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CityRail
An S Set train enters Museum Station.
An S Set train enters Museum Station.
Overview
LocaleSydney Metropolitan Area, Newcastle, Wollongong
Transit typeCommuter Rail, Inter-city rail, Coach
Number of lines16
Number of stations307
Daily ridership1 million approx
Websitewww.cityrail.info
Operation
Began operationfirst section: 26 September 1855
operating as CityRail: 1990[1]
Operator(s)Railcorp
Technical
System length1,595 kilometres (991 mi)
Track gauge1,435 mm (4 ft 8+1⁄2 in) standard gauge
"CityRail Chime"
The iconic chime that is played prior to announcements
Problems playing this file? See media help.

CityRail is an operating brand of RailCorp, a corporation owned by the state government of New South Wales, Australia. It is responsible for providing commuter rail services, and some coach services, in and around Sydney, Newcastle and Wollongong, the three largest cities of New South Wales. It is also the name of the network on which the services run. It is part of the MyZone ticketing system.

Construction of what is now the CityRail network began 3 July 1850. Today it consists of 307 stations and over 2,060 km (1,280 mi) of track, extending to the upper Hunter Valley and the Shoalhaven area. Four new lines are now in various stages of planning and construction. CityRail and the state's Transport Construction Authority are currently engaged in a process of "sectorisation", a project called "Rail Clearways", in an effort to reduce its operational complexity.

Established under the Transport Administration Act (NSW) 1988 around 1990, CityRail is a "product group" of Rail Corporation New South Wales (Railcorp), the state-owned corporation (SOC) that operates the New South Wales railways. It is a sister group of CountryLink, which operates rail and coach services in regional New South Wales.

Most of the CityRail system is electrified with 1500 V DC supplied by overhead wire; some isolated sections outside the Sydney metropolitan area are operated by single-deck diesel railcars. All CityRail electric trains are double-deck multiple units.

An average of one million trips is made to and from 307 stations each weekday.[2]

Operations

Fleet

The concourse of  Central Railway Station, the main station on the CityRail network. The station opened in its present location in 1906.
A Waratah Train, the newest train in CityRail's fleet awaiting departure at Campbelltown, on a service to Circular Quay via the South Line
CityRail "Millennium trains"' operate on the Airport & East Hills, South, Bankstown, Inner West Lines to and from the City Circle
Main article: CityRail fleet

In 2009 CityRail ran ten types of rolling stock, in two categories: electric multiple units (EMUs) for suburban and interurban working, and diesel multiple units (DMUs) for interurban and regional lines running through less populated areas. All CityRail electric trains use 1500 V DC overhead electrification and travel on 1435 mm standard gauge tracks.The new waratah trains need more energy. All electric rolling stock has been double deck since the early 1990s.

The CityRail network is divided into three sectors, based around three maintenance depots.[3] EMU trainsets are identified by target plates, which are exhibited on the front lower nearside of driving carriages.[4] Target designations and set numbers are used in identifying EMU trainsets. The composition and formations of trainsets, and the target designations are subject to alteration. The target designation originally identified the depot at which a trainset was based, e.g. "M" for Mortdale, "F" for Flemington, "H" for Hornsby and "B" for Punchbowl (on the Bankstown line). However, the introduction of a variety of EMU types led to the target designation's use as a means of identifying the type of trainset, more like a vehicle or locomotive number. Hence, "M" is now used for the Millennium trainsets.

Cityrail maintenance sectors
Sector # Depot Serviced lines Target plate
1 Mortdale Illawarra and Eastern Suburbs, South Coast Red
2 Flemington Cumberland, Airport and East Hills, Olympic Park Sprint, Carlingford, South, Bankstown Blue
3 Hornsby North Shore, Northern, Western, Richmond, Newcastle, Blue Mountains, Central Coast Black

All double deck InterUrban (DDIU or V set) EMU trains, which operate on the Blue Mountains, Newcastle and Central Coast, and South Coast lines, are serviced at Flemington Depot, and all M set and H set trains, which have a green target plate, are serviced at Eveleigh Maintenance Centre near Redfern station.

In November 2006 the NSW government and RailCorp/CityRail announced the manufacturer for the new trains (626 carriages) set to replace the L, R & S sets. The chosen manufacturer RelianceRail/Downer EDI is the same company that built the M (Millennium) sets. This has been said to be the largest order of rolling stock in Australia's history, at a cost of $3.6 billion, which includes a brand new maintenance facility at Auburn. The new trains are named the 'Waratah' which is the NSW Government State's floral emblem. The first 4 carriage prototype vehicle began network testing by April 2010 as it's design was complete in July 2009 and delivered to Newcastle for manufacturing by late 2009. At July 2010 only the pre-production test set had been delivered and began network testing in August 2010 and then by November 2010, three sets were undergoing network testing. The first of these Waratah trains were scheduled to enter passenger service between December 2010 and April 2011 with 78 train sets delivered by 2013, however another delay due to asbestos contamination in an EDI construction workshop has further delayed its entry into service from June 2011, and fulfillment of orders scheduled for late 2013 to 2014.[5]

Ticketing

File:Cityrail ticket.jpg
CityRail Mytrain ticket 2010
Main article: Automated Fare Collection System

CityRail's current automated ticketing system, dating from 1992, is based on magnetic stripe technology and is interoperable with the government's buses and ferries.

Unlike the ticketing systems of other cities in Australia, most of CityRail's ticket prices are calculated on the distance travelled and are inexpensive by world standards.[6]

Entry to privately owned train stations at Sydney Airport requires a Station Access Fee in addition to the train fare.[7]

The contactless Opal card system is expected to replace the Automated Fare Collection System that is currently used on CityRail, Sydney Buses, Western Sydney Buses, Sydney Ferries and Newcastle Buses & Ferries services. The transition is expected to take place by 2012.[8] The project is currently 13 years behind schedule and is currently behind contracted to Pearl Consortium after the ERG contract collapsed in 2008. [9]

Performance

According to the 2003 'Parry report', "The interaction of metropolitan, suburban, intercity and freight lines and services has resulted in an overly complex system."[6] This complexity has contributed in part to the organisation being widely criticised for poor reliability and safety. CityRail is also enormously expensive. RailCorp requires a government subsidy of close to $1.8 billion a year, approximately 5% of the state budget and more than three times what it collects in fares. "There is an overwhelming sense," the report concluded, "that CityRail does not promote a real commitment to quality, customer focus and a service culture."

On-time running has improved since new timetables were introduced in 2005 and 2006.[10] The newly introduced timetable increase the station dwelling time and increase the amount of time a train is expected to arrive at the destination.[11] In April 2008, 99.6% of all services ran, and 92.6% of these services arrived within five minutes of their scheduled arrival time.[12] However a 2007 report by Hong Kong's Mass Transit Railway Corporation found that Sydney's train system reliability levels lagged behind international benchmarks.[13]

Network

In 2009 CityRail operated 11 suburban lines, four intercity lines, and one regional line. The standard network map is shown here.

CityRail Suburban network

Suburban lines

■ Eastern Suburbs & Illawarra Line - Between Bondi Junction and Waterfall/Cronulla.
■ Bankstown Line - Between Central and Liverpool/Lidcombe, via City Circle (clockwise) and Bankstown.
■ Inner West Line - Between Central and Bankstown/Liverpool, via City Circle (anticlockwise) and Strathfield.
■ Airport & East Hills Line - Between Central and Macarthur, via City Circle (clockwise) and Sydenham (peak) or Wolli Creek.
■ South Line - Between Central and Campbelltown, via City Circle (anticlockwise) and Granville.
■ Cumberland Line - Between Blacktown and Campbelltown.
■ Western Line - Between Central and Emu Plains or Richmond. This includes the:

■ North Shore Line - Between Central and Berowra (via Chatswood).
■ Carlingford Line - Between Clyde and Carlingford.
■ Olympic Park Sprint - Between Lidcombe and Olympic Park, extending to Central in off-peak and during special events.
■ Northern Line - Between Epping and Hornsby (via Macquarie Park, City and Strathfield).

* In peak hour on the North Shore line, some outer-suburban services run to Gosford and Wyong, and some Western Line services extend to Springwood.

In peak hour, some City Circle services run in the opposite direction than normal

Intercity services

CityRail intercity and regional network as of 2000.

Intercity lines are shown in grey on CityRail maps, with the line colour on the stations.

■ South Coast Line - Between Central** and Bomaderry (Nowra) or Port Kembla.
■ Southern Highlands Line - Between Campbelltown** and Goulburn.
■ Blue Mountains Line - Between Central** and Lithgow.
■ Newcastle & Central Coast Line - Between Central and Newcastle.

** Some peak services and most weekend services on the South Coast Line run to/from Bondi Junction, some on the Southern Highlands Line to/from Central, and some on the Blue Mountains Line to/from Hornsby. Southern Highlands services run to Central only in the morning and from Central in the afternoon and evening. At other times, a change of train is required at Campbelltown or Macarthur.

Regional services

■ Hunter Lines - Between Newcastle and Telarah, with less frequent services to Dungog or Scone.

Connecting bus services

CityRail operates several bus routes along corridors where the railway line has been closed to passengers. These bus services appear in CityRail timetables and accept CityRail tickets, but they are operated by private-sector bus companies contracted by CityRail. In 2006 these CityRail bus services are:

■ Bowral to Picton Loop Line - Bowral to Picton via Thirlmere. weekdays only
■ South Coast to Southern Highlands Line - Bundanoon/Bowral to Wollongong via Robertson.
■ Lithgow to Bathurst - Lithgow to Bathurst via Mt Lambie.
■ Fassifern to Toronto - Fassifern to Toronto via Blackalls Park.

NightRide

Main article: NightRide

To provide a passenger service between midnight and 5.00 am while leaving the tracks clear of trains for maintenance work, a parallel bus service was established in 1989. The NightRide operates typically at hourly intervals (some routes depart more frequently on weekends). NightRide services are run by private bus operators, and are identified by route numbers beginning with "N". All valid CityRail tickets for a destination (apart from single tickets) are accepted on NightRide services.[14] Bus stops and railway stations do not always perfectly coincide, but there is a reasonable approximation on most routes.

Network overview

A R set leaves Artarmon railway station, on the North Shore Line
An H Set waits to depart Epping Station

The CityRail network is a hybrid of three different types of passenger railway: metro-style underground; suburban commuter rail and interurban.

Most intercity trains terminate at Central whereas all suburban (except Carlingford line) services will proceed through the City Circle which is a loop of metro-style underground stations which receives a higher frequency of services although these services will still runs according to a timetable much like the rest of Cityrail network. Inner suburban areas will receive a higher frequency of services than outer suburban areas as some designated services will terminate at allocated stations midway through the line to cope with the higher urban density of inner-city suburbs.

There is evidence this hybrid arrangement was deliberate. The design of the early electric carriages was developed as a combination of the high-capacity, low-boarding time of the New York Subways trains and the existing English long carriage design that was established in Australia's long-haul steam train system.[15] Those design principles have carried over to successive rolling stock.

CityRail also operates several interurban services that terminate at Central Station (though some services operate in the metro-style portions of the system in the peak hours). These lines stretch over 160 km (99 mi) from Sydney, as far north as Newcastle, as far west as Lithgow, as far south-west as Goulburn and as far south as Kiama and Port Kembla. Southern Highlands trains require a connection at Campbelltown as they run into the city during peak hours only.

Regional services operate from the terminus station at Newcastle, with local electric services to the Central Coast and diesel services to Maitland. After Maitland, the DMUs travel either to Scone or Dungog, but most terminate at Maitland or Telarah. Another regional service operates as part of the South Coast Line, with DMUs between Kiama and Bomaderry-Nowra.

The hub of the CityRail system is Central Station, where most lines start and end. Trains coming from the Airport and East Hills Line and Bankstown Line, after travelling anticlockwise on the City Circle sometimes terminate upon arrival at Central and proceed to the Macdonaldtown Turnback. However, most trains continue on and become respective outward bound Inner West trains and South Line trains. The reverse applies for trains coming from the Inner West and South Lines, which, if not terminating, become outward bound trains on the Airport and East Hills line and Bankstown Line respectively. In the same manner, all trains from the Western Line or Northern Line become North Shore line trains once they reach Central and vice-versa.

As well as the intercity services mentioned above, local services also run in the Newcastle local area during off-peak times, as part of the Newcastle & Central Coast Line. Local services also run on the South Coast Line in the Wollongong local area, usually between Thirroul and Port Kembla.

Passenger Information Systems

The majority of CityRail stations are well equipped with electronic passenger destination indicator boards. These provide information on the current time, next three available services, time due to arrival, destination route and the number of train carriages available. Systems at Central station also produce a visual alert to passengers of train doors about to close during peak hour.

Due to the many differing types of stations that CityRail serves, their screens vary in form. In station where trains arrive at a higher frequency, 2 or more vertical LED screens are used on each platform to display the destination and arrival time whereas in low frequency areas 1 or 2 dual horizontal LED screens with a larger font is used. Manual destination indicator boards are still used in some lower patron stations but Cityrail staff will need to be present on the station to change the boards if necessary. In regional areas, a station may on rely on digital voice announcement for information on services. CBSM (Custom Built Sheet Metal) was responsible for the manufacture of many indicator board encasings.[16]

  • Dual horizontal, ceiling mounted screens, standard type. Used at Airport stations as well. Photographed at Glenfield, an outer city suburban station.
    Dual horizontal, ceiling mounted screens, standard type. Used at Airport stations as well. Photographed at Glenfield, an outer city suburban station.
  • Vertical painted white metal standing screens, station concourse/entrance type. Photographed at Glenfield, an outer city suburban station.
    Vertical painted white metal standing screens, station concourse/entrance type. Photographed at Glenfield, an outer city suburban station.
  • Vertical metallic standing screens, station concourse/entrance type. Photographed at Epping, an inner city suburban station.
    Vertical metallic standing screens, station concourse/entrance type. Photographed at Epping, an inner city suburban station.
  • Single, vertical ceiling mounted screens, larger passenger capacity station type. Photographed at Town Hall, an underground station located in the Sydney City CBD.
    Single, vertical ceiling mounted screens, larger passenger capacity station type. Photographed at Town Hall, an underground station located in the Sydney City CBD.
  • "Next Trains to Central" indicators. Photographed at Wynyard, an underground station located in the Sydney City CBD.
    "Next Trains to Central" indicators. Photographed at Wynyard, an underground station located in the Sydney City CBD.
  • "Next trains to City" indicators. Photographed at Auburn, an inner city suburban station.
    "Next trains to City" indicators. Photographed at Auburn, an inner city suburban station.
  • Intercity Indicator, includes Interstate CountryLink services. Photographed at Central
    Intercity Indicator, includes Interstate CountryLink services. Photographed at Central

History

The original railway network for Sydney CBD planned by John Bradfield

CityRail's origins go as far back as 1855 when the first public railway in New South Wales opened between Sydney and Granville, now a suburb of Sydney but then a major agricultural centre. The railway formed the basis of the New South Wales railways and was owned by the government. Passenger and freight services were operated from the beginning. The State's railway system quickly expanded from the outset with lines radiating from Sydney and Newcastle into the interior of New South Wales, with frequent passenger railway services in the suburban areas of Sydney and Newcastle along with less frequent passenger trains into the rural areas and interstate. All services were powered by steam locomotives, though in the 1920s petrol railcars were introduced for minor branch lines with low passenger numbers, both in metropolitan Sydney and rural areas.

The CityRail system as it exists today is to some extent the result of the vision and foresight of John Bradfield, one of Australia's most respected and famous civil engineers. He was involved in the design and construction of Sydney's underground railways in the 1920s and 1930s, but he is more famous for the associated design and construction of Sydney's greatest icon, the Sydney Harbour Bridge.[17]

Electrification

New South Wales uses an overhead electrification system at 1 500 volts direct current.[18] Whilst inferior to and more expensive than modern single phase alternating current equipment, it was in vogue during the 1920s and is generally sufficient for the operation of electric multiple unit trains. However, the introduction of powerful electric locomotives in the 1950s, followed by the Millennium Train in 2002, revealed drawbacks in this antiquated system of electrification. As the voltage is relatively low, high currents are required to supply a given amount of power, which necessitates the use of very heavy duty cabling and substation equipment. Until the retirement of electric locomotives from freight service, it was often necessary to observe a "power margin" to ensure that substations were not overloaded. This situation was similar to that which applied to The Milwaukee Road's 3 000 VDC electrification. Plans to electrify the Hunter Valley at 25 kV alternating current were abandoned in the 1990s. With private freight operation favouring diesel haulage, it is unlikely that the electrification will extend beyond its present outer-metropolitan limits in the foreseeable future.

Electrification came to Sydney's suburbs in 1926 with the first suburban electric service running between Sydney's Central Station and the suburb of Oatley approximately 20 km (12 mi) south of Sydney. In the same year, the first underground railway was constructed from Central Station to St James in Sydney's CBD . Electric trains that had previously terminated at the Central Station continued north, diving underground at the Goulburn Street tunnel portal, stopping at Museum underground station and then terminating at St James.[19] Other lines were soon electrified. Also, in conjunction with the construction of the Sydney Harbour Bridge which opened in 1932, an additional underground line in downtown Sydney was constructed, connecting the North Shore line with Central Station via two downtown stations, Town Hall and Wynyard.

World War II interrupted programmes for further electrification, but an extensive electric network was in place in 1948.

Structure

The Public Transport Commission of New South Wales was created in 1972 by the merger of the Department of Railways, New South Wales and the New South Wales Department of Government Transport, which operated buses and ferries. It was broken up in 1980 into the State Rail Authority and Urban Transit Authority. CityRail was established in 1990 under the Transport Administration Act (NSW) 1988 as a business unit of State Rail.

Challenges

The quality of the rail system is a matter of considerable political sensitivity. The performance of StateRail and RailCorp have been questioned in regards to safety, training, a politically-motivated focus on punctuality, management and workplace culture, with strong criticism from Justice Peter McInerny in his inquiries into the accidents at Glenbrook and Waterfall.[20][21] Transport is the third largest area of public expenditure in NSW, after health and education. A newspaper distributed to commuters, mX, and the Sydney Morning Herald's "campaign for Sydney" kept transport at the top of the agenda ahead of the 2007 state election. In his 2003 interim report to the NSW Government, Tom Parry was highly critical of CityRail. "It is hard to believe that taxpayers or the state are getting the best possible value from the large amounts of money being spent each year," he wrote.[22]

Safety

A typical message asking passengers to stand behind the yellow line, and tactile paving near the edge of the platform

The safety of the CityRail network was called into question by two fatal accidents. The second Glenbrook train disaster in 1999 killed seven people. In 2003, the Waterfall train disaster killed six. Inquiries were conducted into both accidents. Official findings into the latter accident also blamed an "underdeveloped safety culture." There has been criticism of the way CityRail managed safety issues that arose, resulting in what the NSW Ministry of Transport called "a reactive approach to risk management." CityRail has launched public information campaigns regarding railway trespassing, prams and strollers, and falling between the platform and the train.[23]

Crime and terrorism

An emergency help point

Crime committed on railway property has decreased by 32.9% since 2002, which RailCorp attributes to the deployment of some 600 Transit Officers across the network.[24] Most stations now have emergency "help points" to put passengers in immediate contact with authorities should an incident occur. All stations are covered by closed-circuit television surveillance. However a large amount of graffiti is still evident on some trains and the depots.

In recent years, concerns over terrorism have played a role in the management of the network. CityRail and other public transport providers participate in an ongoing public terrorism awareness campaign, If you see something, say something, adapted from a similar campaign in New York.[25]

Overloading

In 2008 overloading of trains was found by the Independent Pricing and Regulatory Tribunal[26] to be a significant cause of delays. Ten of the 13 lines have peak loads over 135% of capacity, and three in ten trains during the morning peak are officially overcrowded.[27]

Public perception

One result of CityRail's increasing problems has been a sharp rise in public complaints and attacks against staff,[28] with a Boston Consulting Group report claiming staff were actively hiding from irate customers wishing to complain about the service. The highly negative public perception of transit officers acting as ticket inspection officers and charging significant on-the-spot fines has also led to the organisation introducing anti-spitting fines and signage requesting commuters not abuse staff.[29]

Future development

Partial diagram of possible 2050 network under the proposed Christie report
Main article: Proposed railways in Sydney

The CityRail network is undergoing a process of expansion in response to concerns that rail services are inadequate in Western Sydney. At present, the Transport Construction Authority is undertaking or planning several construction projects for CityRail. Currently under construction is the South West Rail Link which will extend the network to Leppington.

The Government of New South Wales announced in 2003 that it intended to separate the existing CityRail lines into five independent lines with more reliable and frequent services. The project is called "Rail Clearways", and the five new sectors are listed as the Illawarra and Eastern Suburbs Line, the Bankstown Line, the Campbelltown Express Line, the Airport & South Line and the North-West Lines.

Related to the Clearways Project is the construction of the 13 km (8 mi) Epping to Chatswood Line which runs between Epping on the Northern Line and Chatswood on the North Shore line, with three new stations in between, servicing the growing industrial and commercial area of North Ryde, Macquarie University, and Macquarie Shopping Centre. The line opened on 23 February 2009.[30]

There are plans to install ETCS across much of the network, starting with the Berowa-Wyong route in 2013.[31]

Changes to CityRail

  • May 2000: New timetable rerouting East Hill trains to Airport line. Airport line opens.[32][33]
  • July 2002: Millennium trains are entered into service operating on the Airport & East Hills, South, Bankstown, & Inner West Lines. This is the first CityRail train to have new features: CCTV security cameras, Automatic DVAs, Wheelchair Ramps and indicator boards.[34]
  • September 2005: New timetable for all lines.[35]
  • May 2006: New timetable for Eastern Suburbs, Illawarra and South Coast Line, including revised changes on all lines.[36]
  • November 2006: Hunter Railcars are entered into service.[37]
  • December 2006: Oscars are entered into service starting with the South Coast Line.[38]
  • 2007-2008: DVAs are introduced on all trains waiting for the doors to close with the catch-phrase "Doors closing, please stand clear".[39]
  • December 2007: Oscars expanded its service on the Central Coast Line via North Shore Line.
  • February 2009: Epping to Chatswood line opens with shuttle services.[40]
  • October 2009: New timetable, Epping to Chatswood line integrated to the Northern Line. CityRail launches the Revesby, Chatswood and Epping terminus, Oscars expanded its off-peak service with K-Sets on the Northern Line as a replacement to Tangaras which are abandoned from the Epping to Chatswood Line due to steepness and also the R & S Sets because of noisiness of the tunnel.[41]
  • April 2010: MyZone fare system implemented in Cityrail, NSW public bus and ferry system. [42]
  • October 2010: New timetable for Eastern Suburbs, Illawarra and South Coast Line (Which includes extra services to Cronulla, extra weekend services for the Eastern Suburbs and Illawarra, & South lines as well as more direct fast weekend services between Kiama and Bondi Junction on the South Coast line) including revised changes on all lines.[43]
  • July 2011: The first of the Waratah trains entered service. Waratah trains will continue to replace L,R,S set carriages until 2014. [44]

See also

References

  1. ^ Powerhouse Museum - First train between Sydney - Parramatta, accessdate =30 December 2010
  2. ^ [[1] "Cityrail Facts"]. Cityrail - Railcorp. Retrieved 28 August 2011. {{cite web}}: Check |url= value (help)
  3. ^ "Train Fleet Maintenance". Cityrail. 1 June 2006. Archived from the original on 13 March 2008. Retrieved 18 May 2008.
  4. ^ Department of Railways, New South Wales: Working of Electric Trains, 1965
  5. ^ "Train builder to address workers about asbestos". ABC News. 14 December 2010. Retrieved 28 August 2011.
  6. ^ a b Parry, Thomas G. (1 December 2003). "Ministerial Inquiry into Sustainable Transport in New South Wales". New South Wales Ministry of Transport. Retrieved 18 May 2008.
  7. ^ "CityRail - Tickets & Fares". RailCorp. 2009. Retrieved 9 June 2009. {{cite web}}: Text "06" ignored (help); Text "09" ignored (help)
  8. ^ Ben Grubb (13 April 2010). "New Tcard carries $16m annual excess". zdnet. Retrieved 27 August 2011.
  9. ^ Renai LeMay (12 April 2010). "Pearl Consortium wins NSW Tcard contract". iTWire. Retrieved 27 August 2011.
  10. ^ "Most CityRail peak-hour trains 'on time'". Sydney Morning Herald. 12 January 2007. Retrieved 28 August 2011.
  11. ^ "Wrong side of the tracks". Sydney Morning Herald. 6 November 2004. Retrieved 28 August 2011.
  12. ^ "Our Performance - On-Time Running and Service Reliability". Cityrail. Archived from the original on 18 February 2008. Retrieved 18 May 2008.
  13. ^ "Aussie train services 'among world's worst'". News.com.au. 21 March 2007. Retrieved 11 January 2008.
  14. ^ "Sydney's Waratah train". CityRail. Retrieved 29 January 2011. {{cite web}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
  15. ^ "Historic Electric Traction "What Is So Special About Sydney Single Deckers?", paragraph 2".
  16. ^ http://www.cbsm.com.au/clients.html
  17. ^ Spearritt, P. Sydney's Century: A History. Accessed 9 September 2011.
  18. ^ "Modification to Specs" (PDF). ARTC. Retrieved 9 September 2011.
  19. ^ Jubilee of Sydney's Electric Trains Brady, I.A. Australian Railway Historical Society Bulletin, March 1976 pp41-66
  20. ^ Special Commission of Inquiry into the Waterfall Rail Accident, Final Report, Volume I, January 2005, The Honourable Peter Aloysius McInerny QC
  21. ^ Railway Safety: Interlocking and Train Protection, Ian Macfarlane, 2004
  22. ^ "Ministerial Inquiry into Sustainable Public Transport" (PDF). New South Wales Government & Tom Parry. 9 December 2003. Retrieved 30 March 2008.
  23. ^ "Training Rules". Cityrail. Archived from the original on 19 April 2008. Retrieved 18 May 2008.
  24. ^ "RailCorp Annual Report 2006-2007" (PDF). RailCorp. 31 October 2007. Retrieved 4 March 2008.
  25. ^ "CityRail: Security: If you see something, say something". Rail Corporation New South Wales. Archived from the original on 28 August 2007. Retrieved 14 September 2007.
  26. ^ http://www.ipart.nsw.gov.au/welcome.asp
  27. ^ "Stuffed: Cityrail's timetable woe". Sydney Morning Herald. 7 June 2008. Retrieved 1 August 2008.
  28. ^ "CityRail complaints". The Sydney Morning Herald. 10 October 2008.
  29. ^ http://www.cityrail.info/travelling_with/conditions_of_travel/fines
  30. ^ "Epping to Chatswood Rail Link - CityRail website".
  31. ^ "Railway Gazette: NSW awards first ETCS contract". Retrieved 13 February 2011.
  32. ^ "About Airport Link Company". About Us. Airport Link. Retrieved 31 August 2011.
  33. ^ "CityRail, 1989-2000". Historical NSW timetable. Retrieved 31 August 2011.
  34. ^ R J Send (June 2003). "AUDITOR-GENERAL'S REPORT" (PDF). NSW Government Department of Transport. Retrieved 31 August 2011.
  35. ^ "Rail Corporation New South Wales 2004-05 Annual Report" (PDF). NSW Government Department of Transport. 31 October 200. Retrieved 31 August 2011.
  36. ^ "Rail Clearways projects". Cityrail. Retrieved 31 August 2011.
  37. ^ "New Hunter railcar goes in to limited service". Cityrail. Thursday 23 November 2006. Retrieved 31 August 2011. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  38. ^ "The first Oscars are out and about". Cityrail. Retrieved 31 August 2011.
  39. ^ "Rail CoRpoRation NSW annual RepoRt 2007–08" (PDF). NSW Government Department of Transport. 30 October 2008. Retrieved 31 August 2011.
  40. ^ "Chatswood-Epping rail line to finally open". ABC News. 30 January 2009. Retrieved 31 August 2011.
  41. ^ "2009 CityRail timetable". Cityrail. Monday 1 June 2009. Retrieved 31 August 2011. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  42. ^ "MYZONE FARE CHANGES" (PDF). IPART. Retrieved 7 September 2011.
  43. ^ "Update Issue #11 2010" (PDF). Cityrail. Retrieved 7 September 2011.
  44. ^ "Preening Waratah makes its entrance". Sydney Morning Herald. 2 July 2011. Retrieved 7 September 2011.

Other references

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