Houghton Highway
Houghton Highway | |
|---|---|
 Houghton Highway at sunset | |
| Coordinates | 27°16′43″S 153°04′03″E / 27.27871°S 153.067623°E |
| Carries |   Motor vehicles, 3 lanes |
| Crosses | Bramble Bay |
| Locale | Redcliffe (Clontarf) north end, Brisbane (Brighton) south end, Queensland, Australia |
| Official name | Houghton Highway |
| Maintained by | Department of Main Roads |
| Characteristics | |
| Design | Reinforced concrete viaduct |
| Total length | 2,740 m (8,990 ft) |
| Width | 11.1 m (36 ft) |
| History | |
| Opened | December 20, 1979 |
| Location | |
 | |
The Houghton Highway is a 2.74 km (1.70 mi) reinforced concrete viaduct, shortening the road distance between the cities of Redcliffe and Brisbane in Queensland, Australia. It is one of the longest bridges in the country.[1]
Almost immediately after opening it faced a greater capacity task than originally intended, and in later years became a contentious issue politically with concerns about its ability to meet growing traffic demands, refusal to build another bridge, and the lowering of its speed limit.
History
With rising traffic levels on the two-lane Hornibrook Bridge in the 1970s, the Department of Main Roads investigated the construction of another structure to increase capacity and cope with future demand. Authorisation by the department was given to construct a new bridge in 1977,[2] and the new Houghton Highway opened on 20 December 1979, by the then Premier of Queensland, The Hon Sir Joh Bjelke-Petersen.
The Houghton Highway is named after The Hon James 'Jim' Houghton, Member for Redcliffe (1960–1979) and Speaker (1974–1979). Houghton resigned from parliament on 7 August, four months before the bridge opened.
Design
The all-concrete Houghton Highway consists of 99 spans atop of some 400 T-beams, supported close to sea level by headstocks connected to five octagonal piles each.
Rough ride
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A notable characteristic of the Houghton Highway, other than its significant length, is the particularly rough surface and therefore ride quality. In addition, each concrete span has a slight concave curve, so a distinct corrugated ride is felt when driving over the bridge. These unfinished surface characteristics are due to the absence of a bitumen overlay.
Worst road recognition
In February 2004, an RACQ survey[4] recognised the Houghton Highway as the number one "pain in the neck" with Queensland motorists. Some 1200 members responded to this survey, asking them to nominate problem roads and intersections in the state. Respondents identified problems with insufficient capacity, problems with tidal flow or an accident/breakdown on the bridge causing major congestion, an inappropriate speed limit (60 km/h (37 mph) trial, now permanent), and the lack of consideration given by authorities to another bridge crossing.
Original layout and intention
The original intention of the Houghton Highway was to eventually carry two lanes of southbound traffic, with the old Hornibrook Bridge rejuvenated for two lanes of northbound traffic,[5] doubling original capacity. When the Houghton Highway opened, it simply temporarily replaced the old bridge with the same capacity of one lane in each direction while the refurbishment was conducted.
The initial deck layout (from west to east) consisted of two 3,700 mm (145.7 in) lanes, an 1,800 mm (70.9 in) shoulder or "breakdown lane", and a 1,900 mm (74.8 in) footway. With just a diminutive reinforced concrete kerb to separate pedestrians from 80 km/h (50 mph) passing traffic, the use of the footway was minimal. While the bridge had a southbound breakdown lane, it did not prevent severe disruption to northbound traffic caused by breakdowns in that direction.[5] This layout may appear to be a design oversight; however, it is important to remember that the two-way traffic flow was only meant to be temporary.
With the Hornibrook Bridge now closed for refurbishment, engineers were able to make a closer examination to determine more clearly the extent of work required. They found that deterioration of the bridge was worse than first expected, and the cost to bring the old bridge up to an acceptable standard, and its continued maintenance, would be far greater than original predictions.[5] At the same time, the state government believed that Redcliffe's future growth would be in its western areas, and therefore the connections of Redcliffe to the Bruce Highway should receive more attention[5] – the original land-based and much longer route to Brisbane before the Hornibrook Bridge opened in 1935.
Increasing capacity with just one bridge
A rejuvenated Hornibrook Bridge now not an option, in October 1982 the Department of Main Roads ordered an investigation into modifying the Houghton Highway,[5] only ten months after it opened. Facing an awkward situation where the new bridge would not deliver any increased capacity but just keep the status quo, the modification of the bridge was to be urgently completed within twelve months.[5]
The investigation found that, with the removal of the unsafe and unpopular pedestrian footway, the bridge could accommodate three lanes, and a tidal flow arrangement would provide extra capacity of two lanes where and when it was needed most – southbound in the morning and northbound in the afternoon and evening (reverse on weekends). Because this new layout did not involve breakdown lanes, emergency telephones and overhead lighting were also fitted to the bridge at the same time.[5] Interestingly, the Houghton Highway did not originally include overhead lighting, whereas the old bridge did.
Modifications to the bridge commenced in March 1982, and completed by 3 September the same year, at a total cost of $435,000. Materials used included six gantries, eight switchable message signs, 54 traffic signals, two mast arms, 51 overhead lights, 12 emergency telephones, 27.5 km (17.1 mi) of power cable and 2 km (1.2 mi) of communication cable.[5]
Cracking and deterioration
A routine inspection of Houghton Highway in 1991 found an alkali-silica reaction in the prestressed concrete piles.[1] This reaction caused internal cracking of the concrete, and crumbling and spalling of the concrete leaving the reinforcing steel exposed to the marine environment.
Some 500 piles were encased in concrete below the water surface and up to 500 mm (19.7 in) above the high water level. Above this point, an externally bonded carbon fibre reinforced polymer was applied, wrapping the column to cover the damage and contain and conceal the existing cracks.[6] It was also believed that such composites offered re-strengthening and a protection of the piles through encapsulated resin during the lamination.[7]
The treatment work was completed in 2000, and the repairs and condition of the piles are continually monitored.
Upgrading and political controversy
Concerns about increasing traffic demands and questions about the capacity of the Houghton Highway started in the late 1990s. The issue was agitated every time a crash caused delays, with the closure of one or two lanes or the entire bridge while the scene is investigated then cleared-up. Similarly, vehicle breakdowns on the bridge blocked lanes, also causing congestion and delays.
Tidal flow upgrade
To dispel the public concerns, the Department of Main Roads ordered an upgrade of the bridge's tidal flow system.[8] Commissioned in 2002 at a cost of $1.8 million, this upgrading included the replacement of the overhead arrow and cross signals with brighter, LED displays, monitoring of traffic flows and conditions with supervision of the system data and view of the bridge by CCTV at the remote Traffic Management Centre in Woolloongabba, Brisbane. Operators were for the first time also able to close and open lanes as required from the remote location.[9]
The upgrade project suffered delays from "technical issues", compelling the Transport and Main Roads Minister, The Hon Steve Bredhauer, to thank Redcliffe residents for their patience.[10] Just six months later, the minister apologised for extensive delays after the system failed when a council contractor cut both the main and back-up power supplies to the tidal flow system just before 10:00am.[11] Evening peak hour traffic was severely disrupted and banked-up for several kilometres as the bridge fell into "safe mode" with just one lane open in each direction for over 10 hours until Energex reconnected power at 8:00pm. Changes implemented after this incident included a better back-up power supply that was separate from the main supply, tighter controls on works near the bridge requiring approval by the Department of Main Roads first, and a variable message sign on the Gateway Motorway at Deagon to warn motorists of delays and suggest taking the longer, western route to Redcliffe via the Bruce Highway.[12]
Reduced speed limit
Another initiative to stop debate over a new bridge was the reduction of the speed limit from 80 km/h (50 mph) for most of its length since the highway was built, to entirely 60 km/h (37 mph). The reduced speed limit also included a 500 m (1,600 ft) approach to the southern end of the bridge along mostly 90 km/h (56 mph) four-lane Deagon Deviation dual carriageway. This 500 m (1,600 ft) approach was previously 80 km/h along with the bridge, and became 60 km/h with it. The professed reason behind this reduced speed limit was to reduce crash incidents, therefore reducing delays and blockages.
This reduced speed limit was initially a trial for nine months from September 2003 until June 2004, then a further unexplained six months. The Redcliffe City Council moved in a General Purposes Committee meeting on 8 October 2003, that it can not support a 60 km/h speed limit trial, and requested to the Minister for Transport and Main Roads that the trial period be reduced to just three months.[13] The minister replied committed to the nine-month trial.[14]
In late November 2004, the state government declared the trial a success, using crash data that allegedly showed only three crashes in the nine-month trial period.[15] The data did not include vehicle breakdowns on the bridge that would have involved delays from blocked lanes and, if possible, the overriding of the tidal flow system to manoeuvre traffic around such incidents. Just weeks before the permanent speed limit was announced, a severe four-vehicle crash with a motorist trapped in her car closed the bridge in the evening peak for three hours,[16] and again caused banked-up traffic for several kilometres and forced motorists to take the longer western route via the Bruce Highway.
Numerous reports and letters to the local Redcliffe and Bayside Herald newspaper from people complaining about tailgating and motorists speeding past, point to that the reduced speed limit is not being adhered.[citation needed] The tidal flow system's monitoring data has shown the average speed travelled on the bridge is actually 70 km/h (43 mph), 10 km/h (6.2 mph) in excess of the signed limit said to be the reason for fewer crashes.[citation needed]
Government rejections and about-face
Labor's Ray Hollis won the seat of Redcliffe in 1989 with the election of the Goss government and, except for a slim 0.5% lead in 1995, the seat of Redcliffe built-up with a safe Labor majority of 13.7% in 2001.[17]
Continuing disquiet about the bridge, and calls for it to be duplicated or replaced, were persistently rejected by the government – a media statement titled "Call for second bridge rejected" was issued by the Transport and Main Roads Minister on 11 July 2003.[18] However, in only three months time the Queensland Premier, The Hon Peter Beattie, issued a statement announcing a study into when a new Redcliffe bridge might be built.[19] A reason for this change of stance included campaigning by the Redcliffe City Council and a study they commissioned into the duplication of the bridge, frustrated by the apparent lack of interest in the matter by the state government.[20] In addition, just over two months later, a state election would be called, earlier than anticipated.
In this 7 February 2004 election, the rival Liberal candidate, Terry Rogers, campaigned heavily for a new bridge to Redcliffe, and Hollis, the Labor incumbent, suffered a 10.5% swing[17] but held on to the now-marginal seat. Suddenly a new bridge became a need for Redcliffe.
In the next year, Hollis became involved in two scandals and the opposition called for his resignation. When the state government announced the duplication of the Houghton Highway in April 2005,[21] the opposition suspected that Hollis was going to resign and stepped-up their campaign. Hollis resigned for health reasons in July[22] triggering a by-election, and the promise of a new bridge was a solid commitment on both sides; the government announced it had already started the survey and public consultation phase.[21] The Liberal candidate, once again Terry Rogers, won the 20 August by-election, while Labor won the seat back in 2006.
Highway duplication
The duplication of the Houghton Highway consisted of a new bridge named the Ted Smout Memorial Bridge. It was officially completed on 11 July 2010 and open to southbound traffic on 15 July 2010.
After the opening of the Ted Smout Memorial bridge, the Houghton Highway was upgraded with a bitumen overlay and new variable speed limit signs. The long-running reduced 60 km/h (37 mph) speed restriction was lifted on 19 August 2011, returning to the original 80 km/h (50 mph). This marked the completion of its rejuvenation and, with the recent new bitumen surface, the ultimate, full construction of the bridge was finally completed 31 years since it first opened with the original rough, unfinished surface.
See also
References
- ^ a b Louise McCormick (2001-08-28). "Use of Advanced Fibre Composites in Concrete Rehabilitation" (PDF). Queensland Government Department of Main Roads. Retrieved 2006-12-30.
{{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires|journal=(help) - ^ "Hornibrook Highway Bridge". Queensland Heritage Register. Queensland Government Environmental Protection Agency. 2006-12-08. Archived from the original on 2007-09-30. Retrieved 2006-12-30.
- ^
Eddie Peters (2006-06-30). "Report On Pelican Deterrents Houghton Highway Bridge Redcliffe" (PDF). Queensland Government Department of Main Roads. Retrieved 2006-12-30.
{{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires|journal=(help) - ^ "Bridge link makes motorists 'see red'". Red Spot Survey. Royal Automobile Club of Queensland. 2004-02-10. Archived from the original on 2006-10-07. Retrieved 2006-12-30.
- ^ a b c d e f g h R. Blinco, B.E.HONS.(Elec.), Dip.C.S., M.I.E.Aust. (1983). "Tidal Flow Arrangements on the Houghton Highway" (PDF). Queensland Government Department of Main Roads. Retrieved 2006-12-30.
{{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires|journal=(help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ Alan Carse and David Hamilton (2005-07-27). "Barron River Bridge Investigation And Development Of A Repair Strategy" (PDF). Queensland Government Department of Main Roads. Retrieved 2006-12-30.
{{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires|journal=(help) - ^ Matthew F Humphreys (2003-03-02). "Extending the service life of buildings and infrastructure with fibre composites" (PDF). Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia. Retrieved 2006-12-30.
{{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires|journal=(help) - ^ "Beattie Government boosts Brisbane roads" (Press release). Transport and Main Roads Minister The Hon Steve Bredhauer. 2001-11-20. Retrieved 2006-12-30.
- ^ "Houghton Highway Bridge Lane Control System". Intelligent Transport Systems (ITS) Projects. Queensland Government Department of Main Roads. 2002. Retrieved 2006-12-30.
- ^ "All systems go for new Houghton Highway lane control system" (Press release). Transport and Main Roads Minister The Hon Steve Bredhauer. 2002-05-01. Retrieved 2006-12-30.
- ^ "Local members meet with transport minister" (Press release). Transport and Main Roads Minister The Hon Steve Bredhauer. 2003-10-09. Retrieved 2006-12-30.
- ^ "State Government puts strategy in place on Houghton Highway" (Press release). Transport and Main Roads Minister The Hon Steve Bredhauer. 2003-10-15. Retrieved 2006-12-30.
- ^ "Minutes". General Purposes Committee. Redcliffe City Council. 2003-10-08. Retrieved 2006-12-30.
- ^ "Minutes". General Purposes Committee. Redcliffe City Council. 2004-01-14. Retrieved 2006-12-30.
- ^ "Houghton higway speed limit to be reduced permanently to 60 km/h" (Press release). Transport and Main Roads Minister The Hon Steve Bredhauer. 2004-11-25. Retrieved 2006-12-30.
- ^ "Serious traffic incident, Redcliffe" (Press release). Queensland Police Service. 2004-11-03. Retrieved 2006-12-30.
- ^ a b "2004 Queensland Election – Details for Redcliffe". ABC Election Coverage – Queensland 2004. Australian Broadcasting Corporation. 2004. Retrieved 2006-12-30.
- ^ "Call for second bridge rejected" (Press release). Transport and Main Roads Minister The Hon Steve Bredhauer. 2003-07-11. Retrieved 2006-12-30.
- ^ "Beattie announces new study for Redcliffe bridge link" (Press release). Premier The Hon Peter Beattie. 2003-10-24. Retrieved 2006-12-30.
- ^ "Minutes". General Meeting. Redcliffe City Council. 2003-07-23. Retrieved 2006-12-30.
- ^ a b "State Govt Announces Houghton Highway Bridge Duplication" (Press release). Premier and Minister for Trade The Hon Peter Beattie. 2005-04-20. Retrieved 2006-12-30.
- ^ "Doctor Advises Immediate Retirement Of Ray Hollis" (Press release). Premier and Minister for Trade The Hon Peter Beattie. 2005-07-21. Retrieved 2006-12-30.