Disease registry
Disease or patient registries are collections of secondary data related to patients with a specific diagnosis, condition, or procedure, and they play an important role in postmarketing surveillance of pharmaceuticals.[1] Registries are different from indexes in that they contain more extensive data.
In its most simple form, a disease registry could consist of a collection of paper cards kept inside "a shoe box" by an individual physician. Most frequently registries vary in sophistication from simple spreadsheets that only can be accessed by a small group of physicians to very complex databases that are accessed online across multiple institutions. [2]
They can provide health providers (or even patients) with reminders to check certain tests in order to reach certain quality goals.
Disease Registries versus Electronic Medical Records
Registries are less complex and simpler to setup than Electronic Medical Records that according to a recent survey are only used by 9% of small offices where almost half of the US doctors work. [3]
An electronic medical record keeps track of all the patients a doctor follows but a registry only keeps track of a small sub population of patients with a specific condition.
Types of medical conditions tracked by Disease Registries
More than 130 million Americans live with chronic diseases and chronic diseases account for 70% of all deaths in the US."The medical care costs of people with chronic diseases account for more than 75% of the nation’s $2 trillion medical care costs." [4]
Registries target certain conditions because medical expenses are unevenly distributed: most health care expenses are spent treating patients with a few chronic conditions. [5]
For example, the 2002 expenses with diabetes in the US was $132 billion in 2002, and this was around 12% of the US medical budget. Diabetes accounts for 25% of the Medicare budget. [6] Given this - diabetes is one of the conditions targeted by registries. Diabetes is also amenable to this because there is a target population that can be defined according to certain rules and there is evidence that certain tests like retina exams, LDL levels, HgbA1c levels can correlate with quality of care in diabetes. [7]
Because of the diabetes impact, the New York City created a HgA1C Registry (NYCAR) to help health providers keep track of patients with diabetes. [8]
Another example of disease registry is the New York State CABG Registry that tracks all cardiac bypass surgery performed in the state of New York [9]
On a survey of 1040 US physician organizations published in Journal of the American Medical Association [10], diabetes registries are used by 40.3%, asthma registries are used by 31.2% of physician organizations, CHF registries are used by 34.8% and depression registries are used by 15.7%.
Other tests like pap smears are also useful to keep track in registries because there is evidence that when done annually in women of certain ages groups can detect and prevent cervical cancer. [11]
Many of measures tracked are based on Evidence-based medicine and are defined and standardized by national organizations like the NCQA
Patient registries are particularly useful for evaluating the safety of orphan drug products as well as the safety of drugs in specific populations.[12]
Medical Devices Registries
Countries like Australia, Britain, Norway and Sweden[13] have national patient registries that track patients with artificial joints. "But the United States lacks such a national database, called a joint registry, that tracks how patients with artificial hips and knees fare. The risk in the United States that a patient will need a replacement procedure because of a flawed product or technique can be double the risk of countries with databases, according to Dr. Henrik Malchau of Massachusetts General Hospital.
"The use of joint registries has proven beneficial abroad. In Australia, regulators use such data to force manufacturers to justify why poorly performing hips or knees should remain available, and products have been withdrawn as a result. In Sweden several years ago, surgeons alerted by their national registry stopped using a badly flawed hip long before their American counterparts did. A few medical organizations here, like Kaiser Permanente, operate their own registries to good effect and the Hospital for Special Surgery in New York has recently set up a registry. Experts say that the United States wastes billions of dollars annually on medical treatments which may not work. But the financial and human consequences are also large when evidence exists but is not collected." [14]
Cost-Effectiveness of Disease Registries
The cost-effectiveness of a disease registry is related with the cost-effectiveness of prevention of specific medical conditions. Increasing compliance through a registry with preventive measures like children vaccination or colonoscopy screening can actually be a cost-saving measure. [15] "A mammogram every 2 years for women aged 50–69 costs only about $9,000 per year of life saved. This cost compares favorably with other widely used clinical preventive services." [16]
Disease registries and Pay-for-Performance (P4P)
Registries can be associated with pay-for-performance (P4P) quality based contracts for individual doctors, groups of doctors or even all doctors in a country. For example the United Kingdom, rewards physicians according to 146 quality measures related with 10 chronic diseases that are tracked electronically. [17]
In the United States, Medicare also started a 1.5% P4P contract based on health measures that can be tracked by disease registries. [18]
Technical Aspects of Data Tracking
The quality of a disease registry is based on the quality of data fed into it and all the processes involved in updating it and keeping its integrity. In every registry there is always a risk of "Garbage In, Garbage Out". Issues that can affect a registry and its acceptance by a physician group:
- Is the registry only updated centrally or can a physician update or correct it? For example, a physician doesn't want to get reminders from a registry regarding diabetes patients that died, moved to another state or left her/his practice.
- Most frequently, a list of patients with a certain condition (e.g. diabetes) is generated based on certain criteria. In the U.S., Healthcare Effectiveness Data and Information Set (HEDIS) criteria are set annually by the National Committee for Quality Assurance (NCQA). These criteria, in order to avoid paper charts reviews are in most cases based on insurance claims. For example for diabetes, HEDIS selects an eligible population based on Age (18-75 years), continuous enrollment with a certain health insurer and certain "Events/diagnosis" from Pharmacy data (electronic), Insurance Claims data (electronic) or from medical records. Pharmacy data is based on a list of medications prescribed for diabetes [19][20] Claims data is based on having two outpatient visits with a doctor or one inpatient hospital admission or one Emergency Room visit with the diagnosis of diabetes. Patients are excluded if they have polycystic ovaries or just gestational diabetes. Despite the strict criteria it is possible for physicians to have patients on their registries that are not truly diabetic. [21]
References
- ^ McNeil JJ, Piccenna L, Ronaldson K; et al. (2010). "The Value of Patient-Centred Registries in Phase IV Drug Surveillance". Pharm Med. 24 (5): 281-288.
{{cite journal}}: Explicit use of et al. in:|author=(help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ ACP Observer, September 2005 - Patient registries: a key step to quality improvement
- ^ NEJM - Electronic Health Records in Ambulatory Care - A National Survey of Physicians
- ^ http://cdc.gov/nccdphp/overview.htm>
- ^ The High Concentration of U.S. Health Care Expenditures: Research in Action, Issue 19, Chart 1
- ^ DAGC.ORG - Diabetes Statistics - United States
- ^ Standards of Medical Care for Patients With Diabetes Mellitus - 26 (Supplement 1): S33 - Diabetes Care
- ^ The NYC Hemoglobin A1C Registry (NYCAR) : Diabetes Prevention and Control Program : NYC DOHMH
- ^ NEJM - Long-Term Outcomes of Coronary-Artery Bypass Grafting versus Stent Implantation
- ^ JAMA - Casalino et al. 289 (4): 434 Table ABLEJOC21257T5
- ^ Cervical cancer screening guideline: October 2006
- ^ McNeil JJ, Piccenna L, Ronaldson K; et al. (2010). "The Value of Patient-Centred Registries in Phase IV Drug Surveillance". Pharm Med. 24 (5): 281-288.
{{cite journal}}: Explicit use of et al. in:|author=(help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ Stefan Larsson, Peter Lawyer, Martin B. Silverstein (November 2010). "From Concept to Reality: Putting Value-Based Health Care into Practice in Sweden". Boston Consulting Group. Retrieved 2011-07-06.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ Meier, Barry (2008-07-29). "A Call for a Warning System on Artificial Joints". The New York Times.
- ^ http://content.nejm.org/cgi/data/358/7/661/DC1/1
- ^ Chronic Disease - Overview
- ^ NEJM - Pay-for-Performance Programs in Family Practices in the United Kingdom
- ^ Overview
- ^ http://www.ncqa.org/portals/0/hedisqm/HEDIS2008/Vol2/NDC/CDC%20Denominator.xls
- ^ http://www.ncqa.org/portals/0/hedisqm/HEDIS2008/Vol2/NDC/Table%20CDC-A.doc
- ^ Elsevier Article Locator