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Stephen Wolfram

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Stephen Wolfram
Born (1959-08-29) 29 August 1959 (age 65)
London, England, UK
NationalityBritish
Alma materOxford University, Caltech
Known forCreator of Mathematica and Wolfram Alpha
Author of A New Kind of Science
AwardsMacArthur Fellowship
Scientific career
FieldsMathematics, Physics, Computing
InstitutionsWolfram Research

Stephen Wolfram (born 29 August 1959) is a British scientist[1] and the chief designer of the Mathematica software application and the Wolfram Alpha computational knowledge engine.

Biography

Stephen Wolfram's parents were Jewish refugees who emigrated from Westphalia, Germany, to England in 1933.[2][3] Wolfram's father Hugo was a textile manufacturer and novelist (Into a Neutral Country), and his mother Sybil was a professor of philosophy at the University of Oxford.[4] He has a younger brother, Conrad.[5]

Wolfram was educated at Eton, where he amazed and frustrated instructors by his brilliance and refusal to be taught, instead doing other students' math homework for money.[4] Wolfram published an article on particle physics,[6] but claimed to be bored and left Eton prematurely in 1976.[7] He entered St John's College, Oxford at age 17, but again found lectures "awful";[4] working independently, Wolfram published a widely cited paper on heavy quark production at age 18[3] and nine other papers,[4] before leaving in 1978 without graduating.[7] He received a Ph.D. in particle physics from the California Institute of Technology at age 20,[8] joined the faculty there, and received one of the first MacArthur awards in 1981, at age 21.[7]

Wolfram's work with Geoffrey Fox on the theory of the strong interaction is still used today in experimental particle physics.[9] He founded the journal Complex Systems in 1987. Wolfram is married to a mathematician and has four children.[10]

Work

Symbolic Manipulation Program

Main article: Symbolic Manipulation Program

Wolfram led the development of the computer algebra system SMP (Symbolic Manipulation Program) in the Caltech physics department during 1979–1981. A dispute with the administration over the intellectual property rights regarding SMP—patents, copyright, and faculty involvement in commercial ventures—eventually caused him to resign from Caltech.[11] SMP was further developed and marketed commercially by Inference Corp. of Los Angeles during 1983–1988.

Cellular automata

In 1983, Wolfram left for the School of Natural Sciences of the Institute for Advanced Study, where he studied cellular automata, mainly with computer simulations. He produced a series of papers systematically investigating the class of elementary cellular automata, conceiving the Wolfram code, a naming system for one-dimensional cellular automata, and a classification scheme for the complexity of their behavior. He conjectured that the Rule 110 cellular automaton may be Turing complete. In the middle 1980s Wolfram worked on simulations of physical processes (such as turbulent fluid flow) with cellular automata on the Connection Machine alongside Richard Feynman.[12]

Mathematica

Main article: Mathematica

In 1986 Wolfram left the Institute for Advanced Study for the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign where he founded their Center for Complex Systems Research and started to develop the computer algebra system Mathematica, which was first released in 1988, when he left academia. In 1987 he co-founded a company called Wolfram Research which continues to develop and market the program.[3]

A New Kind of Science

Main article: A New Kind of Science

From 1992 to 2002, he worked on his controversial book A New Kind of Science, which presents an empirical study of very simple computational systems. Additionally, it argues that for fundamental reasons these types of systems, rather than traditional mathematics, are needed to model and understand complexity in nature. Wolfram's conclusion is that the universe is digital in its nature, and runs on fundamental laws which can be described as simple programs. He predicts a realization of this within the scientific communities will have a major and revolutionary influence on physics, chemistry and biology and the majority of the scientific areas in general, which is the reason for the book's title.

Since the release of the book in 2002, Wolfram has split his time between developing Mathematica and encouraging people to get involved with the subject matter of A New Kind of Science by giving talks, holding conferences, and starting a summer school devoted to the topic.[13]

Computational knowledge engine

Main article: Wolfram Alpha

In March 2009, Wolfram announced Wolfram|Alpha, an answer engine with a new approach to knowledge extraction and an easy-to-use interface, launched on May 16, 2009.[14][15] The engine is based on natural language processing, a large library of algorithms and answers queries using the approach described in A New Kind of Science. The application programming interface (API) allows other applications to extend and enhance Alpha.[16]

References

  1. ^ http://www.wolframalpha.com/input/?i=Stephen+Wolfram
  2. ^ "Jüdische Schriftsteller in Westfalen: Hogarth Wolfram".
  3. ^ a b c Giles, J (2002). "Stephen Wolfram". Nature. 417 (6886): 216–8. doi:10.1038/417216a. ISSN 0028-0836. PMID 12015565. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  4. ^ a b c d Levy, Steven (10.06). "The Man Who Cracked The Code to Everything ..." Wired. Retrieved March 20, 2011. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  5. ^ "Stephen Wolfram". nndb.com. Retrieved 2009-05-11.
  6. ^ "Hadronic Electrons?". The SPIRES date of April 1975 refers to the date the preprint was received, not the date of journal publication.
  7. ^ a b c Arndt, Michael (2002-05-17). "Stephen Wolfram's Simple Science". BusinessWeek. Retrieved March 20, 2011.
  8. ^ Thesis listing: Some Topics In Theoretical High-Energy Physics
  9. ^ See A Model for Parton Showers in QCD and Observables for the Analysis of Event Shapes in e+ e- Annihilation and Other Processes
  10. ^ "Stephen Wolfram". Sunday Profile. 2009-05-31. Australian Broadcasting Corporation. {{cite episode}}: External link in |transcripturl= (help); Unknown parameter |transcripturl= ignored (|transcript-url= suggested) (help)
  11. ^ Kolata, Gina. "Caltech Torn by Dispute Over Software," Science, 27 May 1983 (Vol. 220, No. 4600) issue, pp. 932-934.
  12. ^ W. Daniel Hillis (1989-02). "Richard Feynman and The Connection Machine". Physics Today. Retrieved 3 November 2006. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  13. ^ TED (2010) Stephen Wolfram: Scientist, inventor. [Online] http://www.ted.com/speakers/stephen_wolfram.html (accessed 19 January 2010).
  14. ^ Wolfram, Stephen (2009-03-05). "Wolfram|Alpha Is Coming!". Wolfram blog. Retrieved 2009-03-09.
  15. ^ "Wolfram|Alpha". Retrieved 2009-03-09.
  16. ^ Johnson, Bobbie (2009-03-09). "British search engine 'could rival Google'". The Guardian. Retrieved 2009-03-09.
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