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Penlop of Trongsa

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Druk Gyalpo Jigme Khesar Namgyel Wangchuck is the most recent Penlop of Trongsa.
Druk Gyalpo Jigme Khesar Namgyel Wangchuck is the most recent Penlop of Trongsa.

Penlop of Trongsa (Dzongkha: ཀྲོང་གསར་དཔོན་སློབ་; Wylie: Krong-gsar dpon-slob)[1][2], also called Chhoetse Penlop (Dzongkha: ཆོས་རྩེ་དཔོན་སློབ་; Wylie: Chos-rtse dpon-slob; also spelled "Chötse"[3][4])[Note 1] is a Dzongkha title meaning "Governor of the Province of Trongsa (Chhoetse)." It is generally given to the heir apparent of the Kingdom of Bhutan. The most recent holder of the title was King Jigme Khesar Namgyal Wangchuck, who was then a prince (Dzongkha: dasho, gyalsay). Although the current heir presumptive is Prince Jigyel Ugyen Wangchuck, the title is reserved for the officially designated heir apparent, which is subject to change by the reigning king. Also, the reigning Druk Gyalpo may retain the office or award it to another person after coronation. The proper reference style is His Royal Highness Trongsa (Chhoetse) Penlop.

Penlop is a title roughly translating to "Provincial Governor" or the European title "Duke." The crown prince holds the title "Penlop of Trongsa," or "Trongsa Penlop," which is the title held by the House of Wangchuck before its ascendancy to the throne. Originally, there were Penlops for each of the nine provinces of Bhutan, but they were consolidated under the control of the Penlop of Trongsa Ugyen Wangchuck when he became the first King of Bhutan.[3]

History

Further information: House of Wangchuck, History of Bhutan, and Dual system of government
Trongsa Penlops[3][5][6]
Number Name Dates
1 Tongsab Chogyal Minjur Tenpa 1646–?
2 Tongsab Sherub Lhendup (Namlungpa) (fl. 1667)
3 Tongsab Zhidhar (Druk Dhendup) (fl. 1715)
4 Tongsab Dorji Namgyel (Druk Phuntsho)[table 1] ?
5 Tongsab Sonam Drugyel (Pekar) (fl. 1770)
6 Tongsab Jangchhub Gyeltshen ?
7 Tongsab Konchhog Tenzin ?
8 Tongsab Ugyen Phuntsho ?
9 Tongsab Tshoki Dorji ?–1853
10 Tongsab Samdrup Jigme Namgyel[table 2] 1853–1870
11 Tongsab Dungkar Gyeltshen ?
12 Gongsar Ugyen Wangchuck 1882–1907
13 Gyalsay Jigme Wangchuk 1923–??
14 Gyalsay Jigme Dorji Wangchuk 1946–??
15 Gyalsay Jigme Singye Wangchuck 1972–??
16 Gyalsay Jigme Khesar Namgyel Wangchuck 2004–present
Notes:
  1. ^ Druk Phuntsho was also Druk Desi 1763–1765
  2. ^ Jigme Namgyal was also the 51st Druk Desi (Deb Raja) of Bhutan 1870-1873

Under Bhutan's early theocratic dual system of government, decreasingly effective central government control resulted in the de facto disintegration of the office of Shabdrung after the death of Shabdrung Ngawang Namgyal in 1651. Under this system, the Shabdrung reigned over the temporal Druk Desi and religious Je Khenpo. Two successor Shabdrungs – the son (1651) and stepbrother (1680) of Ngawang Namgyal – were effectively controled by the Druk Desi and Je Khenpo until power was further splintered through the innovation of multiple Shabdrung incarnations, reflecting speech, mind, and body. Increasingly secular regional lords (penlops and dzongpons) competed for power amid a backdrop of civil war over the Shabdrung and invasions from Tibet, and the Mongol Empire.[7] The penlops of Trongsa and Paro, and the dzongpons of Punakha, Thimphu, and Wangdue Phodrang were particularly notable figures in the competition for regional dominance.[7][8] During this period, there were a total of nine provinces and eight penlops vying for power.[9]

Within this political landscape, the Wangchuck family originated in the Bumthang region of central Bhutan.[10] The family belongs to the descendants of Dungkar Choji of the Nyö clan, and is descended from Pema Lingpa, a Bhutanese Nyingmapa saint. The Nyö clan emerged as a local aristocracy supplanting many older aristocratic families of Tibetan origin that sided with Tibet during invasions of Bhutan. In doing so, the clan came to occupy the de facto hereditary position of Penlop of Trongsa since Jigme Namgyel (appointed from among his family), as well as significant national and local government positions.[11]

The Penlop of Trongsa controlled central Bhutan; the rival Penlop of Paro controlled western Bhutan; and dzongpons controlled areas surrounding their respective dzongs. The Penlop of Paro, unlike Trongsa, was an office appointed by the Druk Desi's central government. Because western regions controlled by the Penlop of Paro contained lucrative trade routes, it became the object of competition among aristocratic families.[11]

Although Bhutan generally enjoyed favorable relations with both Tibet and British India through the 19th century, extension of British power at Bhutan's borders as well as Tibetan incursions in British Sikkim defined politically opposed pro-Tibet and pro-Britain forces.[12] This period of intense rivalry between and within western and central Bhutan, coupled with external forces from Tibet and especially the British Empire, provided the conditions for the ascendancy of the Penlop of Trongsa.[11]

After the Duar War with Britain (1864–65) as well as substantial territorial losses (Cooch Behar 1835; Assam Duars 1841), armed conflict turned inward. In 1870, amid the continuing civil wars, Penlop Jigme Namgyal of Trongsa ascended to the office of Druk Desi. In 1879, he appointed his 17-year-old son Ugyen Wangchuck as Penlop of Paro. Jigme Namgyal reigned through his death 1881, punctuated by periods of retirement during which he retained effective control of the country.[13]

The pro-Britain Penlop Ugyen Wangchuck ultimately prevailed against the pro-Tibet and anti-Britain Penlop of Paro after a series of civil wars and rebellions between 1882 and 1885. After his father's death in 1881, Ugyen Wangchuck entered a feud over the post of Penlop of Trongsa. In 1882, at the age of 20, he marched on Bumthang and Trongsa, winning the post of Penlop of Trongsa in addition to Paro. In 1885, Ugyen Wangchuck intervened in a conflict between the Dzongpens of Punakha and Thimphu, sacking both sides and seizing Simtokha Dzong. From this time forward, the office of Druk Desi became purely ceremonial.[13]

Under Article 2 of the Constitution of Bhutan, actual succession depends on the King without regard to who is the titular Trongsa or Chhoetse Penlop: the title is not a part of the Constitutional succession framework. Thus, if there are "shortcomings in the elder prince, it is the sacred duty of the King to select and proclaim the most capable prince or princess as heir to the Throne."[14]

See also

Notes

  1. ^ The spelling of this title varies widely in sources because transliterations of Tibetan script and transcriptions of Tibetan phonology differ. Penlop may be spelled "pönlop" or "ponlop." Trongsa may appear as "Tongsa" or even "(b)Krongsa." Chotse may alternatively appear as "Chhotse," "Ch(h)oetse," or "Ch(h)ötse." Any combination of these variations may also be contain additional hyphens or differing capitalization.

References

  1. ^ Public Domain This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain. Worden, Robert L. (September 1991). Savada, Andrea Matles (ed.). Bhutan: A Country Study. Federal Research Division. British Intrusion, 1772–1907.
  2. ^ Rennie, Frank; Mason, Robin (2008). Bhutan: Ways of Knowing. IAP. p. 176. ISBN 1593117345. Retrieved 2011-08-10.
  3. ^ a b c Dorji Wangdi (2004). "A Historical Background of the Chhoetse Penlop" (PDF). The Tibetan and Himalayan Library online. Thimphu: Cabinet Secretariat. Retrieved 2011-02-20. {{cite web}}: External link in |work= (help)
  4. ^ "Päring kohanimeandmebaasist. Väliskohanimed. [Place Name Database Query. Foreign Names.]". Eesti Keele Instituudi kohanimeandmebaas (KNAB) [Estonian Place Names Database (KNAB)]. Eesti Keele Instituut [Estonian Language Institute]. Retrieved 2011-02-21.
  5. ^ Dorji, C. T. (1994). "Appendix III". History of Bhutan based on Buddhism. Sangay Xam, Prominent Publishers. p. 200. ISBN 8186239014. Retrieved 2011-08-12.
  6. ^ Buyers, Christopher (2010-03-20). "BHUTAN – The Wangchuck Dynasty". The Royal Ark – Royal and Ruling Houses of Africa, Asia, Oceania and the Americas. Retrieved 2011-08-10.
  7. ^ a b Public Domain This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain. Worden, Robert L. (September 1991). Savada, Andrea Matles (ed.). Bhutan: A Country Study. Federal Research Division. Administrative Integration and Conflict with Tibet, 1651–1728.
  8. ^ Public Domain This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain. Worden, Robert L. (September 1991). Savada, Andrea Matles (ed.). Bhutan: A Country Study. Federal Research Division. Civil Conflict, 1728–72.
  9. ^ Lawrence John Lumley Dundas Zetland (Marquis of); Ronaldsha E., Asian Educational Services (2000). Lands of the Thunderbolt: Sikhim, Chumbi & Bhutan. Asian Educational Services. p. 204. ISBN 8120615042. Retrieved 2011-08-10.
  10. ^ Crossette, Barbara (2011). So Close to Heaven: The Vanishing Buddhist Kingdoms of the Himalayas. Vintage Departures. Random House Digital, Inc. ISBN 030780190X. Retrieved 2011-08-10.
  11. ^ a b c Harding, Sarah (2003). Harding, Sarah (ed.). Snow Lion Publications. p. 24. ISBN 1559391944 [Title=The life and revelations of Pema Lingpa Title=The life and revelations of Pema Lingpa]. Retrieved 2011-08-10. {{cite book}}: |first1= missing |last1= (help); Check |url= value (help); Missing or empty |title= (help)
  12. ^ Europa Publications (2002). Far East and Australasia. Regional surveys of the world: Far East & Australasia (34 ed.). Psychology Press. pp. 180–81. ISBN 1857431332. Retrieved 2011-08-08.
  13. ^ a b Brown, Lindsay; Mayhew, Bradley; Armington, Stan; Whitecross (2007). Bhutan. Lonely Planet Country Guides (3 ed.). Lonely Planet. pp. 38–43. ISBN 1740595297. Retrieved 2011-08-09. {{cite book}}: Text "first4-Richard W." ignored (help)
  14. ^ "Constitution of Bhutan, Art. 2" (PDF). Government of Bhutan. 2008. Retrieved 2011-08-12.
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