Long jump
The long jump is a track and field event in which athletes combine speed, strength, and agility in an attempt to leap as far from the take-off point as possible. This event has been an Olympic medal event since the first modern Olympics in 1896 and has a history in the ancient Olympics.
Rules
At the elite level, competitors run down a runway (usually coated with the same rubberized surface as running tracks, crumb rubber also vulcanized rubber) and jump as far as they can from a wooden board 20 cm/8 inches wide that is built flush with the runway into a pit filled with finely ground gravel or sand. If the competitor starts the leap with any part of the foot past the foul line, the jump is declared a foul and no distance is recorded. A layer of plasticine is placed immediately after the board to detect this occurrence. An official (similar to a referee) will also watch the jump and make the determination. The competitor can initiate the jump from any point behind the foul line; however, the distance measured will always be perpendicular to the foul line to the nearest break in the sand caused by any part of the body or uniform. Therefore, it is in the best interest of the competitor to get as close to the foul line as possible. Competitors are allowed to place two marks along the side of the runway in order to assist them to jump accurately. At lesser meet and facilities, the plasticine will likely not exist, the runway might be a different surface or jumpers may initiate their jump from a painted or taped mark on the runway.
Each competitor has a set number of attempts. That would normally be three trials, with three additional jumps being awarded to the best 8 or 9 (depending on the number of lanes on the track at that facility, so the event is equatable to track events) competitors. All legal marks will be recorded but only the longest legal jump counts towards the results. The competitor with the longest legal jump (from either the trial or final rounds) at the end of competition is declared the winner. In the event of an exact tie, then comparing the next best jumps of the tied competitors will be used to determine place. In a large, multi-day elite (like the Olympics or World Championships) competition, a set number of competitors will advance to the final round, determined in advance by the meet management. A set of 3 trial round jumps will be held in order to select those finalists. It is standard practice to allow at a minimum, one more competitor than the number of scoring positions to return to the final round, though 12 plus ties and automatic qualifying distances are also potential factors. (For specific rules and regulations in United States Track & Field see Rule 185[1]).
History
The long jump was one of the events of the pentathlon of the original Olympics in Ancient Greece. The long jump was the only known jumping event in these Ancient Olympic Games. All events that occurred at the Olympic Games were initially supposed to act as a form of training for warfare. The long jump emerged probably because it mirrored the crossing of obstacles such as streams and ravines.[2] After investigating the surviving depictions of the ancient event it is believed that unlike the modern day event, athletes were only allowed a short running start.[2] The athletes carried a weight in each hand, which were called halteres (between 1 and 4.5 kg). These weights were swung forward as the athlete jumped in order to increase momentum. It is commonly believed that the jumper would throw the weights behind him in mid-air to increase his forward momentum; however, halteres were held throughout the duration of the jump. Swinging them down and back at the end of the jump would change the athlete's center of gravity and allow the athlete to stretch his legs outward, increasing his distance. The jump itself was made from the bater ("that which is trod upon"). It was most likely a simple board placed on the stadium track which was removed after the event (Miller, 66). The jumpers would land in what was called a skamma ("dug-up" area) (Miller, 66). The idea that this was a pit full of sand is wrong. Sand in the jumping pit is a modern invention (Miller, 66). The skamma was simply a temporary area dug up for that occasion and not something that remained over time. The long jump was considered one of the most difficult of the events held at the Games since a great deal of skill was required. Music was often played during the jump and Philostratus says that pipes at times would accompany the jump so as to provide a rhythm for the complex movements of the halteres by the athlete.[2] Philostratos is quoted as saying, "The rules regard jumping as the most difficult of the competitions, and they allow the jumper to be given advantages in rhythm by the use of the flute, and in weight by the use of the halter." (Miller, 67). Most notable in the ancient sport was a man called Chionis, who in the 656BC Olympics staged a jump of 7.05 metres (23 feet and 1.7 inches).[3]
There has been some argument by modern scholars over the long jump. Some have attempted to recreate it as a triple jump. The images provide the only evidence for the action so it is more well received that it was much like today's long jump. The main reason some want to call it a triple jump is the presence of a source that claims there once was a fifty five ancient foot jump done by a man named Phayllos (Miller, 68).
The long jump has been part of modern Olympic competition since the inception of the Games in 1896. In 1914, Dr. Harry Eaton Stewart recommended the "running broad jump" as a standardized track and field event for women.[4] However, it was not until 1928 that the women's long jump was added to the Olympic athletics programme.
Records
The long jump is notable for two of the longest-standing world records in any track and field event. In 1935, Jesse Owens set a long jump world record (of 8.13m; that is, 26 feet, 8 inches) that was not broken until 1960 by Ralph Boston. Later, Bob Beamon jumped 8.90 metres (29 feet, 2½ inches) at the 1968 Summer Olympics at an altitude of 7,349 feet (2,240 m), a jump not exceeded until 1991. On August 30 of that year, Mike Powell of the United States, in a well-known show down against Carl Lewis, leapt 8.95 m (29.4 ft) at the World Championships in Tokyo, setting the current men's world record. Some jumps over 8.95 m (29.4 ft) have been officially recorded (8.99 m (29.5 ft)* by Mike Powell himself (wind-aided +4.4) set at high altitude in Sestriere, Italy in 1992, 8.96 m (29.4 ft)* by Iván Pedroso),[5] but were not validated since there was either no reliable wind speed measurement available, or because wind speed exceeded 2.0 m/s. Lewis himself jumped 8.91m moments before Powell's record-breaking jump with the wind exceeding the maximum allowed; this jump remains the longest never to win Olympic or World Championship gold. The current world record for women is held by Galina Chistyakova of the former Soviet Union who leapt 7.53 m (24.7 ft) in Leningrad in 1988.
Technique
 |
There are four main components of the long jump: the approach run, the last two strides, takeoff and action in the air, and landing. Speed in the run-up, or approach, and a high leap off the board are the fundamentals of success. Because speed is such an important factor of the approach, it is not surprising that many long jumpers also compete successfully in sprints. A classic example of this long jump / sprint doubling are performances by Carl Lewis.
The approach
The objective of the approach is to gradually accelerate to a maximum controlled speed at takeoff. The most important factor for the distance traveled by an object is its velocity at takeoff - both the speed and angle. Elite jumpers usually leave the ground at an angle of twenty degrees or less; therefore, it is more beneficial for a jumper to focus on the speed component of the jump. The greater the speed at takeoff, the longer the trajectory of the center of mass will be. The importance of a takeoff speed is a factor in the success of sprinters in this event.
The length of the approach is usually consistent distance for an athlete. Approaches can vary between 12 and 19 strides on the novice and intermediate levels, while at the elite level they are closer to between 20 and 22 strides. The exact distance and number of strides in an approach depends on the jumper's experience, sprinting technique, and conditioning level. Consistency in the approach is important as it is the competitor's objective to get as close to the front of the takeoff board as possible without crossing the line with any part of the foot.
The last two strides
The objective of the last two strides is to prepare the body for takeoff while conserving as much speed as possible.
The penultimate (second to last) stride is longer than the last stride. The competitor begins to lower his or her center of gravity to prepare the body for the vertical impulse. The final stride is shorter because the body is beginning to raise the center of gravity in preparation for takeoff.
The last two strides are extremely important because they determine the velocity with which the competitor will enter the jump; the greater the velocity, the better the jump.
Takeoff
The objective of the takeoff is to create a vertical impulse through the athlete's center of gravity while maintaining balance and control.
This phase is one of the most technical parts of the long jump. Jumpers must be conscious to place the foot flat on the ground, because jumping off either the heels or the toes negatively affects the jump. Taking off from the board heel-first has a braking effect, which decreases velocity and strains the joints. Jumping off the toes decreases stability, putting the leg at risk of buckling or collapsing from underneath the jumper. While concentrating on foot placement, the athlete must also work to maintain proper body position, keeping the torso upright and moving the hips forward and up to achieve the maximum distance from board contact to foot release.
There are four main styles of takeoff: the kick style, double-arm style, sprint takeoff, and the power sprint or bounding takeoff.
Kick
The kick style takeoff is a style of takeoff where the athlete actively cycles the leg before a full impulse has been directed into the board then landing into the pit. This requires great strength in the hamstrings.This causes the jumper to jump to large distances
Double-arm
The double-arm style of takeoff works by moving both arms in a vertical direction as the competitor takes off. This produces a high hip height and a large vertical impulse.
Sprint
The sprint takeoff is the style most widely instructed by coaching staff. This is a classic single-arm action that resembles a jumper in full stride. It is an efficient takeoff style for maintaining velocity through takeoff.
Power sprint or bounding
The power sprint takeoff, or bounding takeoff, is arguably one of the most effective styles.[who?] Very similar to the sprint style, the body resembles a sprinter in full stride. However, there is one major difference. The arm that pushes back on takeoff (the arm on the side of the takeoff leg) fully extends backward, rather than remaining at a bent position. This additional extension increases the impulse at takeoff.
The "correct" style of takeoff will vary from athlete to athlete
Action in the air and landing
There are three major flight techniques for the long jump: the hang, the sail, and the hitch-kick. Each technique is to combat the forward rotation experienced from take-off but is basically down to preference from the athlete. It is important to note that once the body is airborne, there is nothing that the athlete can do to change the direction they are travelling and consequently where they are going to land in the pit. However, it can be argued that certain techniques influence an athlete's landing, which can have an impact on distance measured. For example, if an athlete lands feet first but falls back because they are not correctly balanced, a lower distance will be measured.
Training
The long jump generally requires training in a variety of areas. These areas include, but are not limited to, those listed below.
Jumping
Long Jumpers tend to practice jumping 1-2 times a week. Approaches, or run-throughs, are repeated sometimes up to 6-8 times per session.
Over-distance running
Over-distance running workouts helps the athlete jump a further distance than their set goal. For example, having a 100m runner practice by running 200m repeats on a track. This is specifically concentrated in the season when athletes are working on building endurance. Specific over-distance running workouts are performed 1-2 times a week. This is great for building sprint endurance, which is required in competitions where the athlete is sprinting down the runway 3-6 times.
Weight training
During pre-season training and early in the competition season weight training tends to play a major role in the sport. It is customary for a long jumper to weight train up to 4 times a week, focusing mainly on quick movements involving the legs and trunk. Some athletes perform Olympic lifts in training. Athletes use low repetition and emphasize speed to maximize the strength increase while minimizing adding additional weight to their frame.
Plyometrics
Plyometrics, including running up and down stairs and hurdle bounding, can be incorporated into workouts, generally twice a week. This allows an athlete to work on agility and explosiveness.
Bounding
Bounding is any sort of continuous jumping or leaping. Bounding drills usually require single leg bounding, double-leg bounding, or some variation of the two. The focus of bounding drills is usually to spend less time on the ground as possible and working on technical accuracy, fluidity, and jumping endurance and strength. Technically, bounding is part of plyometrics, as a form of a running exercise such as high knees and butt kicks.
Flexibility
Flexibility is an often forgotten tool for long jumpers. Effective flexibility prevents injury, which can be important for high impact events such as the long jump. It also helps the athlete sprint down the runway.
A common tool in many long jump workouts is the use of video taping. This lets the athlete to go back and watch their own progress as well as letting the athlete compare their own footage to that of some of the world class jumpers.
Training styles, duration, and intensity varies immensely from athlete to athlete and is based on the experience and strength of the athlete as well as on their coaching style.
World record progression
Men
| Mark | Athlete | Venue | Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| 7.61 m (24 ft 11+5⁄8 in) |  Peter O'Connor (IRL)*
|
Dublin | 1901-08-05 |
| 7.69 m (25 ft 2+3⁄4 in) |  Edward Gourdin (USA)
|
Cambridge | 1923-07-23 |
| 7.76 m (25 ft 5+1⁄2 in) | Robert LeGendre (USA)
|
Paris | 1924-07-07 |
| 7.89 m (25 ft 10+5⁄8 in) | DeHart Hubbard (USA)
|
Chicago | 1925-06-13 |
| 7.90 m (25 ft 11 in) | Edward Hamm (USA)
|
Cambridge | 1928-07-07 |
| 7.93 m (26 ft 3⁄16 in) |  Sylvio Cator (HAI)
|
Paris | 1928-09-09 |
| 7.98 m (26 ft 2+3⁄16 in) |  Chuhei Nambu (JPN)
|
Tokyo | 1931-10-27 |
| 8.13 m (26 ft 8+1⁄16 in) | Jesse Owens (USA)
|
Ann Arbor | 1935-05-25 |
| 8.21 m (26 ft 11+1⁄4 in) |  Ralph Boston (USA)
|
Walnut | 1960-08-12 |
| 8.24 m (27 ft 7⁄16 in) | Ralph Boston (USA)
|
Modesto | 1961-05-27 |
| 8.28 m (27 ft 2 in) | Ralph Boston (USA)
|
Moscow | 1961-07-16 |
| 8.31 m (27 ft 3+3⁄16 in) |  Igor Ter-Ovanesyan (URS)
|
Yerevan | 1962-06-10 |
| 8.31 m (27 ft 3+3⁄16 in) | Ralph Boston (USA)
|
Kingston | 1964-08-15 |
| 8.33 m (27 ft 3+15⁄16 in) | Phil Shinnick (USA)
|
Modesto | 1963-05-25[6][7] |
| 8.34 m (27 ft 4+3⁄8 in) | Ralph Boston (USA)
|
Los Angeles | 1964-09-12 |
| 8.35 m (27 ft 4+3⁄4 in) | Ralph Boston (USA)
|
Modesto | 1965-05-29 |
| 8.35 m (27 ft 4+3⁄4 in) | Igor Ter-Ovanesyan (URS)
|
Mexico City | 1967-10-19 |
| 8.90 m (29 ft 2+3⁄8 in) | Bob Beamon (USA)
|
Mexico City | 1968-10-18 |
| 8.95 m (29 ft 4+3⁄8 in) | Mike Powell (USA)
|
Tokyo | 1991-08-30 |
Source:[8]
*Ireland in 1901 was still part of the United Kingdom; however O'Connor considered himself Irish and was competing on this occasion as a member of the Irish Amateur Athletic Association. In the source above he is listed as "GBI/IRL".
- On July 24, 1960
Manfred Steinbach (FRG) jumped 8.14 m but with no wind-reading.[9] - On July 29, 1995
Iván Pedroso (CUB) jumped 8.96 m but the validity of the wind-reading was disputed.[10]
Women
| Mark | Athlete | Venue | Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| 5.98 m (19 ft 7+7⁄16 in) | Kinue Hitomi (JPN)
|
Osaka | 1928-05-20 |
| 6.12 m (20 ft 15⁄16 in) |  Christel Schultz (Germany)
|
Berlin | 1939-07-30 |
| 6.25 m (20 ft 6+1⁄16 in) |  Francina Blankers-Koen (NED)
|
Leiden | 1943-09-19 |
| 6.12 m (20 ft 15⁄16 in) |  Yvette Williams (NZL)
|
Gisborne | 1954-02-20 |
| 6.28 m (20 ft 7+1⁄4 in) | Galina Vinogradova (URS)
|
Moscow | 1955-09-11 |
| 6.31 m (20 ft 8+7⁄16 in) | Galina Vinogradova (URS)
|
Tbilisi | 1955-11-18 |
| 6.35 m (20 ft 10 in) |  Elżbieta Krzesińska (POL)
|
Budapest | 1956-08-20 |
| 6.35 m (20 ft 10 in) | Elżbieta Krzesińska (POL)
|
Melbourne | 1956-11-27 |
| 6.40 m (20 ft 11+15⁄16 in) |  Hildrun Claus (GDR)
|
Erfurt | 1960-08-07 |
| 6.42 m (21 ft 3⁄4 in) | Hildrun Claus (GDR)
|
Berlin | 1961-06-23 |
| 6.48 m (21 ft 3+1⁄8 in) | Tatjana Shtshelkanova (URS)
|
Moscow | 1961-07-16 |
| 6.53 m (21 ft 5+1⁄16 in) | Tatjana Shtshelkanova (URS)
|
Leipzig | 1962-06-10 |
| 6.70 m (21 ft 11+3⁄4 in) | Tatjana Shtshelkanova (URS)
|
Moscow | 1964-07-04 |
| 6.76 m (22 ft 2+1⁄8 in) |  Mary Rand (GBR)
|
Tokyo | 1964-10-14 |
| 6.82 m (22 ft 4+1⁄2 in) |  Viorica Viscopoleanu (ROU)
|
Mexico City | 1968-10-14 |
| 6.84 m (22 ft 5+5⁄16 in) | Heide Rosendahl (FRG)
|
Turin | 1970-09-03 |
| 6.92 m (22 ft 8+7⁄16 in) | Angela Voigt (GDR)
|
Dresden | 1976-05-09 |
| 6.99 m (22 ft 11+3⁄16 in) | Siegrun Siegl (GDR)
|
Dresden | 1976-07-26 |
| 7.07 m (23 ft 2+3⁄8 in) | Vilma Bardauskienė (URS)
|
Kishinyov | 1978-08-18 |
| 7.09 m (23 ft 3+1⁄8 in) | Vilma Bardauskienė (URS)
|
Prague | 1978-08-29 |
| 7.20 m (23 ft 7+7⁄16 in) | Valy Ionescu (ROU)
|
Bucharest | 1982-08-01 |
| 7.21 m (23 ft 7+7⁄8 in) | Anişoara Cuşmir (ROU)
|
Bucharest | 1983-05-15 |
| 7.43 m (24 ft 4+1⁄2 in) | Anişoara Cuşmir (ROU)
|
Bucharest | 1983-06-04 |
| 7.44 m (24 ft 4+15⁄16 in) | Heike Drechsler (GDR)
|
Berlin | 1985-09-22 |
| 7.45 m (24 ft 5+5⁄16 in) | Heike Drechsler (GDR)
|
Tallinn | 1986-06-21 |
| 7.45 m (24 ft 5+5⁄16 in) | Heike Drechsler (GDR)
|
Dresden | 1986-07-03 |
| 7.45 m (24 ft 5+5⁄16 in) | Jackie Joyner-Kersee (USA)
|
Dresden | 1987-08-13 |
| 7.52 m (24 ft 8+1⁄16 in) | Galina Chistyakova (URS)
|
Leningrad | 1988-06-11 |
Source:[11]
Top ten performers
Accurate as of September 2, 2009.
Men
| Mark* | Wind** | Athlete | Nationality | Venue | Date |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 8.95 m (29 ft 4+3⁄8 in) | 0.3 | Mike Powell |  United States |
Tokyo | August 30, 1991 |
| 8.90 m (29 ft 2+3⁄8 in)A | 2.0 | Bob Beamon | United States |
Mexico City | October 18, 1968 |
| 8.87 m (29 ft 1+3⁄16 in) | -0.2 | Carl Lewis | United States |
Tokyo | August 30, 1991 |
| 8.86 m (29 ft 13⁄16 in)A | 1.9 | Robert Emmiyan | Soviet Union |
Tsakhkadzor | May 22, 1987 |
| 8.74 m (28 ft 8+1⁄8 in) | 1.4 | Larry Myricks | United States |
Indianapolis | July 18, 1988 |
| 8.74 m (28 ft 8+1⁄8 in)A | 2.0 | Erick Walder | United States |
El Paso | April 2, 1994 |
| 8.74 m (28 ft 8+1⁄8 in) | -1.2 | Dwight Phillips | United States |
Eugene | June 7, 2009 |
| 8.73 m (28 ft 7+11⁄16 in) | 1.2 | Irving Saladino |  Panama |
Hengelo | May 24, 2008 |
| 8.71 m (28 ft 6+15⁄16 in) | 1.9 | Iván Pedroso | Cuba |
Salamanca | July 18, 1995 |
| 8.66 m (28 ft 4+15⁄16 in) | 1.6 | Loúis Tsátoumas |  Greece |
Kalamáta | June 2, 2007 |
*(meters), **(metres/second)
A = Altitude (above 1000 metres)
Source:[12]
Women
| Mark* | Wind** | Athlete | Nationality | Venue | Date |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 7.52 m (24 ft 8+1⁄16 in) | 1.4 | Galina Chistyakova | Soviet Union |
Leningrad | June 11, 1988 |
| 7.49 m (24 ft 6+7⁄8 in) | 1.3 | Jackie Joyner-Kersee | United States |
New York | May 22, 1994 |
| 7.48 m (24 ft 6+1⁄2 in) | 1.2 | Heike Drechsler | East Germany |
Neubrandenburg | July 9, 1988 |
| 7.43 m (24 ft 4+1⁄2 in) | 1.4 | Anişoara Cuşmir | Romania |
Bucharest | June 4, 1983 |
| 7.42 m (24 ft 4+1⁄8 in) | 2.0 | Tatyana Kotova |  Russia |
Annecy | June 23, 2002 |
| 7.39 m (24 ft 2+15⁄16 in) | 0.5 | Yelena Belevskaya | Soviet Union |
Bryansk | July 18, 1987 |
| 7.37 m (24 ft 2+3⁄16 in) | N/A | Inessa Kravets |  Ukraine |
Kiev | June 13, 1992 |
| 7.33 m (24 ft 9⁄16 in) | 0.4 | Tatyana Lebedeva | Russia |
Tula | July 31, 2004 |
| 7.31 m (23 ft 11+13⁄16 in) | 1.5 | Olena Khlopotnova | Soviet Union |
Alma Ata | September 12, 1985 |
| 7.31 m (23 ft 11+13⁄16 in) | -0.1 | Marion Jones | United States |
Zürich | August 12, 1998 |
*(meters), **(meters/second)
Source:[13]
Best Year Performance
Men's Seasons Best (Outdoor)
| Year | Distance | Athlete | Place |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1960 | 8.21 m (26 ft 11+1⁄4 in) | Ralph Boston (USA)
|
Walnut |
| 1961 | 8.28 m (27 ft 2 in) | Ralph Boston (USA)
|
Moscow |
| 1962 | 8.31 m (27 ft 3+3⁄16 in) | Igor Ter-Ovanesyan (URS)
|
Yerevan |
| 1963 | 8.20 m (26 ft 10+13⁄16 in) | Ralph Boston (USA)
|
Modesto |
| 1964 | 8.34 m (27 ft 4+3⁄8 in) | Ralph Boston (USA)
|
Los Angeles |
| 1965 | 8.35 m (27 ft 4+3⁄4 in) | Ralph Boston (USA)
|
Modesto |
| 1966 | 8.23 m (27 ft 0 in) | Igor Ter-Ovanesyan (URS)
|
Leselidze |
| 1967 | 8.35 m (27 ft 4+3⁄4 in) | Igor Ter-Ovanesyan (URS)
|
Mexico City |
| 1968 | 8.90 m (29 ft 2+3⁄8 in) | Bob Beamon (USA)
|
Mexico City |
| 1969 | 8.21 m (26 ft 11+1⁄4 in) | Igor Ter-Ovanesyan (URS) Waldemar Stępień (POL)
|
Odessa Chorzów |
| 1970 | 8.35 m (27 ft 4+3⁄4 in) | Josef Schwarz (FRG)
|
Stuttgart |
| 1971 | 8.21 m (26 ft 11+1⁄4 in) | Norman Tate (USA)
|
El Paso |
| 1972 | 8.23 m (27 ft 0 in) | Randy Williams (USA)
|
Munich |
| 1973 | 8.24 m (27 ft 7⁄16 in) | James McAlister (USA)
|
Westwood |
| 1974 | 8.30 m (27 ft 2+3⁄4 in) | Arnie Robinson (USA)
|
Modesto |
| 1975 | 8.45 m (27 ft 8+11⁄16 in) |  Nenad Stekić (YUG)
|
Montreal |
| 1976 | 8.35 m (27 ft 4+3⁄4 in) | Arnie Robinson (USA)
|
Montreal |
| 1977 | 8.27 m (27 ft 1+9⁄16 in) | Nenad Stekić (YUG)
|
Nova Gorica |
| 1978 | 8.32 m (27 ft 3+9⁄16 in) | Nenad Stekić (YUG)
|
Rovereto |
| 1979 | 8.52 m (27 ft 11+7⁄16 in) | Larry Myricks (USA)
|
Montreal |
| 1980 | 8.54 m (28 ft 1⁄4 in) | Lutz Dombrowski (GDR)
|
Moscow |
| 1981 | 8.62 m (28 ft 3+3⁄8 in) | Carl Lewis (USA)
|
Sacramento |
| 1982 | 8.76 m (28 ft 8+7⁄8 in) | Carl Lewis (USA)
|
Indianapolis |
| 1983 | 8.79 m (28 ft 10+1⁄16 in) | Carl Lewis (USA)
|
Indianapolis |
| 1984 | 8.71 m (28 ft 6+15⁄16 in) | Carl Lewis (USA)
|
Westwood |
| 1985 | 8.62 m (28 ft 3+3⁄8 in) | Carl Lewis (USA)
|
Brussels |
| 1986 | 8.61 m (28 ft 3 in) | Robert Emmiyan (URS)
|
Moscow |
| 1987 | 8.86 m (29 ft 13⁄16 in) | Robert Emmiyan (URS)
|
Tsakhkadzor |
| 1988 | 8.76 m (28 ft 8+7⁄8 in) | Carl Lewis (USA)
|
Indianapolis |
| 1989 | 8.70 m (28 ft 6+1⁄2 in) | Larry Myricks (USA)
|
Houston |
| 1990 | 8.66 m (28 ft 4+15⁄16 in) | Mike Powell (USA)
|
Villeneuve d'Ascq |
| 1991 | 8.95 m (29 ft 4+3⁄8 in) | Mike Powell (USA)
|
Tokyo |
| 1992 | 8.68 m (28 ft 5+3⁄4 in) | Carl Lewis (USA)
|
Barcelona |
| 1993 | 8.70 m (28 ft 6+1⁄2 in) | Mike Powell (USA)
|
Salamanca |
| 1994 | 8.74 m (28 ft 8+1⁄8 in) | Erick Walder (USA)
|
El Paso |
| 1995 | 8.71 m (28 ft 6+15⁄16 in) | Iván Pedroso (CUB)
|
Salamanca |
| 1996 | 8.58 m (28 ft 1+13⁄16 in) | Erick Walder (USA)
|
Springfield |
| 1997 | 8.63 m (28 ft 3+3⁄4 in) | Iván Pedroso (CUB)
|
Padua |
| 1998 | 8.60 m (28 ft 2+9⁄16 in) |  James Beckford (JAM)
|
Bad Langensalza |
| 1999 | 8.60 m (28 ft 2+9⁄16 in) | Iván Pedroso (CUB)
|
Padua |
| 2000 | 8.65 m (28 ft 4+9⁄16 in) | Iván Pedroso (CUB)
|
Jena |
| 2001 | 8.41 m (27 ft 7+1⁄8 in) | James Beckford (JAM)
|
Turin |
| 2002 | 8.52 m (27 ft 11+7⁄16 in) | Savanté Stringfellow (USA)
|
Palo Alto |
| 2003 | 8.53 m (27 ft 11+13⁄16 in) |  Yago Lamela (ESP)
|
Castellón de la Plana |
| 2004 | 8.60 m (28 ft 2+9⁄16 in) | Dwight Phillips (USA)
|
Linz |
| 2005 | 8.60 m (28 ft 2+9⁄16 in) | Dwight Phillips (USA)
|
Helsinki |
| 2006 | 8.56 m (28 ft 1 in) | Irving Saladino (PAN)
|
Rio de Janeiro |
| 2007 | 8.66 m (28 ft 4+15⁄16 in) | Louis Tsatoumas (GRE)
|
Kalamáta |
| 2008 | 8.73 m (28 ft 7+11⁄16 in) | Irving Saladino (PAN)
|
Hengelo |
| 2009 | 8.74 m (28 ft 8+1⁄8 in) | Dwight Phillips (USA)
|
Eugene |
| 2010 | 8.47 m (27 ft 9+7⁄16 in) | Christian Reif (GER)
|
Barcelona |
Women's Seasons Best (Outdoor)
| Year | Distance | Athlete | Place |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1976 | 6.99 m (22 ft 11+3⁄16 in) | Siegrun Siegl (GDR)
|
Dresden |
| 1978 | 7.09 m (23 ft 3+1⁄8 in) | Vilma Bardauskienė (URS)
|
Prague |
| 1979 | 6.90 m (22 ft 7+5⁄8 in) | Brigitte Wujak (GDR)
|
Potsdam |
| 1980 | 7.06 m (23 ft 1+15⁄16 in) | Tatyana Kolpakova (URS)
|
Moscow |
| 1981 | 6.96 m (22 ft 10 in) | Jodi Anderson (USA)
|
Colorado Springs |
| 1982 | 7.20 m (23 ft 7+7⁄16 in) | Valy Ionescu (ROU)
|
Bucharest |
| 1983 | 7.43 m (24 ft 4+1⁄2 in) | Anisoara Cusmir (ROU)
|
Bucharest |
| 1984 | 7.40 m (24 ft 3+5⁄16 in) | Heike Drechsler (GDR)
|
Dresden |
| 1985 | 7.44 m (24 ft 4+15⁄16 in) | Heike Drechsler (GDR)
|
Berlin |
| 1986 | 7.45 m (24 ft 5+5⁄16 in) | Heike Drechsler (GDR)
|
Tallinn |
| 1987 | 7.45 m (24 ft 5+5⁄16 in) | Jackie Joyner-Kersee (USA)
|
Indianapolis |
| 1988 | 7.52 m (24 ft 8+1⁄16 in) | Galina Chistyakova (URS)
|
Leningrad |
| 1989 | 7.24 m (23 ft 9+1⁄16 in) | Galina Chistyakova (URS)
|
Volgograd |
| 1990 | 7.35 m (24 ft 1+3⁄8 in) | Galina Chistyakova (URS)
|
Bratislava |
| 1991 | 7.37 m (24 ft 2+3⁄16 in) | Heike Drechsler (GER)
|
Sestriere |
| 1992 | 7.48 m (24 ft 6+1⁄2 in) | Heike Drechsler (GER)
|
Lausanne |
| 1993 | 7.21 m (23 ft 7+7⁄8 in) | Heike Drechsler (GER)
|
Zürich |
| 1994 | 7.49 m (24 ft 6+7⁄8 in) | Jackie Joyner-Kersee (USA)
|
New York City |
| 1995 | 7.07 m (23 ft 2+3⁄8 in) | Heike Drechsler (GER)
|
Linz |
| 1996 | 7.12 m (23 ft 4+5⁄16 in) |  Chioma Ajunwa (NGA)
|
Atlanta |
| 1997 | 7.05 m (23 ft 1+9⁄16 in) | Lyudmila Galkina (RUS)
|
Athens |
| 1998 | 7.31 m (23 ft 11+13⁄16 in) | Marion Jones (USA)
|
Eugene |
| 1999 | 7.26 m (23 ft 9+13⁄16 in) |  Maurren Higa Maggi (BRA)
|
Bogotá |
| 2000 | 7.09 m (23 ft 3+1⁄8 in) |  Fiona May (ITA)
|
Rio de Janeiro |
| 2001 | 7.12 m (23 ft 4+5⁄16 in) | Tatyana Kotova (RUS)
|
Turin |
| 2002 | 7.42 m (24 ft 4+1⁄8 in) | Tatyana Kotova (RUS)
|
Annecy |
| 2003 | 7.06 m (23 ft 1+15⁄16 in) | Maurren Higa Maggi (BRA)
|
Milan |
| 2004 | 7.33 m (24 ft 9⁄16 in) | Tatyana Lebedeva (RUS)
|
Tula |
| 2005 | 7.04 m (23 ft 1+3⁄16 in) | Irina Simagina (RUS)
|
Sochi |
| 2006 | 7.12 m (23 ft 4+5⁄16 in) | Tatyana Kotova (RUS)
|
Novosibirsk |
| 2007 | 7.21 m (23 ft 7+7⁄8 in) | Lyudmila Kolchanova (RUS)
|
Sochi |
| 2008 | 7.12 m (23 ft 4+5⁄16 in) |  Naide Gomes (POR)
|
Monaco |
| 2009 | 7.10 m (23 ft 3+1⁄2 in) | Brittney Reese (USA)
|
Berlin |
| 2010 | 7.13 m (23 ft 4+11⁄16 in) | Olga Kucherenko (RUS)
|
Sochi |
National records
- As of May 2010.
Men
| Nation | Distance | Athlete | Venue | Date |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| USA |
8.95 m (29 ft 4+3⁄8 in) | Mike Powell | Tokyo | 1991-08-30 |
URS/ ARM |
8.86 m (29 ft 13⁄16 in) | Robert Emmiyan | Tsakhkadzor | 1987-05-22 |
| PAN |
8.73 m (28 ft 7+11⁄16 in) | Irving Saladino | Hengelo | 2008-05-24 |
| CUB |
8.71 m (28 ft 6+15⁄16 in) | Iván Pedroso | Salamanca | 1995-07-18 |
| GRE |
8.66 m (28 ft 4+15⁄16 in) | Louis Tsatoumas | Kalamata | 2007-06-02 |
| JAM |
8.62 m (28 ft 3+3⁄8 in) | James Beckford | Orlando | 1997-04-05 |
| ESP |
8.56 m (28 ft 1 in) | Yago Lamela | Turin | 1999-06-24 |
| GER |
8.54 m (28 ft 1⁄4 in) | Lutz Dombrowski | Moscow | 1980-07-28 |
 AUS |
8.54 m (28 ft 1⁄4 in) | Mitchell Watt | Stockholm | 2010-07-29 |
 RSA |
8.50 m (27 ft 10+5⁄8 in) | Godfrey Mokoena | Madrid | 2009-07-04 |
 KSA |
8.48 m (27 ft 9+7⁄8 in) | Mohamed Salman Al-Khuwalidi | Sotteville | 2006-07-02 |
| ITA |
8.47 m (27 ft 9+7⁄16 in) | Andrew Howe | Osaka | 2007-08-30 |
| RUS |
8.46 m (27 ft 9+1⁄16 in) | Leonid Voloshin | Tallinn | 1988-07-05 |
 SEN |
8.46 m (27 ft 9+1⁄16 in) | Cheikh Tidiane Touré | Bad Langensalza | 1997-06-15 |
| YUG |
8.45 m (27 ft 8+11⁄16 in) | Nenad Stekić | Montreal | 1975-07-25 |
 GHA |
8.43 m (27 ft 7+7⁄8 in) | Ignisious Gaisah | Rome | 2006-07-14 |
 FRA |
8.42 m (27 ft 7+1⁄2 in) | Salim Sdiri | Pierre-Bénite | 2009-06-12 |
 BAH |
8.41 m (27 ft 7+1⁄8 in) | Craig Hepburn | Nassau | 1993-06-17 |
| BRA |
8.40 m (27 ft 6+11⁄16 in) | Douglas de Souza | Sao Paulo | 1995-02-15 |
 SLO |
8.40 m (27 ft 6+11⁄16 in) | Gregor Cankar | Celje | 1997-05-18 |
 CHN |
8.40 m (27 ft 6+11⁄16 in) | Lao Jianfeng | Zhaoqing | 1997-05-28 |
 MAR |
8.40 m (27 ft 6+11⁄16 in) | Yahya Berrabah | Beyrouth | 2009-10-02 |
 ROU |
8.37 m (27 ft 5+1⁄2 in) | Bogdan Tudor | Bad Cannstatt | 1995-07-09 |
| POR |
8.36 m (27 ft 5+1⁄8 in) | Carlos Calado | Lisboa | 1997-06-20 |
| UKR |
8.35 m (27 ft 4+3⁄4 in) | Sergey Layevskiy | Dnepropetrovsk | 1988-07-16 |
| Roman Shchurenko | Kiev | 2000-07-25 | ||
| GBR |
8.35 m (27 ft 4+3⁄4 in) | Christopher Tomlinson | Paris | 2011-07-08 |
 TWN |
8.34 m (27 ft 4+3⁄8 in) | Nai Huei-Fang | Shanghai | 1993-05-14 |
 VEN |
8.34 m (27 ft 4+3⁄8 in) | Victor Castillo | Cochabamba | 2004-05-30 |
 BUL |
8.33 m (27 ft 3+15⁄16 in) | Ivaylo Mladenov | Seville | 1995-06-03 |
 BLR |
8.33 m (27 ft 3+15⁄16 in) | Aleksandr Glovatskiy | Sestriere | 1996-08-07 |
 EGY |
8.31 m (27 ft 3+3⁄16 in) | Hassine Hatem Moursal | Oslo | 1999-06-30 |
 HUN |
8.30 m (27 ft 2+3⁄4 in) | László Szalma | Budapest | 1985-07-07 |
 AUT |
8.30 m (27 ft 2+3⁄4 in) | Andreas Steiner | Innsbruck | 1988-06-04 |
 ZIM |
8.30 m (27 ft 2+3⁄4 in) | Ngonidzashe Makusha | Des Moines | 2008-06-12 |
 MRI |
8.28 m (27 ft 2 in) | Jonathan Chimier | Athens | August 2004 |
| POL |
8.28 m (27 ft 2 in) | Grzegorz Marciniszyn | Mals | 2001-07-14 |
| NGR |
8.27 m (27 ft 1+9⁄16 in) | Yussuf Alli | Lagos | 1989-08-08 |
 BOT |
8.27 m (27 ft 1+9⁄16 in) | Gable Garenamotse | Rhede | 2006-08-20 |
 ALG |
8.26 m (27 ft 1+3⁄16 in) | Issam Nima | Zaragoza | 2007-07-28 |
 CZE |
8.25 m (27 ft 13⁄16 in) | Milan Mikuláš | Prague | 1988-07-16 |
 MDA |
8.25 m (27 ft 13⁄16 in) | Sergey Podgainiy | Kishinyov | 1990-08-18 |
| JPN |
8.25 m (27 ft 13⁄16 in) | Masaki Morinaga[14] | Shizuoka | 1992-05-05 |
 BEL |
8.25 m (27 ft 13⁄16 in) | Erik Nys | Hechtel | 1996-07-06 |
 DEN |
8.25 m (27 ft 13⁄16 in) | Morten Jensen | Göteborg | 2005-07-03 |
 NAM |
8.24 m (27 ft 7⁄16 in) | Stephan Louw | Germiston | 2008-01-12 |
 CRO |
8.23 m (27 ft 0 in) | Siniša Ergotić | Zagreb | 2002-06-05 |
 BER |
8.22 m (26 ft 11+5⁄8 in) | Tyrone Smith | Mayagüez | 2010-07-26 |
 FIN |
8.22 m (26 ft 11+5⁄8 in) | Tommi Evilä | Göteborg | 2008-06-28 |
 SWE |
8.21 m (26 ft 11+1⁄4 in) | Mattias Sunneborn | Malmö | 1996-06-27 |
 KOR |
8.20 m (26 ft 10+13⁄16 in) | Kim Deok Hyeon | Beograd | 2009-07-12 |
 KAZ |
8.16 m (26 ft 9+1⁄4 in) | Sergey Vasilenko | Alma Ata | 1988-06-18 |
 QAT |
8.13 m (26 ft 8+1⁄16 in) | Abdulrahman Faraj Al-Nubi | Manila | 2003-09-21 |
 EST |
8.10 m (26 ft 6+7⁄8 in) | Erki Nool | Götzis | 1995-05-27 |
 PER |
8.10 m (26 ft 6+7⁄8 in) | Jorge McFarlane | Sucre | 2009-11-23 |
 UZB |
8.10 m (26 ft 6+7⁄8 in) | Aleksandr Pototskiy | Bryansk | 1992-06-04 |
 IND |
8.08 m (26 ft 6+1⁄8 in) | Amrit Pal Singh | New Delhi | 2004-03-15 |
 TUR |
8.08 m (26 ft 6+1⁄8 in) | Mesut Yavaş | İstanbul | 2000-06-24 |
| NZL |
8.05 m (26 ft 4+15⁄16 in) | Bob Thomas | Whangarei | 1968-01-20 |
 LAT |
8.05 m (26 ft 4+15⁄16 in) | Juris Tone | Moscow | 1983-06-21 |
 THA |
8.04 m (26 ft 4+9⁄16 in) | Supanara Sukhasvasti | Banglore | 2010-06-05 |
 PHI |
7.99 m (26 ft 2+9⁄16 in) | Henry Dagmil | Eagle Rock | 2008-06-07 |
 ISR |
7.99 m (26 ft 2+9⁄16 in) | Yochai Halevi | Tel Aviv | 2010-05-15 |
 MAS |
7.88 m (25 ft 10+1⁄4 in) | Josbert Tinus | Bangkok | 2007-10-05 |
 INA |
7.85 m (25 ft 9+1⁄16 in) | Agus Reza Irawan | Jakarta | 1995-09-21 |
 UAE |
7.79 m (25 ft 6+11⁄16 in) | Mousbeh Ali Said | Latakia | 1992-09-06 |
 VIE |
7.90 m (25 ft 11 in) | Nguyen Ngoc Quan | Hanoi | 1997-05-02 |
 SIN |
7.62 m (25 ft 0 in) | Matthew Goh Yujie | Vientiane | 2009-12-05 |
 BHR |
7.47 m (24 ft 6+1⁄8 in) | Mohamed Imam Bakhash | Manama | 2003-10-16 |
 LAO |
7.20 m (23 ft 7+7⁄16 in) | Phouphet Singbandith | Norwalk | 1990-05-07 |
 AFG |
7.05 m (23 ft 1+9⁄16 in) | Mohammed Anwar | Kabul | 1940 |
 BRU |
7.04 m (23 ft 1+3⁄16 in) | Daniel Chung | Kota Kinabalu | 1993-08-07 |
 JEY |
6.89 m (22 ft 7+1⁄4 in) | Ross Jeffs | Guernsey | 2011-06-11 |
Long jump on coinage
Track and field events have been selected as a main motif in numerous collectors' coins. One of the recent samples is the €10 Greek Long Jump commemorative coin, minted in 2003 to commemorate the 2004 Summer Olympics. The obverse of the coin portrays a modern athlete at the moment he is touching the ground, while the ancient athlete in the background is shown while starting off his jump, as he is seen on a black-figure vase of the 5th century BC.
References
- Stephen G. Miller, Ancient Greek Athletics. New Haven: Yale University Press, 2004.
- ^ "USATF – 2006 Competition Rules". USA Track & Field. Retrieved 2006-10-29.
- See Rule 185 in Article III
- ^ a b c Swaddling, Judith. The Ancient Olympic Games. University of Texas Pres. ISBN 0-292-77751-5.
- ^ "Ancient Origins". The Times/The Sunday Times. Retrieved 2006-10-29.
- ^ Tricard, Louise Mead (1996-07-01). American Women's Track & Field: A History, 1895 Through 1980. McFarland & Company. pp. 60–61. ISBN 0-7864-0219-9.
- ^ http://www.iaaf.org/statistics/toplists/inout=o/age=n/season=0/sex=M/all=y/legal=A/disc=LJ/detail.html
- ^ http://www.modestorelays.org/GeneralInfo/RelaysHistory/tabid/63/Default.aspx
- ^ http://books.google.com/books?id=oMdLc-C1yu0C&pg=PA172&lpg=PA172&dq=1963+Modesto+relays&source=bl&ots=Dn8hvMGiDg&sig=2u2ORJlMOVjABxwTdEngW76jy78&hl=en&ei=kb5VTqHsB5DWiALCp6HNCQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=8&ved=0CFAQ6AEwBw#v=onepage&q=1963%20Modesto%20relays&f=false
- ^ The Athletics Site: world record progression
- ^ Marty Post (25 August 2011). "After 51 years, Owens' longevity record finally falls". IAAF. Retrieved 25 August 2011.
- ^ Ian Thomsen (4 August 1995). "Long Jump Record Unlikely to Be Ratified". The New York Times. Retrieved 8 September 2011.
- ^ The Athletics Site: world record progression
- ^ Long Jump All Time Men iaaf.org
- ^ Long Jump All Time Women iaaf.org
- ^ National Records JAAF
External links
See also
- Guthrie, Mark (2003). Coach Track & Field Successfully. Champaign, Illinois: Human Kinetics. pp. 149–155. ISBN 0-7360-4274-1.
- Rogers, Joseph L. (2000). USA Track & Field Coaching Manual. Champaign, Illinois: Human Kinetics. pp. 141–157. ISBN 0-88011-604-8.
- Ernie Gregoire, Larry Myricks (1991). World Class Track & Field Series: Long Jump (VHS). Ames, IA: Championship Books & Video Productions.
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