stage, and will already have a LOX supply at the pad; only a hydrogen supply will be called upon. However, delays in Angara development mean that Protons will continue to fly for some time.

Frank McKenna, CEO of ILS, has indicated that in 2010 the Phase III Proton design would become the standard ILS configuration, with the ability to lift 6.15 metric tons to GTO.[63]

See also

Similar launch systems

References

  1. ^ . ILS http://www.ilslaunch.com/launch-services/proton-mission-planners-guide. {{cite web}}: Missing or empty |title= (help)
  2. ^ "Proton Verticalization, Pad 39, Baikonur". flickr. September 5, 2005.
  3. ^ "ILS Proton to Launch AMC-14 Satellite" (Press release). ILS. March 7, 2008.
  4. ^ http://www.ilslaunch.com/launch-services/ils-proton-breeze-m-launch-vehicle/proton-heritage/
  5. ^ http://www.ilslaunch.com/mission-control/proton-launch-archives
  6. ^ Statement by Vladimir Ye.Nesterov, Khrunichev Director-General, at Press Conference on 15 July 2010 Khruhichev 2010-07-29.
  7. ^ James Oberg (6 March 1999). "The probe that fell to Earth". New Scientist. Retrieved 2009-09-09.
  8. ^ "Novosti Kosmonavtiki" magazine's report (in Russian)
  9. ^ "300th Mission Flown by Proton Vehicle" (Press release). ILS. June 7, 2003.
  10. ^ "ILS Successfully Launches W3A Satellite; 2nd Launch in Less Than A Week" (Press release). ILS. March 16, 2004.
  11. ^ "ILS And Proton Successfully Launch Intelsat 10-02 Satellite" (Press release). ILS. June 17, 2004.
  12. ^ "ILS Proton Successfully Launches Amazonas Satellite" (Press release). ILS. August 5, 2004.
  13. ^ "ILS Proton Launches AMC-15 Satellite; 9th Mission in 9 Months" (Press release). ILS. October 15, 2004.
  14. ^ "Double Success: ILS Launches Payloads with Atlas and Proton on Same Day" (Press release). ILS. February 3, 2005.
  15. ^ "ILS Proton Successfully Launches Satellite For DIRECTV" (Press release). ILS. May 22, 2005.
  16. ^ "ILS Proton Successfully Launches Telesat's Anik F1R Satellite" (Press release). ILS. September 9, 2005.
  17. ^ "Proton-K Successfully Launches GLONASS Satellites. Proton-M Successfully Launches Satellite For SES Americom" (Press release). Khrunichev. December 29, 2005.
  18. ^ "Proton Launches AMC-23 Satellite; 7th and Final Mission of Year for ILS" (Press release). ILS. December 29, 2005.
  19. ^ Ray, Justin (February 28, 2006). "Proton rocket fails in Arab satellite launch". Spaceflight Now.
  20. ^ "KazSat Successfully Placed on GSO" (Press release). Khrunichev. June 19, 2006.
  21. ^ "ILS Proton Successfully Launches Eutelsat's HOT BIRD 8™ Broadcast Satellite" (Press release). ILS. August 5, 2006.
  22. ^ "ILS Proton Successfully Launches ARABSAT's BADR-4 Satellite" (Press release). ILS. November 9, 2006.
  23. ^ "The Proton Adds Three More Satellites to GLONASS" (Press release). Khrunichev. December 26, 2006.
  24. ^ "ILS Proton Successfully Launches MEASAT-3 Satellite" (Press release). ILS. December 12, 2006.
  25. ^ "ILS Proton Successfully Launches Anik F3 Satellite" (Press release). ILS. April 10, 2007.
  26. ^ Cite error: The named reference directv10 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  27. ^ Cite error: The named reference jcsat11 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  28. ^ "Russia's Proton Rocket 328th Flight" (Press release). Khrunichev. October 26, 2007.
  29. ^ "ILS Proton Successfully Launches SIRIUS 4 Satellite" (Press release). ILS. November 18, 2007.
  30. ^ "ILS Proton successfully launches THOR 5 satellite" (Press release). ILS. February 11, 2008.
  31. ^ Clark, Stephen (March 15, 2008). "Proton rocket suffers launch failure". Spaceflight Now.
  32. ^ "ILS Proton Successfully Launches Inmarsat-4 F3 Satellite" (Press release). ILS. August 19, 2008.
  33. ^ "ILS Proton Successfully Launches Telesat's Nimiq 4 Satellite" (Press release). ILS. September 20, 2008.
  34. ^ "Proton Successfully Launches Back-to-Back Missions" (Press release). ILS. September 25, 2008.
  35. ^ "ILS Proton Successfully Launches Astra 1M Satellite" (Press release). ILS. November 6, 2008.
  36. ^ "ASTRA 1M Satellite Successfully Launched" (Press release). SES Astra. November 6, 2008.
  37. ^ "ILS Proton Successfully Launches Ciel II Satellite" (Press release). ILS. December 10, 2008.
  38. ^ "Proton Successfully Delivers Two New Russian Express-series Satellites into Orbit" (Press release). ILS. February 11, 2009.
  39. ^ "Proton Successfully Delivers Russian Military Satellite" (Press release). Khrunichev. February 28, 2009.
  40. ^ "ILS Proton Successfully Launches W2A Satellite; The 50th ILS Proton Launch" (Press release). ILS. April 3, 2009.
  41. ^ "ILS Proton Successfully Launches IndoStar II/ProtoStar II Satellite" (Press release). ILS. May 16, 2009.
  42. ^ "ILS Proton Successfully Launches SIRIUS FM-5 Satellite" (Press release). ILS. July 1, 2009.
  43. ^ "ILS Proton Successfully Launched AsiaSat 5 Satellite" (Press release). ILS. August 12, 2009.
  44. ^ "ILS Proton Successfully Launches Nimiq 5 Satellite" (Press release). ILS. September 18, 2009.
  45. ^ "ILS Proton Successfully Launches the W7 Satellite for Eutelsat" (Press release). ILS. November 24, 2009.
  46. ^ "Proton Successfully Launches Three GLONASS Satellites" (Press release). Khrunichev. December 14, 2009.
  47. ^ "ILS Proton Successfully Launches DIRECTV 12 Satellite for DIRECTV; 7th ILS Proton Mission of 2009" (Press release). ILS. December 29, 2009.
  48. ^ "ILS Proton Successfully Launches the Intelsat 16 Satellite for Intelsat; First ILS Proton Launch of 2010" (Press release). ILS. February 12, 2010.
  49. ^ "Third Proton Launch of 2010 Successful: Trio of GLONASS Satellites in Orbit" (Press release). Khrunichev. March 2, 2010.
  50. ^ "ILS Proton Successfully Launches EchoStar XIV for DISH Network; 2nd ILS Proton Mission of 2010; 4th Proton in 3 Months" (Press release). ILS. March 21, 2010.
  51. ^ "ILS Proton Successfully Launches SES-1 for SES 3rd ILS Proton Mission of 2010; 5th Proton in 4 Months" (Press release). International Launch Services. April 24, 2010.
  52. ^ "ILS Proton Successfully Launches BADR-5 For Arabsat; 4th ILS Proton Mission of 2010; 6th Proton in 5 Months" (Press release). International Launch Services. June 4, 2010.
  53. ^ "ILS Successfully Launches the EchoStar XV Satellite for DISH Network" (Press release). International Launch Services. July 11, 2010.
  54. ^ "GLONASS M Navigation Triplets Launched Successfully by Proton M" (Press release). Khrunichev. September 2, 2010.
  55. ^ "ILS Proton Successfully Launches XM-5 Satellite" (Press release). International Launch Services. October 14, 2010.
  56. ^ "ILS Proton Successfully Launches LightSquared Satellite" (Press release). International Launch Services. November 14, 2010.
  57. ^ Clark, Stephen (December 10, 2010). "Russia clears Proton to resume flying in December". Spaceflight Now. Retrieved December 11, 2010.
  58. ^ Boucher, Marc (December 26, 2010). "A Russian Proton Rocket Successfully Launches the European KA-SAT Today". SpaceRef.com. Retrieved December 26, 2010.
  59. ^ "Consolidated Launch Manifest". NASA.
  60. ^ "Intelsat Picks MacDonald, Dettwiler and Associates Ltd. for Satellite Servicing". press release. CNW Group. Retrieved 2011-03-15. MDA plans to launch its Space Infrastructure Servicing ("SIS") vehicle into near geosynchronous orbit, where it will service commercial and government satellites in need of additional fuel, re-positioning or other maintenance. ... MDA and Intelsat will work together to finalize specifications and other requirements over the next six months before both parties authorize the build phase of the program. The first refueling mission is to be available 3.5 years following the commencement of the build phase.
  61. ^ de Selding, Peter B. (2011-03-14). "Intelsat Signs Up for Satellite Refueling Service". Space News. Retrieved 2011-03-15. if the MDA spacecraft performs as planned, Intelsat will be paying a total of some $200 million to MDA. This assumes that four or five satellites are given around 200 kilograms each of fuel. ... The maiden flight of the vehicle would be on an International Launch Services Proton rocket, industry officials said. One official said the MDA spacecraft, including its 2,000 kilograms of refueling propellant, is likely to weigh around 6,000 kilograms at launch.
  62. ^ "ESA, Roscosmos Strike Mars Deal". Red Orbit. 20 August 2009. Retrieved 2009-09-08. {{cite news}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  63. ^ Murphy, Ronan (December 2009). "ILS Reaps Reward of Khrunichev Takeover" (PDF). Satellite Finance. pp. 28–31.
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Proton (Rocket) (category)
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