Masculinizing surgery

Sexual reassignment surgery from female to male includes surgical proceedures which will reshape a female body into a body with a male appeance.

Many transmen do not opt for genital reassignment surgery, but almost all undergo a double mastectomy, the removal of breast and shaping of a masculine chest and hysterectomy, the removal of internal female sex organs, along with hormone treatment with testosterone.

Mastectomy

Most transmen require bilateral mastectomy, the removal of female breasts and the shaping of a male contoured chest.

Hysterectomy

Hysterectomy is the removal of female internal sex organs. This is for most transmen not so much a matter of feeling uncomfortable with them, since hormone replacement therapy (HRT) stops mensturation in almost all cases, but to prevent cancer, which becomes more likely under HRT. This is the same procedure many cisgendered women also undergo for a number of reasons.

Genital reassignment

Genital reconstructive procedures (GRT) use either the clitoris, which is enlarged by androgenic hormones (Metoidioplasty), or rely on free tissue grafts from the arm, the thigh or belly and an erectile prostheses (Phalloplasty). The latter usually include multiple procedures, more expense and with a less satisfactory outcome, in terms of replicating nature.

In either case, the urethra can be rerouted through the phallus to allow urination through the reconstructed penis. The labia major (see vulva) are united to form a scrotum, where prosthetic testicles can be inserted.

Reference

Factors Which Influence Individual?s Decisions When Considering Female-To-Male Genital Reconstructive Surgery by Katherine Rachlin from the International Journal of Transgenderism. This article also discusses some general issues of ftm GRT.