Wives of Henry VIII

This article is about the wives of Henry VIII. For a more complete list of consorts, see List of English consorts.

Henry VIII, in a portrait made c. 1520, during his nearly 24 year marriage to Catherine of Aragon.

The wives of Henry VIII were the six queens consort married to Henry VIII of England between 1509 and 1547.

The six wives (queens consort) of King Henry VIII were, in order:

• Catherine of Aragon (divorced),
• Anne Boleyn (divorced then beheaded),
• Jane Seymour (died, presumably of childbed fever),
• Anne of Cleves (divorced),
• Catherine Howard (beheaded), and
• Catherine Parr (survived).

(A common device to remember the fates of his wives is "divorced, beheaded, died, divorced, beheaded, survived.") It is often noted that Catherine Parr "survived him"; in fact Anne of Cleves also survived the king and was the last of his queens to die. Of the six queens, Catherine of Aragon, Anne Boleyn and Jane Seymour each gave Henry one child who survived infancy—two daughters and one son, all three of whom would eventually ascend to the throne. They were Queen Mary I, Queen Elizabeth I, and King Edward VI, respectively.

Catherine Howard and Anne Boleyn, Henry's two queens who were beheaded, were first cousins. Several of his wives worked in at least one of his other wives' service. Anne Boleyn worked in Catherine of Aragon's service; Jane Seymour worked in Catherine of Aragon's and Anne Boleyn's service; and Catherine Howard worked in Anne of Cleves's.

Henry was distantly related to all six of his wives through their common ancestor, King Edward I of England.

Henry and at least four of his wives (Catherine of Aragon, Anne Boleyn, Jane Seymour and Catherine Parr) have been characters in opera (for details, see List of historical opera characters).

List of wives

Catherine of Aragon

Main article: Catherine of Aragon

Catherine of Aragon

Catherine of Aragon (16 December 1485 – 7 January 1536; Template:Lang-es) was Henry's first wife. After the death of Arthur, her first husband and Henry's brother, a papal dispensation was obtained to enable her to marry Henry, though the marriage did not take place until after he came to the throne in 1509. Prospects were looking good when a Catherine became pregnant in 1510, just 4 months after their marriage, but it was only a stillborn girl. Catherine became pregnant again in 1511, and gave birth to a boy who died two months later. In 1512, Catherine gave birth to a stillborn boy, and then a stillborn girl in 1513. Finally, Catherine bore him a healthy daughter in 1516, Mary I, but it took her two years to conceive again and even then it was only a stillborn girl. It is said that Henry truly loved Catherine of Aragon, he himself professed it many a time in song, letters, inscriptions, public declarations etc. Henry, at the time a Roman Catholic, sought the Pope's approval for an annulment on the grounds that his marriage was invalid because Catherine had first been his brother's wife. Henry had begun an affair with Anne Boleyn, who is said to have refused to become his mistress (Henry had already consummated an affair with and then dismissed Anne's sister, Mary Boleyn, and most historians believe that Anne wanted to avoid the same treatment). Despite the pope's refusal, Henry separated from Catherine in 1531. In the face of the Pope's continuing refusal to annul his marriage to Catherine, Henry ordered the highest church official in England, Thomas Cranmer, Archbishop of Canterbury, to convene a court to rule on the status of his marriage to Catherine. On 23 May 1533 Cranmer ruled the marriage to Catherine null and void. On 28 May 1533 he pronounced the King legally married to Anne Boleyn (with whom Henry had already secretly exchanged wedding vows, probably in late January 1533). This led to the break from the Roman Catholic Church and the later establishment of the Church of England. Shakespeare called her "The Queen of Earthly Queens".

Marriage to Henry VIII: 11 June 1509 - 23 May 1533 (23 years, 11 months, 11 days), Annulled

Anne Boleyn

Main article: Anne Boleyn

Anne Boleyn

Anne Boleyn (c.1501/1507–19 May 1536) was the second wife of Henry VIII of England and the mother of Elizabeth I of England. Henry's marriage to Anne, and her subsequent execution, made her a key figure in the political and religious upheaval that was the start of the English Reformation. The daughter of Sir Thomas Boleyn and his wife, Lady Elizabeth Boleyn (born Lady Elizabeth Howard), Anne was of nobler birth than Jane Seymour; Henry's later wife, and was dark-haired, with beautiful features and lively manners. She was educated in Europe, largely as a lady-in-waiting to Queen Claude of France.

Anne resisted the King's attempts to seduce her in 1526 and she refused to become his mistress, as her sister, Mary Boleyn, had been. It soon became the one absorbing object of the King's desires to secure a divorce from his wife, Catherine of Aragon, so he could marry Anne. When it became clear that Pope Clement VII was unlikely to give the king an annulment, the breaking of the power of the Roman Catholic Church in England began.

Henry had Thomas Wolsey dismissed from public office and later had the Boleyn family's chaplain, Thomas Cranmer, appointed Archbishop of Canterbury. In 1533, Henry and Anne went through a secret wedding service. She soon became pregnant and there was a second, public wedding service, which took place in London on 25 January 1533. On 23 May 1533, Cranmer declared the marriage of Henry and Catherine null and void. Five days later, Cranmer declared the marriage of Henry and Anne to be good and valid. Soon after, the Pope launched sentences of excommunication against the King and the Archbishop. As a result of Anne's marriage to the King, the Church of England was forced to break with Rome and was brought under the king's control. Anne was crowned Queen Consort of England on 1 June 1533. Later that year, on 7 September, Anne gave birth to another daughter, Elizabeth. When Anne failed to quickly produce a male heir, her only son being stillborn, the King grew tired of her and a plot was hatched by Thomas Cromwell to execute her.

Although the evidence against her was unconvincing, Anne was beheaded on charges of adultery, incest, and high treason on 19 May 1536. Following her daughter Elizabeth's coronation as queen, Anne was venerated as a martyr and heroine of the English Reformation, particularly through the works of John Foxe. Over the centuries, Anne has inspired or been mentioned in numerous artistic and cultural works. Due to this fact, she has remained in the popular memory and Anne has been called "the most influential and important queen consort England has ever had."

Marriage to Henry VIII: 28 May 1533 - 19 May 1536 (2 years, 11 months, 21 days), Beheaded

Jane Seymour

Main article: Jane Seymour

Jane Seymour

Jane Seymour (c.1508– 24 October 1537) was Henry's third wife. She served Catherine of Aragon and was one of Anne Boleyn's ladies-in-waiting. It is strongly believed that she is the mistress that disposed of Anne, who was executed just eleven days before Jane's marriage to the king. She was of lower birth than most of Henry's wives, as the daughter of a knight. Finally, a year later, Jane gave birth to a healthy, legitimate male heir, but died twelve days later, seemingly because of post-natal complications. This apparently caused her husband genuine grief, as she was the only queen to receive a proper Queen's burial; when the King died in 1547, he was buried next to her.

Marriage to Henry VIII: 30 May 1536 - 24 October 1537 (1 year, 4 months, 24 days), Death from complications of childbirth

Anne of Cleves

Main article: Anne of Cleves

Anne of Cleves

Anne of Cleves (15 September 1515-16 July 1557) (Anne of Cleves was Henry's fourth wife, for only six months in 1540, from 6 January to 9 July.) Anne of Cleves was a German princess. It has been incorrectly stated that Henry referred to her as "A Flanders Mare". This famous phrase was not in fact uttered by Henry VIII at all; it was actually written by the historian Bishop Gilbert Burnet writing in the 17th Century, unfortunately the label has stuck with Anne. Her pre-contract of marriage with Francis I, Duke of Lorraine, was cited as grounds for an annulment. Anne agreed to this, claiming that the marriage had not been consummated, and because she hadn't resisted the annulment, was given a generous settlement, including Hever Castle, former home of Henry's former in-laws, the Boleyns. She was given the name "The King's Sister", and became a friend to him and his children until his death. She outlived both the King and his last two wives, making her the last of the six wives to die.

Marriage to Henry VIII: 6 January 1540 - 9 July 1540 (6 months, 3 days), Annulled

Catherine Howard

Main article: Catherine Howard

Catherine Howard

Catherine Howard (13 January 1525 – 13 February 1542) was Henry's fifth wife 1540–1542, sometimes known as "the rose without a thorn". Henry was informed of her alleged adultery with Thomas Culpepper on 1 November 1541. After being deprived of the title of Queen, she was beheaded at the Tower of London. The night before, Catherine spent hours practising how to lay her head upon the block, and her last words were for mercy for her family and prayers for her soul. It was also popularly believed that Catherine had also declared, "I die a Queen, but I'd rather die the wife of Culpepper." Catherine was a first cousin of Anne Boleyn, as her aunt was Anne's mother.

Marriage to Henry VIII: 26 July 1540 -13 February 1542 (1 year, 6 months, 18 days), Beheaded

Catherine Parr

Main article: Catherine Parr

Catherine Parr

Catherine Parr (1512 – 7 September 1548), also spelled Kateryn, was the sixth and last wife of Henry VIII 1543–1547. She was the daughter of Sir Thomas Parr of Kendal and his wife Maud Green. Through her father, Catherine Parr was a direct descendant of King Edward III of England (House of Plantagenet) and Philippa of Hainault, Queen Consort of England through their son Prince John of Gaunt, 1st Duke of Lancaster Plantagenet and his mistress, later wife, Katherine Swynford née Roët. Through John of Gaunt's daughter Lady Joan Beaufort, Countess of Westmoreland (the maternal great-great grandmother of Henry) Catherine was a 3rd cousin, once removed, of her husband, Henry VIII. By Henry's paternal descent from John Beaufort, 1st Earl of Somerset, another child of John of Gaunt and Katherine, the two were also a fourth cousins, once removed.

Catherine Parr showed herself to be the restorer of Henry's court as a family home for his children. Catherine was determined to present the royal household as a close-knit one in order to demonstrate strength through unity to Henry's opposers. Perhaps Catherine's most significant achievement was Henry's passing of an act that confirmed both Princess Mary's and Elizabeth's line in succession for the throne, despite the fact that they had both been made illegitimate by divorce or remarriage. Such was Henry's trust in Catherine that he chose her to rule as Regent while he was attending to the War in France and in the unlikely event of the loss of his life, she was to rule as Regent until six year old Edward came of age.

Catherine also has a special place in history as she was the most married queen of England, having had four husbands in all; Henry was her third. She had been widowed twice before marrying Henry. After Henry's death, she married Thomas Seymour, uncle of Edward VI, to whom she had formed an attachment prior to her marriage with Henry. She had one child by Seymour, Mary, and died shortly after childbirth. Mary's history is unknown, but she is believed to have died as a toddler.

Marriage to Henry VIII: 12 July 1543 – 28 January 1547 (3 years, 6 months, 16 days), His death

Mistresses

Henry VIII also had several mistresses during his marriages. While married to Catherine of Aragon, he had a relationship with Bessie Blount which lasted about eight years; his friend's wife, Elizabeth Carew; Etiennette de la Baume; Anne Hastings, Countess of Huntingdon; Elizabeth Amadas; and most notably with Mary Boleyn, the sister of his second wife Anne. During his marriage to Anne, he had a relationship with an unnamed lady, followed by a six-month affair with the Queen's cousin, Mary Shelton, and most likely more unnamed women, before starting a relationship with Jane Seymour. There were also rumours about his relationships with several other women during various marriages, including the notorious Elizabeth Wyatt; Anne Bassett; Katherine Willoughby, Duchess of Suffolk; and the widow of his illegitimate son, Henry Fitzroy, Duke of Richmond:Mary Howard, Duchess of Richmond and Somerset.

Marriage lengths

Diagram of Henry's VIII reign relative to his marriages.

See also

• Mistresses of Henry VIII